Gli autori ringraziano i membri del gruppo di Sharon per la loro revisione critica e per il loro contributo al manoscritto. Siamo grati per il sostegno dei Programmi Morasha e Bikura, la Israel Science Foundation (Grant numeri 1823-1807 e 378/08), Josef Cohn Minerva Centro per la Ricerca Biomembrane, il Programma per la Famiglia Chais Fellows nuovi scienziati, Abramo e Sonia Rochlin Fondazione, la famiglia Wolfson Charitable Trust, la Helen e Milton A. Kimmelman Centro per la Struttura Biomolecolari e dell&#39;Assemblea, la tenuta di Shlomo e Sabine Beirzwinsky; Meil ​​de Botton Aynsley, e Karen Siem, Regno Unito.

<ol>
	<li>Ruotolo, B. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ion+mobility-mass+spectrometry+analysis+of+large+proteincomplexes.">Ion mobility-mass spectrometry analysis of large proteincomplexes.</a> Nat Protoc. 3 (7), 1139-1152 (2008).</li><li>Scarff, C. A., Thalassinos, K., Hilton, G. R., Scrivens, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Travelling+wave+ion+mobility+mass+spectrometry+studies+of+protein+structure:+biological+significance+and+comparison+with+X-ray+crystallography+and+nuclear+magnetic+resonance+spectroscopy+measurements.">Travelling wave ion mobility mass spectrometry studies of protein structure: biological significance and comparison with X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements.</a> Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 22 (20), 3297-3304 (2008).</li><li>Smith, D. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deciphering+drift+time+measurements+from+travelling+wave+ion+mobility+spectrometry-mass+spectrometry+studies.">Deciphering drift time measurements from travelling wave ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry studies.</a> Eur J Mass Spectrom (Chichester, Eng). 15 (2), 113-130 (2009).</li><li>Leary, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methodology+for+measuring+conformation+of+solvent-disrupted+protein+subunits+using+T-WAVE+ion+mobility+MS:+an+investigation+into+eukaryotic+initiation+factors.">Methodology for measuring conformation of solvent-disrupted protein subunits using T-WAVE ion mobility MS: an investigation into eukaryotic initiation factors.</a> J Am Soc Mass Spectrom. 20 (9), 1699-1706 (2009).</li><li>Lorenzen, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+stoichiometry+and+conformational+changes+in+the+first+step+of+the+P22+tail+assembly.">Determination of stoichiometry and conformational changes in the first step of the P22 tail assembly.</a> J Mol Biol. 379 (2), 385-396 (2008).</li><li>Pukala, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subunit+architecture+of+multiprotein+assemblies+determined+using+restraints+from+gas-phase+measurements.">Subunit architecture of multiprotein assemblies determined using restraints from gas-phase measurements.</a> Structure. 17 (9), 1235-1243 (2009).</li><li>van Duijn, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chaperonin+complexes+monitored+by+ion+mobility+mass+spectrometry.">Chaperonin complexes monitored by ion mobility mass spectrometry.</a> J Am Chem Soc. 131 (4), 1452-1459 (2009).</li><li>Ruotolo, B. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+for+macromolecular+protein+rings+in+the+absence+of+bulk+water.">Evidence for macromolecular protein rings in the absence of bulk water.</a> Science. 310 (5754), 1658-1661 (2005).</li><li>Ruotolo, B. T., Robinson, C. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aspects+of+native+proteins+are+retained+in+vacuum.">Aspects of native proteins are retained in vacuum.</a> Curr Opin Chem Biol. 10 (5), 402-408 (2006).</li><li>Giles, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Applications+of+a+travelling+wave-based+radio-frequency-only+stacked+ring+ion+guide.">Applications of a travelling wave-based radio-frequency-only stacked ring ion guide.</a> Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 18 (20), 2401-2414 (2004).</li><li>McKay, A. R., Ruotolo, B. T., Ilag, L. L., Robinson, C. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mass+measurements+of+increased+accuracy+resolve+heterogeneous+populations+of+intact+ribosomes.">Mass measurements of increased accuracy resolve heterogeneous populations of intact ribosomes.</a> J Am Chem Soc. 128 (35), 11433-11442 (2006).</li><li>Ruotolo, B. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ion+mobility-mass+spectrometry+reveals+long-lived,+unfolded+intermediates+in+the+dissociation+of+protein+complexes.">Ion mobility-mass spectrometry reveals long-lived, unfolded intermediates in the dissociation of protein complexes.</a> Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 46 (42), 8001-8004 (2007).</li><li>Morton, V. L., Stockley, P. G., Stonehouse, N. J., Ashcroft, A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insights+into+virus+capsid+assembly+from+non-covalent+mass+spectrometry.">Insights into virus capsid assembly from non-covalent mass spectrometry.</a> Mass Spectrom Rev. 27 (6), 575-595 (2008).</li><li>Valentine, S. J., Counterman, A. E., Clemmer, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+database+of+660+peptide+ion+cross+sections:+use+of+intrinsic+size+parameters+for+bona+fide+predictions+of+cross+sections.">A database of 660 peptide ion cross sections: use of intrinsic size parameters for bona fide predictions of cross sections.</a> J Am Soc Mass Spectrom. 10 (11), 1188-1211 (1999).</li><li>Mesleh, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+information+from+ion+mobility+measurements:+effects+of+the+long-range+potential.">Structural information from ion mobility measurements: effects of the long-range potential.</a> J Phys Chem. 100, 16082-16086 (1996).</li><li>Shvartsburg, A. A., Jarrold, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+exact+hard-spheres+scattering+model+for+the+mobilities+of+polyatomic+ions.">An exact hard-spheres scattering model for the mobilities of polyatomic ions.</a> Chem Phys Lett. 261, 86-91 (1996).</li></ol>

