אנו מודים איימי מאיירס Quayson ESI עבור כישורים טכניים ועזרה. עבודה זו נתמכה בחלקה על ידי NSF 0216310 ו Givaudan Inc מענק (נר).

<ol>
	<li>Mbiene, J. P., Maccallum, D. K., Mistretta, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organ+cultures+of+embryonic+rat+tongue+support+tongue+and+gustatory+papilla+morphogenesis+in+vitro+without+intact+sensory+ganglia.">Organ cultures of embryonic rat tongue support tongue and gustatory papilla morphogenesis in vitro without intact sensory ganglia.</a> J. Comp. Neurol. 377, 324-340 (1997).</li><li>Miyamoto, T., Fujiyama, R., Okada, Y., Sato, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strain+difference+in+amiloride-sensitivity+of+salt-induced+responses+in+mouse+non-dissociated+taste+cells.">Strain difference in amiloride-sensitivity of salt-induced responses in mouse non-dissociated taste cells.</a> Neurosci. Lett. 277, 13-16 (1999).</li><li>Caicedo, A., Jafri, M. S., Roper, S. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+Ca2++imaging+reveals+neurotransmitter+receptors+for+glutamate+in+taste+receptor+cells.">In situ Ca2+ imaging reveals neurotransmitter receptors for glutamate in taste receptor cells.</a> J. Neurosci. 20, 7978-7985 (2000).</li><li>Qin, Y. M., Shi, J. Q., Zhang, G. H., Deng, S. P., Wang, T. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+reliable+method+to+obtain+cells+of+taste+buds+from+fungiform+papillae+of+mice.">A reliable method to obtain cells of taste buds from fungiform papillae of mice.</a> Acta Histochem. 112, 107-112 (2010).</li><li>Spielman, A. I., Mody, I., Brand, J. G., Whitney, G., MacDonald, J. F., Salter, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+for+isolating+and+patch-clamping+single+mammalian+taste+receptor+cells.">A method for isolating and patch-clamping single mammalian taste receptor cells.</a> Brain Res. 503, 326-329 (1989).</li><li>Kishi, M., Emori, Y., Tsukamoto, Y., Abe, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primary+culture+of+rat+taste+bud+cells+that+retain+molecular+markers+for+taste+buds+and+permit+functional+expression+of+foreign+genes.">Primary culture of rat taste bud cells that retain molecular markers for taste buds and permit functional expression of foreign genes.</a> Neuroscience. 106, 217-225 (2001).</li><li>Ruiz, C. J., Stone, L. M., McPheeters, M., Ogura, T., Bottger, B., Lasher, R. S., Finger, T. E., Kinnamon, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maintenance+of+rat+taste+buds+in+primary+culture.">Maintenance of rat taste buds in primary culture.</a> Chem. Senses. 26, 861-873 (2001).</li><li>Stone, L. M., Tan, S. S., Tam, P. P., Finger, T. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+cell+lineage+relationships+in+taste+buds.">Analysis of cell lineage relationships in taste buds.</a> J. Neurosci. 22, 4522-4529 (2002).</li><li>Ozdener, H., Yee, K. K., Cao, J., Brand, J. G., Teeter, J. H., Rawson, N. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+and+long-term+maintenance+of+rat+taste+cells+in+culture.">Characterization and long-term maintenance of rat taste cells in culture.</a> Chem. Senses. 31, 279-290 (2006).</li><li>Ozdener, M. H., Brand, J. G., Spielman, A. I., Lischka, F. W., Teeter, J. H., Breslin, P. A., Rawson, N. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+Human+Fungiform+Papillae+Cells+in+Culture.">Characterization of Human Fungiform Papillae Cells in Culture.</a> Chem. Senses. 36, 601-612 (2011).</li><li>Gomez, G., Rawson, N. E., Hahn, C. G., Michaels, R., Restrepo, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characteristics+of+odorant+elicited+calcium+changes+in+cultured+human+olfactory+neurons.">Characteristics of odorant elicited calcium changes in cultured human olfactory neurons.</a> J. Neurosci. Res. 62, 737-749 (2000).</li><li>Wolozin, B., Sunderland, T., Zheng, B. B., Resau, J., Dufy, B., Barker, J., Swerdlow, R., Coon, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuous+culture+of+neuronal+cells+from+adult+human+olfactory+epithelium.">Continuous culture of neuronal cells from adult human olfactory epithelium.</a> J. Mol. Neurosci. 3, 137-146 (1992).</li><li>Wick, N., Saharinen, P., Saharinen, J., Gurnhofer, E., Steiner, C. W., Raab, I., Stokic, D., Giovanoli, P., Buchsbaum, S., Burchard, A., Thurner, S., Alitalo, K., Kerjaschki, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptomal+comparison+of+human+dermal+lymphatic+endothelial+cells+ex+vivo+and+in+vitro.">Transcriptomal comparison of human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells ex vivo and in vitro.</a> Physiol. Genomics. 17, 179-192 (2007).</li><li>Fu, L., Zhu, L., Huang, Y., Lee, T. D., Forman, S. J., Shih, C. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Derivation+of+neural+stem+cells+from+mesenchymal+stemcells:+evidence+for+a+bipotential+stem+cell+population.">Derivation of neural stem cells from mesenchymal stemcells: evidence for a bipotential stem cell population.</a> Stem Cells Dev. 17, 1109-1121 (2008).</li><li>Sandow, S. L., Grayson, T. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Limits+of+isolation+and+culture:+intact+vascular+endothelium+and+BKCa.">Limits of isolation and culture: intact vascular endothelium and BKCa.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 297, H1-H7 (2009).</li></ol>

