בהכרת תודה אנו מודים התקנים מולקולריים בטכנולוגיות אנליטיות / ארקטורוס על התרומה הנדיבה של חומרים כימיים המשמשים למחקר. כמו כן, אנו מודים מרכז המשאבים הרווארד רקמות למתן רקמה אנושית המוות המוח מימון:. RO1MH76060 ו P50MH080272.

<ol>
	<li>Imbeaud, S., Graudens, E., Boulanger, V., Barlet, X., Zaborski, P., Eveno, E., Mueleer, O., Schroeder, A., Auffray, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Towards+standardization+of+RNA+quality+assessment+using+user-independent+classifiers+of+microcapillary+electrophoresis+traces.">Towards standardization of RNA quality assessment using user-independent classifiers of microcapillary electrophoresis traces.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 33, e56-e56 (2005).</li></ol>

ההפקה של המאמר וידאו זה היה בחסות החיים טכנולוגיות.

כאן, אנו מנסים להתאים אישית את פרוטוקול לחלץ אוכלוסיות תאים הומוגנית מרקמת המוח הטרוגנית שלאחר המוות באמצעות XT ארקטורוס מערכת RNA הקשורות ערכות החילוץ. כפי שתואר לעיל, עשינו כמה שינויים הפרוטוקולים המקוריים המסופקים על ידי החברה, על מנת למקסם את שלמות RNA. לכידת מוצלח של תאים בודדים תלוי אך ורק על אופטימיזציה של צעדים לפני ללכוד מנת להשיג תאים לכל היותר עם RNA טוב. צעדים אלה כוללים את פרמטרים שונים הקשורים רקמות חתך ו מכתים. בקיצור, לגבי הכנת רקמות אלה כוללים: 1) להקטין את שיפוע הטמפרטורה כאשר חתך, 2) רק הצבת 2 סעיפים לכל שקופית, 3) ביצוע כל הצעדים התייבשות על הקרח, 4) להוסיף אינהיביטור RNase על הכתם, 5) הגדלת משך התייבשות אתנול 100% הסופית 3 דקות. באשר לכידת, אנו חשים כי השילוב של CapSure HS כובעים, עם התוכנה על הגדרת מאקרו, צריך להבטיח תוצאות אופטימליות. סביבת לחות מבוקרת הוא קריטי כדי ללכוד תאים בודדים, כמו לחות גבוהה מפחיתה באופן דרסטי רקמה &quot;להרים&quot;. טמפרטורות גבוהות עלולות גם להיות השפעה שלילית על איכות RNA. במהלך הפרוטוקול בידוד RNA עם ערכת PicoPure, ישנם שני שלבים לשטוף. חשוב לבדוק כי כל חיץ לשטוף יוסר לפני העברת צינור אחר microcentrifuge עבור elution RNA, כמו נוכחות בכל המאגר במדגם הסופי שלך תגרום RNA מתחיל פחות הגברה. כדי להבטיח זאת, אנו צנטריפוגות לשטוף את הצעד הסופי של 2.5 דקות במקום 2 דקות כפי שהוצע בפרוטוקול סיפק. לרוב, פרוטוקול הגברה ליניארית היה על פי הוראות היצרן. עם זאת, שתי נקודות מכריע צריך להילקח בחשבון בעת ​​שימוש בפרוטוקול זה: 1) לנסות להגביל הפסד של רנ&quot;א באמצעות העברת עודף של דגימות בין צינורות, רק באמצעות הצינורות 0.5ml בתנאי בשיתוף עם בלוק 0.5ml ב Cycler תרמית וכן 2) בעת העברת המדגם לעמודה טיהור לטיהור cDNA, כדי להיות בטוח ספין למטה דוגמיות לאחר ההעברה הראשונה. זה יגרום נוספת 1-2ul המדגם להוסיף עמודה הטיהור ולכן יכולים להגדיל את ההתאוששות cDNA. כאשר עושים שימוש בערכה סוף תיוג TURBO עבור תיוג-ביוטין של דגימות מוגבל שלך ארנה, אנו מציעים הוספת μl כמה תוספת של מים לפני השלב צנטריפוגה, כדי להגדיל את התשואה RNA שכותרתו שחולצו מן הטור. דקה נוספת של צנטריפוגה יעזור גם בעניין זה, במיוחד אם אתה עובד עם רקמה מושפל, כגון רקמת FFPE. אנחנו מרגישים בטוחים כי פרוטוקול זה יאפשר למשתמש לבודד מבנים הומוגנית קטנה, כגון אוכלוסיות תא בודד, בתוך רקמת המוח הנתיחה שלאחר המוות הטרוגניים. פעולה זו מפחיתה תופעות דילול של מבנים הסמוכים ושאר סוגי תאים הנמצאים בשכבות שונות בתוך המוח, מוביל לתוצאות ממוקדות כלפי סוגי תאים מסוימים תחת חקירה. כמו איכות RNA המתקבל הוא מספיק טוב בשביל מחקרים microarray, אנו יכולים להתחיל להצביע חתימות מולקולריים ספציפיים של אוכלוסיות תאים ספציפיים מושפע המחלה מדינות.

