Name: isolation of monocyte-macrophage lineage cells from rat bones by secondary adherence method
Uploaded: 2022-07-13T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Monocyte-Macrophage Lineage Cells from Rat Bones by Secondary Adherence Method at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (grant no. LY19H060001) and the Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Plan Project (no. 2022ZB093).

All experiments in this study were conducted in accordance with the animal experiment guidelines of the Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Laboratory Animal Research Center (Approval No: IACUC-20181029-11).
1. Cell extraction
<ol>
	<li>Put the Sprague-Dawley rats (SD rats, 1-10 days old, male or female) in the euthanasia cages filled with CO2 at a balanced rate of 30%-70% container volume/minute. After the rats lose consciousness (20-60 min), euthanize the rat by...

<ol>
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V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+identification+of+interstitial+macrophages+from+the+lungs+using+different+digestion+enzymes+and+staining+strategies.">Isolation and identification of interstitial macrophages from the lungs using different digestion enzymes and staining strategies.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 1784, 69-76 (2018).</li><li>Scheven, B. A., Milne, J. S., Robins, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+sequential+culture+approach+to+study+osteoclast+differentiation+from+nonadherent+porcine+bone+marrow+cells.">A sequential culture approach to study osteoclast differentiation from nonadherent porcine bone marrow cells.</a> In Vitro Cellular &amp; Developmental Biology. Animal. 34 (7), 568-577 (1998).</li><li>Bradley, E. W., Oursler, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Osteoclast+culture+and+resorption+assays.">Osteoclast culture and resorption assays.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. , 19-35 (2008).</li><li>Yu, Y. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flow+cytometric+analysis+of+myeloid+cells+in+human+blood,+bronchoalveolar+lavage,+and+lung+tissues.">Flow cytometric analysis of myeloid cells in human blood, bronchoalveolar lavage, and lung tissues.</a> American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. 54 (1), 13-24 (2016).</li><li>Gibbings, S. L., Jakubzick, C. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+consistent+method+to+identify+and+isolate+mononuclear+phagocytes+from+human+lung+and+lymph+nodes.">A consistent method to identify and isolate mononuclear phagocytes from human lung and lymph nodes.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 1799, 381-395 (2018).</li><li>Jacquin, C., Gran, D. E., Lee, S. K., Lorenzo, J. A., Aguila, H. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+multiple+osteoclast+precursor+populations+in+murine+bone+marrow.">Identification of multiple osteoclast precursor populations in murine bone marrow.</a> Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 21 (1), 67-77 (2006).</li><li>Gibbings, S. 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(163), e61657 (2020).</li><li>Gallagher, S., Chakavarti, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunoblot+analysis.">Immunoblot analysis.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. 20 (16), 759 (2008).</li><li>Yin, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glycyrrhizic+acid+suppresses+osteoclast+differentiation+and+postmenopausal+osteoporosis+by+modulating+the+NF-&#954;B,+ERK,+and+JNK+signaling+pathways.">Glycyrrhizic acid suppresses osteoclast differentiation and postmenopausal osteoporosis by modulating the NF-&#954;B, ERK, and JNK signaling pathways.</a> European Journal of Pharmocology. 859, 172550 (2019).</li><li>Liu, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=LRRc17+controls+BMSC+senescence+via+mitophagy+and+inhibits+the+therapeutic+effect+of+BMSCs+on+ovariectomy-induced+bone+loss.">LRRc17 controls BMSC senescence via mitophagy and inhibits the therapeutic effect of BMSCs on ovariectomy-induced bone loss.</a> Redox Biology. , (2021).</li><li>Jin, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thioacetamide+promotes+osteoclast+transformation+of+bone+marrow+macrophages+by+influencing+PI3K/AKT+pathways.">Thioacetamide promotes osteoclast transformation of bone marrow macrophages by influencing PI3K/AKT pathways.</a> Journal of Orthopedic Surgery and Research. 17 (1), 53-63 (2022).</li></ol>

Osteoclasts are one of the most significant cell types involved in the occurrence and development of bone diseases, as well as one of the primary objects of bone disease research20. Monocyte/macrophages can differentiate into osteoclasts. Since mononuclear macrophages (RAW264.7 cells) are too expensive to buy and are easily activated during culture, it is difficult to perform in vitro differentiation experiments using this cell line. Although several methods have been developed for extrac...