אין ניגוד עניינים הצהיר.

אנו שומרים על התאים המתקבלים גבשושיות fungiform האדם טעם כבר למעלה מ 8 קטעים, פורש תקופה של 12 חודשים. תרבויות אלה לייצר תאים חדשים, שרבים מהם לפירעון במבחנה לשלב שבו הם מביעים סמנים שונים של בוגרים ניצן סוגים הטעם סלולריים, בנוסף תכונות מולקולריות ופיזיולוגיות המפתח ?...

<table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> שם מגיב </td><td> חברה </td></tr><tr><td> MCDB 123 </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td></tr><tr><td> Iscove של DMEM בינוני </td><td> MediaTech </td></tr><tr><td> Elastase </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td></tr><tr><td> Pronase E </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td></tr><tr><td> Elastase </td><td> וורטינגטון </td></tr><tr><td> סויה מעכב טריפסין </td><td> וורטינגטון </td></tr><tr><td> Collagenase סוג 1 </td><td> וורטינגטון </td></tr><tr><td> זנב עכברוש קולגן סוג 1 </td><td> BD למדעים </td></tr><tr><td> פורעה-2 בבוקר </td><td> בדיקות מולקולריות </td></tr><tr><td> עילי סטרנד ראשון סינתזה מערכת RT-PCR </td><td> Invitrogen </td></tr><tr><td> הלייקה TCS SP2 מיקרוסקופ Confocal Spectral </td><td> Leica Microsystems בע&quot;מ </TD&gt; </tr><tr><td> גילוי-1 הדמיה התחנה Metamorph תוכנה </td><td> התקנים מולקולריים </td></tr><tr><td> קטנים עדין עצה ו מלקחיים נוספות מספריים נאים של אביב </td><td> מדע כלים עדינים </td></tr></tbody></table>