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>4.5&#x201D; Forceps</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>82027-392</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Arcturus XT&trade; Laser-Capture Microdissection (LCM) System</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>MDS Analytical Technologies</td>
<td>13821-00</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>CapSure&trade; HS LCM Caps</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>MDS Analytical Technologies</td>
<td>LCM 0214</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>CapSure&reg; Macro LCM Caps</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>MDS Analytical Technologies</td>
<td>LCM 0211</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Experion&trade; Automated Electrophoresis Station</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bio-Rad</td>
<td>700-7001</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Experion&trade; RNA HighSens Chips</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bio-Rad</td>
<td>700-7155</td>
<td>10 chips</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Experion&#x2122; RNA HighSens Reagents</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bio-Rad</td>
<td>700-7156</td>
<td>10 chips</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Experion&#x2122; RNA StdSens Chips</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bio-Rad</td>
<td>700-7153</td>
<td>10 chips</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Experion&trade; RNA StdSens Reagents</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bio-Rad</td>
<td>700-7154</td>
<td>10 chips</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Falcon&reg; polypropylene Conical tube</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Becton-Dickinson Labware</td>
<td>352070</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>GeneAmp&reg; thin-walled reaction tube with domed cap</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
<td>N8010611</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>GeneChip&reg; Human X3P array</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Affymetrix</td>
<td>900516</td>
<td>6 chips</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Histogene&reg; LCM Frozen Section Staining kit</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>MDS Analytical Technologies</td>
<td>KIT0401</td>
<td>For staining solution, jars, ethanols and Xylene</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Histogene&trade; LCM slides</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>MDS Analytical Technologies</td>
<td>12231-00</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Micro Slide Box</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>48444-004</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Microm HM 505E cryostat</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
<td>22-050-350</td>
<td>Catalogue number for similar product as current product no longer available</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Microprocessor Controlled 280 series Water bath</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Thermo Electron Corporation</td>
<td>51221048</td>
<td>Model 282</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Molecular Sieve</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>EMD&trade;</td>
<td>MX1583L-1</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>NanoDrop 1000 Spectrophotometer</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
<td>n/a</td>
<td>The NanoDrop 1000 is not available anymore, but the NanoDrop 2000 is comparable.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Nuclease-free water</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ambion&reg;</td>
<td>AM9932</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>PEN Membrane glass slides</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>MDS Analytical Technologies</td>
<td>LCM 0522</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>PicoPure&reg; RNA Isolation kit</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>MDS Analytical Technologies</td>
<td>KIT0204</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>RiboAmp&reg;HSPLUS with Biotin labeling</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>MDS Analytical Technologies</td>
<td>KIT0511B</td>
<td>12 reactions Includes TURBO biotin labeling&trade; kit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RNase Zap&reg;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ambion&reg;</td>
<td>AM9780/2</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>RNase-Free DNase Set</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Qiagen</td>
<td>79254</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>RNasin&reg; Plus</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Promega</td>
<td>N261B</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>SuperScript&trade; III Reverse Transcriptase</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>18080-044</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

obtaining high quality rna from single cell populations in human postmortem brain tissue