Nessun conflitto di interessi dichiarati.

Il protocollo qui descritto consente di definire la sezione trasversale collisione di proteine ​​o complessi proteici con uno sconosciuto struttura tridimensionale, con l&#39;obiettivo di fornire informazioni sulla loro forma complessiva, l&#39;imballaggio subunità e topologia. A tal fine, una volta valori urto sezione sono descritti, è necessario convertire questi valori per i dettagli strutturali. Questo processo richiede ulteriori sforzi sperimentali e analisi computazionale, che sono brevemente discussi di seguito. Per cominciare, si consiglia di analizzare le proteine ​​o complessi di proteine ​​con strutture conosciute. Queste misure possono fornire un utile controllo qualità della metodologia e consentirà la valutazione accuratezza dei parametri di acquisizione confrontando teorici e valori misurati Ω. Il teorico aree delle sezioni trasversali possono essere calcolati dalla struttura cristallina coordinate utilizzando il MOBCAL 15,16 software, che è un software open source basato FORTRAN che permette la modifica del codice in base alle esigenze dell&#39;operatore. Per l&#39;esecuzione di tali calcoli è richiesto di modificare il programma in modo che il numero di calcoli iterativi eseguite per ogni struttura di ingresso è aumentata e che i file contenenti coordinare gran numero di atomi sono accettate 1. IM-MS strategia per la definizione di accordi topologica della subunità all&#39;interno di assemblee multicomponente è stato recentemente proposto 4,6. Il metodo prevede il monitoraggio dei percorsi di dissociazione delle assemblee proteina di componenti più piccoli. Questa dissociazione si ottiene attraverso la regolazione controllata di condizioni fase soluzione, che dà luogo ad una distribuzione di subcomplessi riflettente del &quot;mattoni&quot; delle assemblee. La misurazione simultanea di valori Ω sia del complesso intatto e prodotti smontaggio genera vincoli strutturali che vengono poi utilizzati per il calcolo dei modelli topologica dei complessi proteici. Il presupposto fondamentale di questa metodologia è che il subcomplessi generato conservano la loro madrelingua come conferme, e infatti recenti studi hanno dimostrato che la struttura soluzione dei prodotti smontaggio viene mantenuta e nessun riassetto importanti in entrambe le fasi di soluzione o di gas si sono verificati 4,6. L&#39;ultimo passo nella cessione della struttura quaternaria di ioni in fase gassosa complesso proteico si addice ai valori sezione collisione ai modelli generati al computer. Approcci di modellazione sono impiegati al fine di esplorare le diverse possibili soluzioni topologiche di subunità e il loro in silico Ω valori sono calcolati e confrontati con quelli sperimentali. Attualmente solo alcuni approcci computazionali sono utilizzati, come il spheretype grana grossa metodo che approssima il diametro della subunità 1,8. Nel complesso, questo campo è ancora agli inizi e l&#39;ulteriore sviluppo è necessario per rendere questo approccio generico ed applicabile ad una vasta gamma di complessi.