isolation and culture of human fungiform taste papillae cells

תאים הטעם הם מאוד מיוחדים, עם מאפיינים ייחודיים, היסטולוגית מולקולריות ופיזיולוגיות המאפשרים זיהוי של מגוון רחב של גירויים פשוטים ומולקולות כימיות מורכבות הכלולים מזונות. ב האדם גבשושיות, fungiform הפרט להכיל מאפס עד כמה שרק 20 בלוטות הטעם. אין פרוטוקול מבוסס תאים אנושיים culturing הטעם, אם כי היכולת לשמור על גבשושיות הטעם התאים בתרבית תאים במשך מחזורים רבים תהיה התועלת רבה לאפיון תכונות מולקולריות, רגנרטיבית, ופונקציונלי של תאים אלה ייחודיים חושיות. מחקרים קודמים של תאים הטעם היה לעשות שימוש טרי תאים מבודדים בתרבות העיקרי, תרבויות explant של מכרסמים, או חצי שלמות בלוטות הטעם של פרוסות רקמה 1,2,3,4. למרות כל ההכנות הללו יש יתרונות, פיתוח לטווח ארוך תרבויות היתה יכולה לספק יתרונות משמעותיים, במיוחד מחקרים של התא טעם שגשוג differentiation. מספר קבוצות, כולל שלנו, היה מעוניין בפיתוח והקמת תא מודלים טעם ותרבות. רוב הניסיונות תאים הטעם תרבות דיווחו על יכולת הקיום מוגבל, עם תאים בדרך כלל לא מעבר שנמשך 3-5 ד 5,6,7,8. אנחנו לאחרונה דווח על שיטה מוצלחת לתרבות המורחבת של טעם תאים מכרסמים 9. אנחנו כאן לדווח לראשונה על הקמת במערכת התרבות חוץ גופית עבור מבודדים תאים אנושיים הטעם fungiform גבשושיות. תאים מאדם fungiform גבשושיות מתקבל על ידי ביופסיה נשמרו בהצלחה במשך יותר משמונה קטעים (12 חודשים) בתרבות ללא אובדן הכדאיות. תאים מוצגים תכונות מולקולריות ופיזיולוגיים רבים האופייניים לתאי הטעם בוגרים. Gustducin ו phospholipase C β2, (PLC-β2) mRNA התגלו תאים רבים מהתגובה transcriptase-פולימראז הפוך שרשרת ואושרו על ידי סידור. ניתוח Immunocytochemistry הפגינו נוכחות של משבducin ו PLC-β2 ביטוי בתאים בתרבית הטעם. בתרבית תאים fungiform אדם גם הציגו עליות סידן תוך תאי בתגובה ריכוזים מתאימים של גירויים הטעם מספר המצביעים על כך קולטני הטעם, לפחות בחלק מן המסלולים איתות נכחו. תוצאות אלו מצביעות על כך מספיק תאים הטעם של בני אדם בוגרים יכול להיות שנוצר ומתוחזק על לפחות שמונה קטעים. רבים מן התאים לשמור על מאפיינים פיזיולוגיים ביוכימיים של תאים מבודדים בחריפות מן האפיתל טעם מבוגר כדי לתמוך השימוש בהם כמערכת מודל טעם. מערכת זו תאפשר מחקרים נוספים של התהליכים המעורבים בידול התפשטות, והתפקוד של תאים קולטני הטעם של יונקים לקראת במבחנה. האדם גבשושיות fungiform טעם בשימוש להקמת התרבות האנושית תא fungiform נתרמו לחקר בעקבות הסכמה מדעת נכונה תחת פרוטוקולים מחקר נבדקוואושרה על ידי ועדת IRB. פרוטוקול (# 0934) אושרה על ידי שולמן Associates מוסדי סקירה עמוד Inc, סינסינטי, אוהיו. בפרוטוקול נכתב מתחת מבוסס על פרמטרים שפורסמו שדווחו על ידי Ozdener et al. 2011 10.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Culture of Human Fungiform Taste Papillae Cells at JoVE.com

Isolation and Culture of Human Fungiform Taste Papillae Cells

המטרה היא לפתח פרוטוקול לשחזור לבידוד ושמירה לטווח ארוך של תרבויות אנושיות הטעם תאים fungiform גבשושיות. תאים מאדם fungiform גבשושיות מתקבל על ידי ביופסיה נשמרו בהצלחה במשך יותר משמונה קטעים (12 חודשים) בתרבות ללא אובדן הכדאיות.

בידוד והתרבות של האדם בחוש הטעם תאים Fungiform גבשושיות

Taste cells are highly specialized, with unique histological, molecular and physiological characteristics that permit detection of a wide range of simple ...

isolation-and-culture-of-human-fungiform-taste-papillae-cells

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

14.3K Views.  Monell Chemical Senses Center. המטרה היא לפתח פרוטוקול לשחזור לבידוד ושמירה לטווח ארוך של תרבויות אנושיות הטעם תאים fungiform גבשושיות. תאים מאדם fungiform גבשושיות מתקבל על ידי ביופסיה נשמרו בהצלחה במשך יותר משמונה קטעים (12 חודשים) בתרבות ללא אובדן הכדאיות.