It has been reported that monocyte-macrophage lineage cells existing in the bone marrow can differentiate into blood monocytes and tissue macrophages1,2. The above cells, which can differentiate into osteoclasts to balance bone growth and development, are commonly used as a cell model to induce osteoclasts in vivo3,4. Bone marrow is a special tissue containing several different types of cells, which include but are not only limited to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, bone marrow monocyte-macrophage cells (BMMs), hematopoietic stem cells, endothelial cells, and immune cells. In fact, several previous studies suggested that adherent cells rushed out of the bone marrow cavity of the long bone could differentiate into osteoblasts, osteoclasts, chondrocytes, or adipocytes5,6,7,8. Although, different isolation and culture methods have been used to produce different homogeneous cell populations, there are still great challenges in isolating and culturing BMMs from a variety of different cell types.
Several methods have been developed to extract bone marrow mononuclear macrophages (BMSCs). However, the majority of these methods are complex9,10,11. For example, density gradient centrifugation requires a specialized kit and the operation is time-consuming and cumbersome. This method is suitable for the isolation of BMMs from high-volume blood samples, but not from bone marrow samples9,12,13. In addition, extracting tissue samples using collagenase digestion is a complex and time-consuming procedure; this method is not recommended for the isolation of BMMs from bone marrow samples14,15. In addition, although flow separation can result in highly purified monocyte/macrophage populations, it requires very large sample sizes and high instrument and equipment requirements10,16. Additionally, the microbead enrichment method is extremely expensive and is not feasible in a general laboratory17.
Therefore, in the current study a convenient, fast, and cheap method was proposed for the isolation of mononuclear macrophages from the bone marrow. Bone marrow cells adhered for different time points were used to isolate BMMs using a secondary adherence method. BMMs extracted with the above method could induce the formation of osteoclasts in vitro, thus providing a simple and convenient cell model for the future study of osteoporosis in vitro.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>35 mm2 cell climbing slices</td>
			<td>NEST Biotechnology</td>
			<td>80102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-cathepsin K</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab19027</td>
			<td>1:1,000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-CD11 isotype control</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab172730</td>
			<td>1 &#956;g/test,1.675 mg/Ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-CD11b/c</td>
			<td>Absin</td>
			<td>abs124232</td>
			<td>&#160;1&#956;g/test, 1 mg/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-TRAP</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab191406</td>
			<td>1:1,000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-&#946;-actin</td>
			<td>Beyotime</td>
			<td>&#160;AF5003</td>
			<td>1:1,000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell climbing slices</td>
			<td>NEST Biotechnology</td>
			<td>80102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture dish</td>
			<td>corning</td>
			<td>430167</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture flask</td>
			<td>corning</td>
			<td>430168</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s modified eagle medium (DMEM)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>C11995500BT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10099141C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-rabbit IgG</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab150077</td>
			<td>for IF, 1:2,000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>goat anti-rabbit IgG</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab6721</td>
			<td>for WB, 1:2,000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>M-CSF</td>
			<td>Pepro tech</td>
			<td>400-28</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Biosharp</td>
			<td>BL302A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RANKL</td>
			<td>Pepro tech</td>
			<td>400-30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SD rat</td>
			<td>Shanghai SLAC Laboratory Animal Co, Ltd</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1-10 days old</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SDS-PAGE gel preparation kit</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>P1200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRAP/ALP Staining Kit</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>294-67001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA solution</td>
			<td>Biosharp</td>
			<td>BL512A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wright-Giemsa solution</td>
			<td>Keygen Biotech</td>
			<td>KGA225-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation of monocyte-macrophage lineage cells from rat bones by secondary adherence method

With a decrease of bone mineral density, bones are more likely to fracture, thus negatively affecting a patient's quality of life. The growth and development of bones are mainly regulated by osteoblasts and osteoclasts. It has been widely accepted that osteoclasts are derived from bone marrow monocyte-macrophage cells (BMMs). BMMs and other hematopoietic stem cells are located in the bone marrow cavity. Therefore, isolating single stable BMMs from different and heterogeneous cell populations is a huge challenge. Here we present a protocol for the isolation of BMMs from SD rats, called the secondary adherence method. Adherent cells cultured for 24-48 h in primary culture were collected. Flow cytometric analysis showed that approximately 37.94% of the cells were CD11b/c+ (monocyte-macrophage surface antigen). Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and western blot analysis demonstrated that BMMs could differentiate into osteoclasts in vitro. The above findings suggested that the secondary adherence cells could be considered as a suitable cellular model for osteoclast differentiation research.