t-wave ion mobility-mass spectrometry: basic experimental procedures for protein complex analysis

Mobilità ionica (IM) è un metodo che misura il tempo impiegato per uno ione di viaggiare attraverso una cella sotto pressione sotto l&#39;influenza di un debole campo elettrico. La velocità con cui gli ioni attraversano la regione deriva dipende dalla loro grandezza: gli ioni di grande esperienza sarà un numero maggiore di collisioni con il gas di fondo inerte (in genere N 2) e quindi viaggiare più lentamente attraverso il dispositivo IM rispetto a quelli ioni che costituiscono una piccola sezione trasversale. In generale, il tempo necessario per gli ioni a migrare anche se la fase di gas denso li separa, in base alla loro collisione sezione (Ω). Recentemente, IM spettrometria stata accoppiata con spettrometria di massa e di un viaggio-onda (onda T) Synapt mobilità ionica spettrometro di massa (IM-MS) è stato rilasciato. L&#39;integrazione di spettrometria di massa con mobilità ionica consente una dimensione extra di separazione del campione e definizione, ottenendo un effetto tridimensionale dello spettro (di massa a tempo di carica, intensità, e deriva). Questa tecnica di separazione consente la sovrapposizione spettrale a diminuire, e consente la risoluzione di complessi eterogenei con massa molto simili, o di massa a carica rapporti, ma i tempi di deriva diverse. Inoltre, le misure deriva tempo forniscono un importante livello di informazioni strutturali, come Ω è legato alla forma complessiva e la topologia dello ione. La correlazione tra i valori misurati deriva tempo e Ω è calcolato utilizzando una curva di calibrazione generata dalle proteine ​​calibrante con definite sezioni 1. Il potere della IM-MS approccio risiede nella sua capacità di definire l&#39;imballaggio subunità e la forma complessiva delle assemblee proteine ​​a concentrazioni micromolari, e quasi fisiologica condizioni 1. Diversi studi recenti di IM sia singole proteine ​​2,3 e non covalenti complessi proteici 4-9, ha dimostrato con successo che la struttura della proteina quaternaria è mantenuta in fase gassosa, e ha evidenziato le potenzialità di questo approccio allo studio delle assemblee proteine ​​della geometria sconosciuto . Qui, fornire una descrizione dettagliata di IMS-MS analisi dei complessi proteici con il Synapt (quadrupolo-Ion Mobilità-Time-of-Flight) strumento HDMS (Waters Ltd, l&#39;unica commerciale IM-MS strumento attualmente disponibile) 10. Sono descritte le fasi di ottimizzazione di base, la taratura di collisione sezioni, e metodi per l&#39;elaborazione dei dati e l&#39;interpretazione. La fase finale del protocollo discute metodi di calcolo dei valori teorici Ω. Nel complesso, il protocollo non cerca di coprire ogni aspetto della IM-MS caratterizzazione delle assemblee proteine, anzi, il suo obiettivo è quello di introdurre gli aspetti pratici del metodo di nuovi ricercatori nel campo.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about T-wave Ion Mobility-mass Spectrometry: Basic Experimental Procedures for Protein Complex Analysis at JoVE.com

T-wave Ion Mobility-mass Spectrometry: Basic Experimental Procedures for Protein Complex Analysis

Mobilità ionica, spettrometria di massa è un emergente tecnologia in fase gas che separa gli ioni, in base alla loro collisione sezione trasversale e di massa. Il metodo fornisce informazioni tridimensionali sulla topologia generale e la forma di complessi proteici. Qui, delineare una procedura di base per l&#39;impostazione dello strumento e l&#39;ottimizzazione, la taratura dei tempi di deriva, e l&#39;interpretazione dei dati.

T-wave mobilità ionica-spettrometria di massa: Basic procedure sperimentali per l&#39;analisi delle proteine ​​complesse

Ion mobility (IM) is a method that measures the time taken for an ion to travel through a pressurized cell under the influence of a weak electric field. ...

t-wave-ion-mobility-mass-spectrometry-basic-experimental-procedures

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

24.3K Views.  Weizmann Institute of Science. Mobilità ionica, spettrometria di massa è un emergente tecnologia in fase gas che separa gli ioni, in base alla loro collisione sezione trasversale e di massa. Il metodo fornisce informazioni tridimensionali sulla topologia generale e la forma di complessi proteici. Qui, delineare una procedura di base per l'impostazione dello strumento e l'ottimizzazione, la taratura dei tempi di deriva, e l'interpretazione dei dati.