הצענו לחקור את צמצום החומר האפור ברכס הרקתי מעולה לראות חולי סכיזופרניה, על ידי חקירת ביטוי גנים פרופילים של עצב פירמידליים בשכבה III. זה ידוע היטב כי קליפת המוח הוא מבנה הטרוגני במיוחד הכולל אזורים שונים, שכבות סוגי תאים, שכל אחד מהם מאופיין קומפוזיציות תאית ומולקולרית ברורים ולכן ההפרש ביטוי הגן פרופילים. כדי לעקוף את ההשפעות של בלבול ההטרוגניות רקמות, השתמשנו לייזר ללכוד microdissection (LCM) כדי לבודד תאים מסוג מסוים שלנו נוירונים כלומר פירמידה. כ -500 עצב פירמידליים מוכתם הפתרון מכתים Histogene נלכדו באמצעות מערכת XT ארקטורוס LCM. RNA היה מבודד אז מתאי בשבי ועבר שני סיבובים של הגברה T7 מבוססי ליניארי באמצעות ארקטורוס / מולקולרית ערכות התקנים. LabChip Experion (Bio-Rad) ג&#39;ל ו electropherogram הצביעו באיכות טובה (מ &#39;) RNA, עם אורך התמליל הארכת 600nt בעבר נדרש microarrays. כמות ה-mRNA השיג ממוצעים 51μg, עם טוהר מקובל מדגם מתכוון כפי שעולה יחס A260/280, של 2.5. התבטאות גנים היה צדודית באמצעות מערך האדם X3P GeneChip בדיקה מ Affymetrix.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Obtaining High Quality RNA from Single Cell Populations in Human Postmortem Brain Tissue at JoVE.com

Obtaining High Quality RNA from Single Cell Populations in Human Postmortem Brain Tissue

אנו מתארים תהליך באמצעות לייזר ללכוד microdissection לבודד תמצית RNA מתוך אוכלוסייה הומוגנית תא, עצב פירמידליים, בשכבה III של gyrus הזמני מעולה במוח האנושי שלאחר המוות. לאחר מכן אנו להגביר באופן ליניארי (T7 מבוססי) mRNA, ועל להכליא את המדגם כדי האנושית Affymetrix X3P microarray.

קבלת RNA איכות גבוהה מאוכלוסיות תא בודד בתוך רקמות המוח האנושי שלאחר המוות

We proposed to investigate the gray matter reduction in the superior temporal gyrus seen in schizophrenia patients, by interrogating gene expression ...

obtaining-high-quality-rna-from-single-cell-populations-human

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

30.6K Views.  McLean Hospital. אנו מתארים תהליך באמצעות לייזר ללכוד microdissection לבודד תמצית RNA מתוך אוכלוסייה הומוגנית תא, עצב פירמידליים, בשכבה III של gyrus הזמני מעולה במוח האנושי שלאחר המוות. לאחר מכן אנו להגביר באופן ליניארי (T7 מבוססי) mRNA, ועל להכליא את המדגם כדי האנושית Affymetrix X3P microarray.

Video: Obtaining High Quality RNA from Single Cell Populations in Human Postmortem Brain Tissue

Obtaining Eggs from Xenopus laevis Females

The eggs of Xenopus laevis intact, lysed, and/or fractionated are useful for a wide variety of experiments. This protocol shows how to induce egg laying, collect and dejelly the eggs, and sort the eggs to remove any damaged eggs.

The eggs of Xenopus laevis intact, lysed, and/or fractionated are useful for a wide variety of experiments. This protocol shows how to induce egg laying, collect and dejelly the eggs, and sort the eggs to remove any damaged eggs.

קבלת ביצים Xenopus laevis נקבות

The eggs of Xenopus laevis intact, lysed, and/or fractionated are useful for a wide variety of experiments. This protocol shows how to induce egg laying, ...