The secondary adherent cell population was stable and uniform. With the continuous cell proliferation, the majority of cells became larger, with irregular shape and grew into a radial adherent disk (Figure 2C,D). Flow cytometry showed that the percentage of cells expressing CD11b/c, a molecular marker on the surface of monocyte-macrophage lineage cells, was approximately 37.94% (Figure 2A,B). To ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Monocyte-Macrophage Lineage Cells from Rat Bones by Secondary Adherence Method at JoVE.com

Isolation of Monocyte-Macrophage Lineage Cells from Rat Bones by Secondary Adherence Method

Here we present a protocol for the isolation of BMMs from SD rats, called the secondary adherence method.

With a decrease of bone mineral density, bones are more likely to fracture, thus negatively affecting a patient's quality of life. The growth and ...

In this protocol, bone marrow monocyte-macrophage cells are extracted by secondary adherence method. Bone marrow monocyte-macrophage cells can successfully differentiate into osteoclasts, which provides a stable cell model for the study of osteoclasts in vitro. This method is suitable for small bone marrow samples and can extract bone marrow monocyte-macrophage cells from bone marrow simply and quickly without requiring high tech lab equipment.The increase of osteoclasts may be the potential pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Bone marrow monocyte-macrophage cells have certain research value as osteoclast precursor cells. To begin, immerse the euthanized rats in 75%alcohol for 10 minutes for disinfection.After carefully removing all the limbs of the rat with scissors and forceps, aspirate with PBS using a pipette and flush the blood adhering to the limbs. Then at two milliliters of the 10%FBS DMEM into a five milliliter tube. After transferring the limb bones into the five milliliter tube, use scissors to cut the limb bones in the tube into small pieces and mix the homogenate to resuspend the bone marrow cells into the culture medium.Stand for five minutes until the tissue fragments settled to the bottom of the tube. Next, add 10 milliliters of 10%FBS DMEM into a 100 millimeter culture dish, and then transfer the supernatant into the culture dish. Incubate at 37 degrees Celsius in 5%carbon dioxide for approximately 24 hours.After this incubation time, the majority of mesenchymal stem cells will adhere to the culture dish wall and grow slowly, while most bone marrow monocyte-macrophage cells will still be suspended in the culture medium. Transfer the cell suspension in the 100 millimeter culture dish to a new 25 centimeter square flask and continue to cultivate the cells at 37 degree Celsius in 5%carbon dioxide for an additional 24 hours. After removing the old medium carefully, replace with fresh medium after bone marrow monocyte-macrophage cells have adhered to the flask wall.Flow cytometry showed that the percentage of cells expressing CD11b and c, a molecular marker on the surface of monocyte-macrophage lineage cells was approximately 37.94%With the continuous cell proliferation, the majority of cells became larger within irregular shape and grew into a radial adherent disc. The TRAP stain results showed that compared with the control group, the number of intracellular purple red granules was significantly increased in cells induced with receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand and macrophage colony stimulating factor. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the expression levels of the osteoclast specific proteins TRAP and cathepsin K were significantly increased in treated cells compared to the control group.The most important thing in this procedure is the time to collect secondary adherent cells in 24 to 48 hours of primary culture, bone marrow monocyte-macrophage cells begin to adhere completely. Bone marrow monocyte-macrophage cells isolated by this method can be induced into osteoclasts in vitro, providing a stable cell model for the study of osteoporosis.