Video: Isolation and Culture of Human Fungiform Taste Papillae Cells

Isolation and Culture of Neural Crest Stem Cells from Human Hair Follicles

Hair follicles undergo lifelong growth and hair cycle is a well-controlled process involving stem cell proliferation and quiescence. Hair bulge is a well-characterized niche for adult stem cells1. This segment of the outer root sheath contains a number of different types of stem cells, including epithelial stem cells2, melanocyte stem cells3 and neural crest like stem cells4-7. Hair follicles represent an accessible and rich source for different types of human stem cells. We and others have isolated neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) from human fetal and adult hair follicles4,5. These human stem cells are label-retaining cells and are capable of self-renewal through asymmetric cell division in vitro. They express immature neural crest cell markers but not differentiation markers. Our expression profiling study showed that they share a similar gene expression pattern with murine skin immature neural crest cells. They exhibit clonal multipotency that can give rise to myogenic, melanocytic, and neuronal cell lineages after in vitro clonal single cell culture. Differentiated cells not only acquire lineage-specific markers but also demonstrate appropriate functions in ex vivo conditions. In addition, these NCSCs show differentiation potential toward mesenchymal lineages. Differentiated neuronal cells can persist in mouse brain and retain neuronal differentiation markers. It has been shown that hair follicle derived NCSCs can help nerve regrowth, and they improve motor function in mice transplanted with these stem cells following transecting spinal cord injury8. Furthermore, peripheral nerves have been repaired with stem cell grafts9, and implantation of skin-derived precursor cells adjacent to crushed sciatic nerves has resulted in remyelination10. Therefore, the hair follicle/skin derived NCSCs have already shown promising results for regenerative therapy in preclinical models.
Somatic cell reprogramming to induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has shown enormous potential for regenerative medicine. However, there are still many issues with iPS cells, particularly the long term effect of oncogene/virus integration and potential tumorigenicity of pluripotent stem cells have not been adequately addressed. There are still many hurdles to be overcome before iPS cells can be used for regenerative medicine. Whereas the adult stem cells are known to be safe and they have been used clinically for many years, such as bone marrow transplant. Many patients have already benefited from the treatment. Autologous adult stem cells are still preferred cells for transplantation. Therefore, the readily accessible and expandable adult stem cells in human skin/hair follicles are a valuable source for regenerative medicine.

This article presents a robust protocol for isolation and culture of neural crest stem cells from human hair follicles.

בידוד ותרבות של תאי גזע עצביים קרסט מזקיקי שיער אנושיים

Hair follicles undergo lifelong growth and hair cycle is a well-controlled process involving stem cell proliferation and quiescence. Hair bulge is a ...

Isolation and Expansion of Human Glioblastoma Multiforme Tumor Cells Using the Neurosphere Assay

Stem-like cells have been isolated in tumors such as breast, lung, colon, prostate and brain. A critical issue in all these tumors, especially in glioblastoma mutliforme (GBM), is to identify and isolate tumor initiating cell population(s) to investigate their role in tumor formation, progression, and recurrence. Understanding tumor initiating cell populations will provide clues to finding effective therapeutic approaches for these tumors. The neurosphere assay (NSA) due to its simplicity and reproducibility has been used as the method of choice for isolation and propagation of many of this tumor cells. This protocol demonstrates the neurosphere culture method to isolate and expand stem-like cells in surgically resected human GBM tumor tissue. The procedures include an initial chemical digestion and mechanical dissociation of tumor tissue, and subsequently plating the resulting single cell suspension in NSA culture. After 7-10 days, primary neurospheres of 150-200 &mu;m in diameter can be observed and are ready for further passaging and expansion.

This video protocol demonstrates the isolation and expansion of stem like cells from surgically resected human glioblastoma mutliforme (GBM) tumor tissue using the neurosphere assay culture method.

בידוד הרחבת האדם multiforme Glioblastoma גידול תאים שימוש Assay Neurosphere

Stem-like cells have been isolated in tumors such as breast, lung, colon, prostate and brain. A critical issue in all these tumors, especially in ...

Isolation and Culture of Rat Embryonic Neural Cells: A Quick Protocol

We are describing a quick method to dissociate and culture hippocampal or cortical neurons from E15-17 rat embryos. The procedure can be applied successfully to the isolation of mouse and human primary neurons and neural progenitors. Dissociated neurons are maintained in serum-free medium up to several weeks. These cultures can be used for nucleofection, immunocytochemistry, nucleic acids preparation, as well as electrophysiology. Older neuronal cultures can also be transfected with a good efficiency rate by lentiviral transduction and, less efficiently, with calcium phosphate or lipid-based methods such as lipofectamine.