Neuronal Nuclei Isolation from Human Postmortem Brain Tissue

Neurons in the human brain become postmitotic largely during prenatal development, and thus maintain their nuclei throughout the full lifespan. However, little is known about changes in neuronal chromatin and nuclear organization during the course of development and aging, or in chronic neuropsychiatric disease. However, to date most chromatin and DNA based assays (other than FISH) lack single cell resolution. To this end, the considerable cellular heterogeneity of brain tissue poses a significant limitation, because typically various subpopulations of neurons are intermingled with different types of glia and other non-neuronal cells. One possible solution would be to grow cell-type specific cultures, but most CNS cells, including neurons, are ex vivo sustainable, at best, for only a few weeks and thus would provide an incomplete model for epigenetic mechanisms potentially operating across the full lifespan.  Here, we provide a protocol to extract and purify nuclei from frozen (never fixed) human postmortem brain. The method involves extraction of nuclei in hypotonic lysis buffer, followed by ultracentrifugation and immunotagging with anti-NeuN antibody. Labeled neuronal nuclei are then collected separately using fluorescence-activated sorting. This method should be applicable to any brain region in a wide range of species and suitable for chromatin immunoprecipitation studies with site- and modification-specific anti-histone antibodies, and for DNA methylation and other assays. 

The cellular heterogeneity of brain tissue poses a significant limitation for the study of epigenetic markings in chromatin because most assays lack single cell resolution. Neurons typically are intermingled with glia and other non-neuronal cells. We provide a protocol to extract and collect neuronal nuclei from human brain.

גרעינים בידוד עצבי שלאחר המוות של רקמת מוח האדם

Neurons in the human brain become postmitotic largely during prenatal development, and thus maintain their nuclei throughout the full lifespan. However, ...

Generation of Single-Cell Suspensions from Mouse Neural Tissue

Within the nervous system, hundreds of neuronal and glial cell types have been described. Each specific cell type in the brain or spinal cord has a repertoire of cell surface molecules, or molecular determinants, through which it can be identified and characterized. Currently, robust cell identification and separation technologies require single-cell preparations to be generated while simultaneously limiting cell death and destruction of characteristic surface protein. The gentleMACS Dissociator, when used in combination with trypsin or papain-based dissociation kits, can effectively and gently dissociate brain tissue while preserving antigen epitopes and limiting cell loss. Standardized preparation of single-cell suspensions is achieved using C Tubes and optimized, preset gentleMACS Programs. Once generated, single-cell suspensions can be treated with monoclonal conjugates like Anti-Prominin-1 MicroBeads, which identify neural progenitors, or purified further using Myelin Removal Beads.

Dissociating cells from specific tissue types requires specific parameters for tissue aggitation to obtain a high volume of viable, culturable cells. The Miltenyi gentleMACS Dissociator optimizes this task with a simple, practical protocol. In this publication the use of this apparatus on nerual tissue is explained.

הדור של תא בודד מרקמת השעיות עכבר עצבית

Within the nervous system, hundreds of neuronal and glial cell types have been described. Each specific cell type in the brain or spinal cord has a ...

Single-cell Suction Recordings from Mouse Cone Photoreceptors

Rod and cone photoreceptors in the retina are responsible for light detection. In darkness, cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels in the outer segment are open and allow cations to flow steadily inwards across the membrane, depolarizing the cell. Light exposure triggers the closure of the CNG channels, blocks the inward cation current flow, and thus results in cell hyperpolarization. Based on the polarity of photoreceptors, a suction recording method was developed in 1970s that, unlike the classic patch-clamp technique, does not require penetrating the plasma membrane 1. Drawing the outer segment into a tightly-fitting glass pipette filled with extracellular solution allows recording the current changes in individual cells upon test-flash exposure. However, this well-established "outer-segment-in (OS-in)" suction recording is not suitable for mouse cone recordings, because of the low percentage of cones in the mouse retina (3%) and the difficulties in identifying the cone outer segments. Recently, an inner-segment-in (IS-in) recording configuration was developed to draw the inner segment/nuclear region of the photoreceptor into the recording pipette 2,3. In this video, we will show how to record from individual mouse cone photoresponses using single-cell suction electrode.