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Research

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Medicine

A Model of Disturbed Flow-Induced Atherosclerosis in Mouse Carotid Artery by Partial Ligation and a Simple Method of RNA Isolation from Carotid Endothelium

Despite the well-known close association, direct evidence linking disturbed flow to atherogenesis has been lacking. We have recently used a modified version of carotid partial ligation methods [1,2] to show that it acutely induces low and oscillatory flow conditions, two key characteristics of disturbed flow, in the mouse common carotid artery. Using this model, we have provided direct evidence that disturbed flow indeed leads to rapid and robust atherosclerosis development in Apolipoprotein E knockout mouse [3]. We also developed a method of endothelial RNA preparation with high purity from the mouse carotid intima [3]. Using this mouse model and method, we found that partial ligation causes endothelial dysfunction in a week, followed by robust and rapid atheroma formation in two weeks in a hyperlipidemic mouse model along with features of complex lesion formation such as intraplaque neovascularization by four weeks. This rapid in vivo model and the endothelial RNA preparation method could be used to determine molecular mechanisms underlying flow-dependent regulation of vascular biology and diseases. Also, it could be used to test various therapeutic interventions targeting endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis in considerably reduced study duration.

This describes a partial carotid ligation surgery, which causes disturbed flow conditions and subsequent atherosclerosis development (in two weeks) with intraplaque neo-vascularization (in four weeks) in the mouse common carotid artery. We also describe a novel method of RNA isolation from the carotid intima, providing high purity endothelial RNA.

Despite the well-known close association, direct evidence linking disturbed flow to atherogenesis has been lacking. We have recently used a modified ...

Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods

Developing wisdom teeth are easy-accessible source of stem cells during the adulthood which could be obtained by routine orthodontic treatments. Human pulp-derived stem cells (hDPSCs) possess high proliferation potential with multi-lineage differentiation capacity compare to the ordinary source of adult stem cells1-8; therefore, hDPSCs could be the good candidates for autologous transplantation in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Along with these benefits, possessing the mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) features, such as immunolodulatory effect, make hDPSCs more valuable, even in the case of allograft transplantation6,9,10. Therefore, the primary step for using this source of stem cells is to select the best protocol for isolating hDPSCs from pulp tissue. In order to achieve this goal, it is crucial to investigate the effect of various isolation conditions on different cellular behaviors, such as their common surface markers &amp; also their differentiation capacity.
Thus, here we separate human pulp tissue from impacted third molar teeth, and then used both existing protocols based on literature, for isolating hDPSCs,11-13 i.e. enzymatic dissociation of pulp tissue (DPSC-ED) or outgrowth from tissue explants (DPSC-OG). In this regards, we tried to facilitate the isolation methods by using dental diamond disk. Then, these cells characterized in terms of stromal-associated Markers (CD73, CD90, CD105 &amp; CD44), hematopoietic/endothelial Markers (CD34, CD45 &amp; CD11b), perivascular marker, like CD146 and also STRO-1. Afterwards, these two protocols were compared based on the differentiation potency into odontoblasts by both quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) &amp; Alizarin Red Staining. QPCR were used for the assessment of the expression of the mineralization-related genes (alkaline phosphatase; ALP, matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein; MEPE &amp; dentin sialophosphoprotein; DSPP).14

The method described isolation and characterization of human Dental Pulp Stem Cells (hDPSCs) by using either enzymatic dissociation of pulp (DPSC-ED) or direct outgrowth of stem cells from pulp tissue explants (DPSC-OG). Then followed by in vitro comparative differentiation of both types of hDPSCs into odontoblasts.

Developing wisdom teeth are easy-accessible source of stem cells during the adulthood which could be obtained by routine orthodontic treatments. Human ...

Isolation of Cancer Stem Cells From Human Prostate Cancer Samples

The cancer stem cell (CSC) model has been considerably revisited over the last two decades. During this time CSCs have been identified and directly isolated from human tissues and serially propagated in immunodeficient mice, typically through antibody labeling of subpopulations of cells and fractionation by flow cytometry. However, the unique clinical features of prostate cancer have considerably limited the study of prostate CSCs from fresh human tumor samples. We recently reported the isolation of prostate CSCs directly from human tissues by virtue of their HLA class I (HLAI)-negative phenotype. Prostate cancer cells are harvested from surgical specimens and mechanically dissociated. A cell suspension is generated and labeled with fluorescently conjugated HLAI and stromal antibodies. Subpopulations of HLAI-negative cells are finally isolated using a flow cytometer. The principal limitation of this protocol is the frequently microscopic and multifocal nature of primary cancer in prostatectomy specimens. Nonetheless, isolated live prostate CSCs are suitable for molecular characterization and functional validation by transplantation in immunodeficient mice.