We describe a rapid methodology to isolate and culture hippocampal and cortical neurons from rodent embryos. This protocol allows us to perform experiments in which nearly pure neuronal cultures are required.

בידוד והתרבות של תאים עובריים עצביים עכברוש: ​​פרוטוקול מהיר

We are describing a quick method to dissociate and culture hippocampal or cortical neurons from E15-17 rat embryos. The procedure can be applied ...

Isolation and Culture of Neural Crest Cells from Embryonic Murine Neural Tube

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migrates throughout the embryo, giving rise to diverse cell types 1-3. NC also has the unique ability to influence the differentiation and maturation of target organs4-6. When explanted in vitro, NC progenitors undergo self-renewal, migrate and differentiate into a variety of tissue types including neurons, glia, smooth muscle cells, cartilage and bone. 
NC multipotency was first described from explants of the avian neural tube7-9. In vitro isolation of NC cells facilitates the study of NC dynamics including proliferation, migration, and multipotency. Further work in the avian and rat systems demonstrated that explanted NC cells retain their NC potential when transplanted back into the embryo10-13. Because these inherent cellular properties are preserved in explanted NC progenitors, the neural tube explant assay provides an attractive option for studying the NC in vitro. 
To attain a better understanding of the mammalian NC, many methods have been employed to isolate NC populations. NC-derived progenitors can be cultured from post-migratory locations in both the embryo and adult to study the dynamics of post-migratory NC progenitors11,14-20, however isolation of NC progenitors as they emigrate from the neural tube provides optimal preservation of NC cell potential and migratory properties13,21,22. Some protocols employ fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to isolate a NC population enriched for particular progenitors11,13,14,17. However, when starting with early stage embryos, cell numbers adequate for analyses are difficult to obtain with FACS, complicating the isolation of early NC populations from individual embryos. Here, we describe an approach that does not rely on FACS and results in an approximately 96% pure NC population based on a Wnt1-Cre activated lineage reporter23. 
The method presented here is adapted from protocols optimized for the culture of rat NC11,13. The advantages of this protocol compared to previous methods are that 1) the cells are not grown on a feeder layer, 2) FACS is not required to obtain a relatively pure NC population, 3) premigratory NC cells are isolated and 4) results are easily quantified. Furthermore, this protocol can be used for isolation of NC from any mutant mouse model, facilitating the study of NC characteristics with different genetic manipulations. The limitation of this approach is that the NC is removed from the context of the embryo, which is known to influence the survival, migration and differentiation of the NC2,24-28.

Isolation of embryonic neural crest from the neural tube facilitates the use of in vitro methods for studying migration, self-renewal, and multipotency of neural crest.

בידוד והתרבות של תאים עצביים לפסגה מהצינור עובריים עצבית Murine

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to ...

Isolation and Culture of Mouse Cortical Astrocytes

Astrocytes are an abundant cell type in the mammalian brain, yet much remains to be learned about their molecular and functional characteristics. In vitro astrocyte cell culture systems can be used to study the biological functions of these glial cells in detail. This video protocol shows how to obtain pure astrocytes by isolation and culture of mixed cortical cells of mouse pups. The method is based on the absence of viable neurons and the separation of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia, the three main glial cell populations of the central nervous system, in culture. Representative images during the first days of culture demonstrate the presence of a mixed cell population and indicate the timepoint, when astrocytes become confluent and should be separated from microglia and oligodendrocytes. Moreover, we demonstrate purity and astrocytic morphology of cultured astrocytes using immunocytochemical stainings for well established and newly described astrocyte markers. This culture system can be easily used to obtain pure mouse astrocytes and astrocyte-conditioned medium for studying various aspects of astrocyte biology.

Astrocytes have been recognized to be versatile cells participating in fundamental biological processes that are essential for normal brain development and function, and central nervous system repair. Here we present a rapid procedure to obtain pure mouse astrocyte cultures to study the biology of this major class of central nervous system cells.

בידוד ותרבות של האסטרוציטים עכבר קליפתיים

Astrocytes  are an abundant cell type in the mammalian brain, yet much remains to be  learned about their molecular and functional characteristics. In ...