We will show how to record flash responses from single mouse cones using a suction electrode.

תא בודד יניקה הקלטות של photoreceptors קון עכבר

Rod and cone photoreceptors in the retina are responsible for light detection. In darkness, cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels in the outer segment ...

Robust Generation of Hepatocyte-like Cells from Human Embryonic Stem Cell Populations

Despite progress in modelling human drug toxicity, many compounds fail during clinical trials due to unpredicted side effects. The cost of clinical studies are substantial, therefore it is essential that more predictive toxicology screens are developed and deployed early on in drug development (Greenhough et al 2010). Human hepatocytes represent the current gold standard model for evaluating drug toxicity, but are a limited resource that exhibit variable function. Therefore, the use of immortalised cell lines and animal tissue models are routinely employed due to their abundance. While both sources are informative, they are limited by poor function, species variability and/or instability in culture (Dalgetty et al 2009). Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are an attractive alternative source of human hepatocyte like cells (HLCs) (Medine et al 2010). PSCs are capable of self renewal and differentiation to all somatic cell types found in the adult and thereby represent a potentially inexhaustible source of differentiated cells. We have developed a procedure that is simple, highly efficient, amenable to automation and yields functional human HLCs (Hay et al 2008 ; Fletcher et al 2008 ; Hannoun et al 2010 ; Payne et al 2011 and Hay et al 2011). We believe our technology will lead to the scalable production of HLCs for drug discovery, disease modeling, the construction of extra-corporeal devices and possibly cell based transplantation therapies.

This article will focus on the generation of human hepatic endoderm from human embryonic stem cell populations.

הדור יציבה של hepatocyte דמויי תאים של אדם אוכלוסיות תאים גזע עובריים

Despite progress in modelling human drug toxicity, many compounds fail during clinical trials due to unpredicted side effects. The cost of clinical ...

Studying Proteolysis of Cyclin B at the Single Cell Level in Whole Cell Populations

Equal distribution of chromosomes between the two daughter cells during cell division is a prerequisite for guaranteeing genetic stability 1. Inaccuracies during chromosome separation are a hallmark of malignancy and associated with progressive disease 2-4. The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is a mitotic surveillance mechanism that holds back cells at metaphase until every single chromosome has established a stable bipolar attachment to the mitotic spindle1. The SAC exerts its function by interference with the activating APC/C subunit Cdc20 to block proteolysis of securin and cyclin B and thus chromosome separation and mitotic exit. Improper attachment of chromosomes prevents silencing of SAC signaling and causes continued inhibition of APC/CCdc20 until the problem is solved to avoid chromosome missegregation, aneuploidy and malignant growths1.
Most studies that addressed the influence of improper chromosomal attachment on APC/C-dependent proteolysis took advantage of spindle disruption using depolymerizing or microtubule-stabilizing drugs to interfere with chromosomal attachment to microtubules. Since interference with microtubule kinetics can affect the transport and localization of critical regulators, these procedures bear a risk of inducing artificial effects 5.
To study how the SAC interferes with APC/C-dependent proteolysis of cyclin B during mitosis in unperturbed cell populations, we established a histone H2-GFP-based system which allowed the simultaneous monitoring of metaphase alignment of mitotic chromosomes and proteolysis of cyclin B 6.
To depict proteolytic profiles, we generated a chimeric cyclin B reporter molecule with a C-terminal SNAP moiety 6 (Figure 1). In a self-labeling reaction, the SNAP-moiety is able to form covalent bonds with alkylguanine-carriers (SNAP substrate) 7,8 (Figure 1). SNAP substrate molecules are readily available and carry a broad spectrum of different fluorochromes. Chimeric cyclin B-SNAP molecules become labeled upon addition of the membrane-permeable SNAP substrate to the growth medium 7 (Figure 1). Following the labeling reaction, the cyclin B-SNAP fluorescence intensity drops in a pulse-chase reaction-like manner and fluorescence intensities reflect levels of cyclin B degradation 6 (Figure 1). Our system facilitates the monitoring of mitotic APC/C-dependent proteolysis in large numbers of cells (or several cell populations) in parallel. Thereby, the system may be a valuable tool to identify agents/small molecules that are able to interfere with proteolytic activity at the metaphase to anaphase transition. Moreover, as synthesis of cyclin B during mitosis has recently been suggested as an important mechanism in fostering a mitotic block in mice and humans by keeping cyclin B expression levels stable 9,10, this system enabled us to analyze cyclin B proteolysis as one element of a balanced equilibrium 6.