The isolation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) directly from human tissues is requisite for their biological characterization. This manuscript describes a methodology for the isolation of prostate CSCs from human tissues, while also providing tips on troubleshooting difficult steps.

The cancer stem cell (CSC) model has been considerably revisited over the last two decades. During this time CSCs have been identified and directly ...

Method for Obtaining Primary Ovarian Cancer Cells From Solid Specimens

Reliable tools for investigating ovarian cancer initiation and progression are urgently needed. While the use of ovarian cancer cell lines remains a valuable tool for understanding ovarian cancer, their use has many limitations. These include the lack of heterogeneity and the plethora of genetic alterations associated with extended in vitro passaging.&#160;Here we describe a method that allows for rapid establishment of primary ovarian cancer cells form solid clinical specimens collected at the time of surgery. The method consists of subjecting clinical specimens to enzymatic digestion for 30 min. The isolated cell suspension is allowed to grow and can be used for downstream application including drug screening. The advantage of primary ovarian cancer cell lines over established ovarian cancer cell lines is that they are representative of the original specific clinical specimens they are derived from and can be derived from different sites whether primary or metastatic ovarian cancer.

This study describes a detailed method for isolation and characterization of primary ovarian cancer cells from solid clinical specimens. Ovarian cancer clinical specimens are subjected to enzymatic digestion to obtain viable, fibroblast-free epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cells highly suitable for downstream applications.

Reliable tools for investigating ovarian cancer initiation and progression are urgently needed. While the use of ovarian cancer cell lines remains a ...

Method of Isolated Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion in a Rat Model: Lessons Learned from Developing a Rat EVLP Program

The number of acceptable donor lungs available for lung transplantation is severely limited due to poor quality. Ex-Vivo Lung Perfusion (EVLP) has allowed lung transplantation in humans to become more readily available by enabling the ability to assess organs and expand the donor pool. As this technology expands and improves, the ability to potentially evaluate and improve the quality of substandard lungs prior to transplant is a critical need. In order to more rigorously evaluate these approaches, a reproducible animal model needs to be established that would allow for testing of improved techniques and management of the donated lungs as well as to the lung-transplant recipient. In addition, an EVLP animal model of associated pathologies, e.g., ventilation induced lung injury (VILI), would provide a novel method to evaluate treatments for these pathologies. Here, we describe the development of a rat EVLP lung program and refinements to this method that allow for a reproducible model for future expansion. We also describe the application of this EVLP system to model VILI in rat lungs. The goal is to provide the research community with key information and &#8220;pearls of wisdom&#8221;/techniques that arose from trial and error and are critical to establishing an EVLP system that is robust and reproducible.

Method of Isolated Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion in a Rat Model: Lessons Learned from Developing a Rat EVLP Program

Ex-Vivo Lung Perfusion (EVLP) has allowed lung transplantation in humans to become more readily available by enabling the ability to assess organs and expand the donor pool. Here, we describe the development of a rat EVLP program and refinements that allow for a reproducible model for future expansion.

The number of acceptable donor lungs available for lung transplantation is severely limited due to poor quality. Ex-Vivo Lung Perfusion (EVLP) has allowed ...

Isolation of Human Lymphatic Endothelial Cells by Multi-parameter Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting

Lymphatic system disorders such as primary lymphedema, lymphatic malformations and lymphatic tumors are rare conditions that cause significant morbidity but little is known about their biology. Isolating highly pure human lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) from diseased and healthy tissue would facilitate studies of the lymphatic endothelium at genetic, molecular and cellular levels. It is anticipated that these investigations may reveal targets for new therapies that may change the clinical management of these conditions. A protocol describing the isolation of human foreskin LECs and lymphatic malformation lymphatic endothelial cells (LM LECs) is presented. To obtain a single cell suspension tissue was minced and enzymatically treated using dispase II and collagenase II. The resulting single cell suspension was then labelled with antibodies to cluster of differentiation (CD) markers CD34, CD31, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-3 (VEGFR-3) and PODOPLANIN. Stained viable cells were sorted on a fluorescently activated cell sorter (FACS) to separate the CD34LowCD31PosVEGFR-3PosPODOPLANINPos LM LEC population from other endothelial and non-endothelial cells. The sorted LM LECs were cultured and expanded on fibronectin-coated flasks for further experimental use.