Membrane Potential Dye Imaging of Ventromedial Hypothalamus Neurons From Adult Mice to Study Glucose Sensing

Studies of neuronal activity are often performed using neurons from rodents less than 2 months of age due to the technical difficulties associated with increasing connective tissue and decreased neuronal viability that occur with age. Here, we describe a methodology for the dissociation of healthy hypothalamic neurons from adult-aged mice. The ability to study neurons from adult-aged mice allows the use of disease models that manifest at a later age and might be more developmentally accurate for certain studies. Fluorescence imaging of dissociated neurons can be used to study the activity of a population of neurons, as opposed to using electrophysiology to study a single neuron. This is particularly useful when studying a heterogeneous neuronal population in which the desired neuronal type is rare such as for hypothalamic glucose sensing neurons. We utilized membrane potential dye imaging of adult ventromedial hypothalamic neurons to study their responses to changes in extracellular glucose. Glucose sensing neurons are believed to play a role in central regulation of energy balance. The ability to study glucose sensing in adult rodents is particularly useful since the predominance of diseases related to dysfunctional energy balance (e.g.&#160;obesity) increase with age.

The activity of single neurons from adult-aged mice can be studied by dissociating neurons from specific brain regions and using fluorescent membrane potential dye imaging. By testing responses to changes in glucose, this technique can be used to study the glucose sensitivity of adult ventromedial hypothalamic neurons.

ממברנה דיי הדמיה אפשרית של ventromedial היפותלמוס נוירונים מעכברים בוגרים ללמוד גלוקוז חישה

Studies of neuronal activity are often performed using neurons from rodents less than 2 months of age due to the technical difficulties associated with ...

Isolation and Culture of Endothelial Cells from the Embryonic Forebrain

Embryonic brain endothelial cells can serve as an important tool in the study of angiogenesis and neurovascular development and interactions. The two vascular networks of the embryonic forebrain, pial and periventricular, are spatially distinctive and have different origins and growth patterns. Endothelial cells from the pial and periventricular vascular networks have unique gene expression profiles and functions. Here we present a step-by-step protocol for isolation, culture, and verification of pure populations of endothelial cells from the periventricular vascular network (PVECs) of the embryonic forebrain (telencephalon). In this approach, telencephalon devoid of pial membrane obtained from embryonic day 15 mice is minced, digested with collagenase/dispase, and dispersed mechanically into a single cell suspension. PVECs are purified from cell suspension using positive selection with anti-CD-31/PECAM-1 antibody conjugated to MicroBeads using a strong magnetic separation method. Purified cells are cultured on collagen 1&#160;coated culture dishes in endothelial cell culture medium until they become confluent and further subcultured. PVECs obtained with this protocol exhibit cobblestone and spindle shaped phenotypes, as visualized by phase-contrast light microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. Purity of PVEC cultures was established with endothelial cell markers. In our hands, this method reliably and consistently yields pure populations of PVECs. This protocol will benefit studies aimed at gaining mechanistic insights into forebrain angiogenesis, understanding PVEC interactions, and cross-talks with neuronal cell types and holds tremendous potential for therapeutic angiogenesis.

This video demonstrates an easy and reliable strategy for preparation of pure cultures of endothelial cells from the embryonic forebrain within 10-12 days and will be useful for research focused on many aspects of cerebral angiogenesis.

בידוד והתרבות של תאי האנדותל מהמוח הקדמי עוברי

Embryonic brain endothelial cells can serve as an important tool in the study of angiogenesis and neurovascular development and interactions. The two ...