Metaphase to anaphase transition is triggered through anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C)-dependent ubiquitination and subsequent destruction of cyclin B. Here, we established a system which, following pulse-chase labeling, allows monitoring cyclin B proteolysis in entire cell populations and facilitates the detection of interference by the mitotic checkpoint.

לומד Proteolysis של cyclin B ברמת התא הבודד באוכלוסיות תאים שלמות

Equal distribution of chromosomes between the two daughter cells during cell division is a prerequisite for guaranteeing genetic stability 1. Inaccuracies ...

Generation of High Quality Chromatin Immunoprecipitation DNA Template for High-throughput Sequencing (ChIP-seq)

ChIP-sequencing (ChIP-seq) methods directly offer whole-genome coverage, where combining chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and massively parallel sequencing can be utilized to identify the repertoire of mammalian DNA sequences bound by transcription factors in vivo. "Next-generation" genome sequencing technologies provide 1-2 orders of magnitude increase in the amount of sequence that can be cost-effectively generated over older technologies thus allowing for ChIP-seq methods to directly provide whole-genome coverage for effective profiling of mammalian protein-DNA interactions.
For successful ChIP-seq approaches, one must generate high quality ChIP DNA template to obtain the best sequencing outcomes. The description is based around experience with the protein product of the gene most strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, namely the transcription factor transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2). This factor has also been implicated in various cancers.
Outlined is how to generate high quality ChIP DNA template derived from the colorectal carcinoma cell line, HCT116, in order to build a high-resolution map through sequencing to determine the genes bound by TCF7L2, giving further insight in to its key role in the pathogenesis of complex traits.

Generation of High Quality Chromatin Immunoprecipitation DNA Template for High-throughput Sequencing ChIP-seq

The combination of chromatin immunoprecipitation and ultra-high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) can identify and map protein-DNA interactions in a given tissue or cell line. Outlined is how to generate a high quality ChIP template for subsequent sequencing, using experience with the transcription factor TCF7L2 as an example.

דור של תבנית הכרומטין immunoprecipitation איכות גבוהה עבור ה-DNA רצף תפוקה גבוהה (שבב ואילך)

ChIP-sequencing (ChIP-seq) methods directly  offer whole-genome coverage, where combining chromatin immunoprecipitation  (ChIP) and massively parallel ...

A Laser Capture Microdissection Protocol That Yields High Quality RNA from Fresh-frozen Mouse Bones

RNA yield and integrity are decisive for RNA analysis. However, it is often technically challenging to maintain RNA integrity throughout the entire laser capture microdissection (LCM) procedure. Since LCM studies work with low amounts of material, concerns about limited RNA yields are also important. Therefore, an LCM protocol was developed to obtain sufficient quantity of high-quality RNA for gene expression analysis in bone cells. The effect of staining protocol, thickness of cryosections, microdissected tissue quantity, RNA extraction kit, and LCM system used on RNA yield and integrity obtained from microdissected bone cells was evaluated. Eight-&#181;m-thick frozen bone sections were made using an adhesive film and stained using a rapid protocol for a commercial LCM stain. The sample was sandwiched between a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) membrane and the adhesive film. An LCM system that uses gravity for sample collection and a column-based RNA extraction method were used to obtain high quality RNAs of sufficient yield. The current study focusses on mouse femur sections. However, the LCM protocol reported here can be used to study in situ gene expression in cells of any hard tissue in both physiological conditions and disease processes.