The goal of this protocol is to isolate lymphatic endothelial cells lining human lymphatic malformation cyst-like vessels and foreskins using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Subsequent cell culturing and expansion of these cells permits a new level of experimental sophistication for genetic, proteomic, functional and cell differentiation studies.

Lymphatic system disorders such as primary lymphedema, lymphatic malformations and lymphatic tumors are rare conditions that cause significant morbidity ...

Isolation of Endothelial Progenitor Cells from Healthy Volunteers and Their Migratory Potential Influenced by Serum Samples After Cardiac Surgery

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are recruited from the bone marrow under pathological conditions like hypoxia and are crucially involved in the neovascularization of ischemic tissues. The origin, classification and characterization of EPCs are complex; notwithstanding, two prominent sub-types of EPCs have been established: so-called &#34;early&#34; EPCs (subsequently referred to as early-EPCs) and late-outgrowth EPCs (late-EPCs). They can be classified by biological properties as well as by their appearance during in vitro culture. While &#34;early&#34; EPCs appear in less than a week after culture of peripheral blood-derived mononuclear cells in EC-specific media, late-outgrowth EPCs can be found after 2-3 weeks. Late-outgrowth EPCs have been recognized to be directly involved in neovascularization, mainly through their ability to differentiate into mature endothelial cells, whereas &#34;early&#34; EPCs express various angiogenic factors as endogenous cargo to promote angiogenesis in a paracrine manner. During myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), various factors control the homing of EPCs to regions of blood vessel formation.
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a chemokine-like pro-inflammatory and ubiquitously expressed cytokine and was recently described to function as key regulator of EPCs migration at physiological concentrations1. Interestingly, MIF is stored in intracellular pools and can rapidly be released into the blood stream after several stimuli (e.g. myocardial infarction). 
This protocol describes a method for the reliable isolation and culture of early-EPCs from adult human peripheral blood based on CD34-positive selection with subsequent culture in medium containing endothelial growth factors on fibronectin-coated plates for use in in vitro migration assays against serum samples of cardiac surgical patients. Furthermore, the migratory influence of MIF on chemotaxis of EPCs compared to other well-known angiogenesis-stimulating cytokines is demonstrated.

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are crucially involved in the neovascularization of ischemic tissues. This method describes the isolation of human EPCs from peripheral blood, as well as the identification of their migratory potential against serum samples of cardiac surgical patients.

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are recruited from the bone marrow under pathological conditions like hypoxia and are crucially involved in the ...

A Novel Clinical Grade Isolation Method for Human Kidney Perivascular Stromal Cells

Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) are tissue homeostatic and immune modulatory cells that have shown beneficial effects in kidney diseases and transplantation. Perivascular Stromal Cells (PSCs) share characteristics with bone marrow MSCs (bmMSCs). However, they also possess, most likely due to local imprinting, tissue-specific properties and play a role in local tissue homeostasis. This tissue specificity may result in tissue specific repair, also within the human kidney. We previously showed that human kidney PSCs (kPSCs) have enhanced kidney epithelial wound healing whereas bmMSCs did not have this potential. Moreover, kPSCs can ameliorate kidney injury in vivo. Therefore, kPSCs constitute an interesting source for cell therapy, particularly for kidney diseases and renal transplantation. Here we show the detailed isolation and culture method for kPSCs from transplant-grade human kidneys based on whole-organ perfusion of digestive enzymes via the renal artery and enrichment for the perivascular marker NG2. In this way, large cell quantities can be obtained that are suitable for cellular therapy.