Denver Papillae Protocol for Objective Analysis of Fungiform Papillae

The goal of the Denver Papillae Protocol is to use a dichotomous key to define and prioritize the characteristics of fungiform papillae (FP) to ensure consistent scoring between scorers. This protocol builds off of a need that has arisen from the last two decades of taste research using FP as a proxy for taste pore density. FP density has historically been analyzed using Miller &#38; Reedy&#8217;s 1990 characterizations of their morphology: round, stained lighter, large, and elevated. In this work, the authors forewarned that stricter definitions of FP morphology needed to be outlined. Despite this call to action, follow up literature has been scarce, with most studies continuing to cite Miller &#38; Reedy&#8217;s original work. Consequently, FP density reports have been highly variable and, combined with small sample sizes, may contribute to the discrepant conclusions on the role of FP in taste sensitivity. The Genetics of Taste Lab explored this apparent inconsistency in counting and found that scorers were individually prioritizing the importance of these characteristics differently and had no guidance for when a papilla had some, but not all, of the reported qualities of FP. The result of this subjectivity is highly variable FP counts of the same tongue image. The Denver Papillae Protocol has been developed to remedy this consequence through use of a dichotomous key that further defines and prioritizes the importance of the characteristics put forth by Miller &#38; Reedy. The proposed method could help create a standard way to quantify FP for researchers in the field of taste and nutritional studies.

Here we present a protocol to measure fungiform papilla density from digital photographs. This method builds prioritization and objective characteristic metrics into the original descriptive work on fungiform papillae by Miller &#38; Reedy (1990).

דנבר גבשושיות פרוטוקול לניתוח אובייקטיבי של Fungiform גבשושיות

The goal of the Denver Papillae Protocol is to use a dichotomous key to define and prioritize the characteristics of fungiform papillae (FP) to ensure ...

Isolation and Culture of Adult Neural Stem Cells from the Mouse Subcallosal Zone

Adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) can be used for the regeneration of damaged brain tissue. NSCs have the potential for differentiation and proliferation into three types of cells: neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Identifying aNSC-derived regions and characterizing the aNSC properties are critical for the potential use of aNSCs and for the elucidation of their role in neural regeneration. The subcallosal zone (SCZ), located between white matter and the hippocampus, has recently been reported to contain aNSCs and continuously give rise to neuroblasts. A low percentage of aNSCs from the SCZ is differentiated into neurons; most cells are differentiated into glial cells, such as oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. These cells are suggested to have a therapeutic potential for traumatic cortical injury. This protocol describes in detail the process to generate SCZ-aNSCs from an adult mouse brain. A brain matrix with intervals of 1 mm is used to obtain the SCZ-containing coronal slices and to precisely dissect the SCZ from the whole brain. The SCZ sections are initially subjected to a neurosphere culture. A well-developed culture system allows for the verification of their characteristics and can increase research on NSCs. A neurosphere culture system provides a useful tool for determining proliferation and collecting the genuine NSCs. A monolayer culture is also an in vitro system to assay proliferation and differentiation. Significantly, this culture system provides a more homogenous environment for NSCs than the neurosphere culture system. Thus, using a discrete brain region, these culture systems will be helpful for expanding our knowledge about aNSCs and their applications for therapeutic uses.

Establishing culture systems for the expansion of adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) allows for the examination and application of aNSCs for therapy. The subcallosal zone (SCZ) has recently been recognized as a novel neuroblast-forming region in adult mice. Here, methods for the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of SCZ-aNSCs are described.

בידוד והתרבות של תאי גזע בוגרים עצביים מאזור העכבר Subcallosal

Adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) can be used for the regeneration of damaged brain tissue. NSCs have the potential for differentiation and proliferation ...

Isolation and Culture of Embryonic Mouse Neural Stem Cells

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are multipotent and can give rise to the three major cell types of the central nervous system (CNS). In vitro culture and expansion of NSCs provide a suitable source of cells for neuroscientists to study the function of neurons and glial cells along with their interactions. There are several reported techniques for the isolation of neural stem cells from adult or embryo mammalian brains. During the microsurgical operation to isolate NSCs from different regions of the embryonic CNS, it is very important to reduce the damage to the brain cells to obtain the highest ratio of live and expandable stem cells. A possible technique for stress reduction during isolation of these cells from the mouse embryo brain is the reduction of surgical time. Here, we demonstrate a developed technique for rapid isolation of these cells from the E13 mouse embryo ganglionic eminence. Surgical procedures include harvesting E13 mouse embryos from the uterus, cutting the frontal fontanelle of the embryo with a bent needle tip, extracting the brain from the skull, microdissection of the isolated brain to harvest the ganglionic eminence, dissociation of the harvested tissue in NSC medium to gain a single cell suspension, and finally plating cells in suspension culture to generate neurospheres.

Here, we introduce a novel microsurgical technique for the isolation of neural stem cells from the E13 mouse embryo ganglionic eminence.