A laser capture microdissection (LCM) protocol was developed to obtain sufficient quantity of high-quality RNA for gene expression analysis in bone cells. The current study focusses on mouse femur sections. However, the LCM protocol reported here can be used to study gene expression in cells of any hard tissue.

לכידת לייזר פרוטוקול מיקרודיסקציה התשואות באיכות גבוהה RNA מ-העכבר קפואים טרי-קפוא

RNA yield and integrity are decisive for RNA analysis. However, it is often technically challenging to maintain RNA integrity throughout the entire laser ...

Quantitative Proteomics Workflow using Multiple Reaction Monitoring Based Detection of Proteins from Human Brain Tissue

The proteomic analysis of the human brain tissue over the last decade has greatly enhanced our understanding of the brain. However, brain related disorders continue to be a major contributor of deaths around the world, necessitating the need for even greater understanding of their pathobiology. Traditional antibody-based techniques like western blotting or immunohistochemistry suffer from being low-throughput besides being labor-intensive and qualitative or semi-quantitative. Even conventional mass spectrometry-based shotgun approaches fail to provide conclusive evidence to support a certain hypothesis. Targeted proteomics approaches are largely hypothesis driven and differ from the conventional shotgun proteomics approaches that have been long in use. Multiple reaction monitoring is one such targeted approach that requires the use of a special mass spectrometer called the tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer or triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. In the current study, we have systematically highlighted the major steps involved in performing a successful tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry-based proteomics workflow using human brain tissue with an aim to introduce this workflow to a broader research community.

The protocol aims to introduce the use of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer for Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) of proteins from clinical samples. We have provided a systematic workflow starting from sample preparation to data analysis for clinical samples with all the necessary precautions to be taken.

זרימת עבודה של פרוטאומיה כמותית באמצעות זיהוי מבוסס ניטור תגובה מרובה של חלבונים מרקמת המוח האנושית

The proteomic analysis of the human brain tissue over the last decade has greatly enhanced our understanding of the brain. However, brain related ...

Tissue Collection and RNA Extraction from the Human Osteoarthritic Knee Joint

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic and degenerative joint disease most often affecting the knee. As there is currently no cure, total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a common surgical intervention. Experiments using primary human OA tissues obtained from TKA provide the capability to investigate disease mechanisms ex vivo. While OA was previously thought to impact mainly the cartilage, it is now known to impact multiple tissues in the joint. This protocol describes patient selection, sample processing, tissue homogenization, RNA extraction, and quality control (based on RNA purity, integrity, and yield) from each of seven unique tissues to support disease mechanism investigation in the knee joint. With informed consent, samples were obtained from patients undergoing TKA for OA. Tissues were dissected, washed, and stored within 4 h of surgery by flash freezing for RNA or formalin fixation for histology. Collected tissues included articular cartilage, subchondral bone, meniscus, infrapatellar fat pad, anterior cruciate ligament, synovium, and vastus medialis oblique muscle. RNA extraction protocols were tested for each tissue type. The most significant modification involved the method of disintegration used for low-cell, high-matrix, hard tissues (considered as cartilage, bone, and meniscus) versus relatively high-cell, low-matrix, soft tissues (considered as fat pad, ligament, synovium, and muscle). It was found that pulverization was appropriate for hard tissues, and homogenization was appropriate for soft tissues. A proclivity for some subjects to yield higher RNA integrity number (RIN) values than other subjects consistently across multiple tissues was observed, suggesting that underlying factors such as disease severity may impact RNA quality. The ability to isolate high-quality RNA from primary human OA tissues provides a physiologically relevant model for sophisticated gene expression experiments, including sequencing, that can lead to clinical insights that are more readily translated to patients.

Primary tissues obtained from patients following total knee arthroplasty provide an experimental model for osteoarthritis research with maximal clinical translatability. This protocol describes how to identify, process, and isolate RNA from seven unique knee tissues to support mechanistic investigation in human osteoarthritis.

איסוף רקמות ומיצוי RNA ממפרק הברך האוסטאוארטכרטית האנושי

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic and degenerative joint disease most often affecting the knee. As there is currently no cure, total knee arthroplasty ...