Here we present a novel clinical grade isolation and culture method for kidney Perivascular Stromal Cells (kPSCs) based on whole organ perfusion with digestive enzymes and NG2-cell enrichment. With this method, it is possible to acquire sufficient cell numbers for cellular therapy.

Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) are tissue homeostatic and immune modulatory cells that have shown beneficial effects in kidney diseases and ...

Isolation and Cultivation of Adult Rat Cardiomyocytes

In an intact heart, adjacent cells influence adult cardiomyocytes. With the method of isolation and cultivation of adult cardiomyocytes, a precise investigation of the behavior of these cells under specific treatments and environments is possible. This manuscript presents a protocol for successful isolation and cultivation of adult rat ventricular cardiomyocytes (ARVC).
The rat is sacrificed by cervical dislocation under deep anesthesia. Then, the heart is extracted and the aorta is uncovered. Subsequently, perfusion on the Langendorff perfusion system with calcium depletion and collagenase treatment is performed. Afterwards, ventricular tissue gets minced, re-circulated, and filtered, followed by three centrifugation steps with gradual addition of CaCl2 until physiological calcium concentration is reached. ARVC are plated on cell culture dishes. After refreshing the cell culture medium, ARVC can be cultivated for up to six days without changing the serum-containing culture medium. Isolation of ARVC is a calcium sensitive process. Small changes in the intracellular calcium concentration cause a decrease in the quality and viability of the isolated cells.
Freshly isolated ARVC are rod shaped. Within the first days of cultivation they lose the rod-shaped morphology and form pseudopodia-like structures (spreading). During this morphological formation ARVC initially degrade their contractile elements followed by a reformation through actin stress fibers and de novo sarcomerogenesis. After one week of cultivation, most ARVC show a widespread appearance with a clearly detectable cross striation. This process is sensitive to intracellular calcium concentration, as treatment with ionomycin attenuates spreading. Key markers in this process of de- and re-differentiation are &#946;-myosin heavy chain (&#946;-MHC), oncostatin M (OSM), and swiprosin-1 (EFHD2). Recent studies have suggested that cardiac re- and de-differentiation occurring under culture conditions mimics features seen in vivo during cardiac remodeling. Therefore, isolation and cultivation of ARVC play a key role in understanding the biology of cardiomyocytes.

Here, we present a protocol for the isolation and cultivation of adult rat ventricular cardiomyocytes (ARVC). Isolated ARVC can be used for short and long-term cultivation. The isolation and cultivation of ARVC can play a key role in developing new treatment regimens for cardiac diseases.

In an intact heart, adjacent cells influence adult cardiomyocytes. With the method of isolation and cultivation of adult cardiomyocytes, a precise ...

An Efficient Sieving Method to Isolate Intact Glomeruli from Adult Rat Kidney

Preservation of glomerular structure and function is pivotal in the prevention of glomerulonephritis, a category of kidney disease characterized by proteinuria which can eventually lead to chronic and end-stage renal disease. The glomerulus is a complex apparatus responsible for the filtration of plasma from the body. In disease, structural integrity is lost and allows for the abnormal leakage of plasma contents into the urine. A method to isolate and examine glomeruli in culture is critical for the study of these diseases. In this protocol, an efficient method of retrieving intact glomeruli from adult rat kidneys while conserving structural and morphological characteristics is described. This process is capable of generating high yields of glomeruli per kidney with minimal contamination from other nephron segments. With these glomeruli, injury conditions can be mimicked by incubating them with a variety of chemical toxins, including protamine sulfate, which causes foot process effacement and proteinuria in animal models. Degree of injury can be assessed using transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence staining, and western blotting. Nephrin and Wilms Tumor 1 (WT1) levels can also be assessed from these cultures. Due to the ease and flexibility of this protocol, the isolated glomeruli can be utilized as described or in a way that best suits the needs of the researcher to help better study glomerular health and structure in diseased states.

The main focus of this protocol is to efficiently isolate viable primary glomeruli cultures with minimal contaminants for use in a variety of downstream applications. The isolated glomeruli retain structural relationships between component cell types and can be cultured ex vivo for a short time.

Preservation of glomerular structure and function is pivotal in the prevention of glomerulonephritis, a category of kidney disease characterized by ...