Video: T-wave Ion Mobility-mass Spectrometry: Basic Experimental Procedures for Protein Complex Analysis

MALDI Sample Preparation: the Ultra Thin Layer Method

This video demonstrates the preparation of an ultra-thin matrix/analyte layer for analyzing peptides and proteins by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS) 1,2. The ultra-thin layer method involves the production of a substrate layer of matrix crystals (alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid) on the sample plate, which serves as a seeding ground for subsequent crystallization of a matrix/analyte mixture. Advantages of the ultra-thin layer method over other sample deposition approaches (e.g. dried droplet) are that it provides (i) greater tolerance to impurities such as salts and detergents, (ii) better resolution, and (iii) higher spatial uniformity. This method is especially useful for the accurate mass determination of proteins. The protocol was initially developed and optimized for the analysis of membrane proteins and used to successfully analyze ion channels, metabolite transporters, and receptors, containing between 2 and 12 transmembrane domains 2. Since the original publication, it has also shown to be equally useful for the analysis of soluble proteins. Indeed, we have used it for a large number of proteins having a wide range of properties, including those with molecular masses as high as 380 kDa 3. It is currently our method of choice for the molecular mass analysis of all proteins. The described procedure consistently produces high-quality spectra, and it is sensitive, robust, and easy to implement.

This video demonstrates the preparation of an ultra-thin matrix/analyte layer for analyzing peptides and proteins by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS).

MALDI Preparazione del campione: il metodo ultra sottile strato

This video demonstrates the preparation of an ultra-thin matrix/analyte layer for analyzing peptides and proteins by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption ...

Ricerca

Biologia

Cancer Borealis Stomatogastric Nervous System Dissection

The stomatogastric ganglion (STG) is an excellent model for studying cellular and network interactions because it contains a relatively small number of cells (approximately 25 in C. borealis) which are well characterized. The cells in the STG exhibit a broad range of outputs and are responsible for the motor actions of the stomach. The stomach contains the gastric mill which breaks down food with three internal teeth, and the pylorus which filters the food before it reaches the midgut. The STG produces two rhythmic outputs to control the gastric mill and pylorus known as central pattern generators (CPGs). Each cell in the STG can participate in one or both of these rhythms. These CPGs allow for the study of neuromodulation, homeostasis, cellular and network variability, network development, and network recovery.
The dissection of the stomatogastric nervous system (STNS) from the Jonah crab (Cancer borealis) is done in two parts; the gross and fine dissection. In the gross dissection the entire stomach is dissected from the crab. During the fine dissection the STNS is extracted from the stomach using a dissection microscope and micro-dissection tools (see figure 1). The STNS includes the STG, the oesophageal ganglion (OG), and the commissural ganglia (CoG) as well as the nerves that innervate the stomach muscles. Here, we show how to perform a complete dissection of the STNS in preparation for an electrophysiology experiment where the cells in the STG would be recorded from intracellularly and the peripheral nerves would be used for extracellular recordings. The proper technique for finding the desired nerves is shown as well as our technique of desheathing the ganglion to reveal the somata and neuropil.

Cancer Borealis Stomatogastric Nervous System Dissection

The stomatogastric nervous system (STNS) of the Jonah crab (C. borealis) can be used for electrophysiology, immunohistochemistry, and cell culture studies. The STNS extraction is done in two parts: the gross and fine dissection.

Cancro Borealis Stomatogastric dissezione del Sistema Nervoso

The stomatogastric ganglion (STG) is an excellent model for studying cellular and network interactions because it contains a relatively small number of ...

Gross Dissection of the Stomach of the Lobster, Homarus Americanus

The stomach of the American lobster (Homarus americanus) is located in the cephalothorax, between the rostrum and the cervical groove. The anterior end of the stomach is defined by the mouth opening and the posterior end by the bottom of the pylorus. Along the dorsal side of the stomach lies the stomatogastric nervous system (STNS). This nervous system, which contains rhythmic networks that underlie feeding behavior, is an established model system for studying rhythm generating networks and neuromodulation 1,2. While it is possible to study this system in vivo 3, the STNS continues to produce its rhythmic activity when isolated in vitro. In order to study this system in vitro the stomach must be removed from the animal. This video article describes how the stomach can be dissected from the American lobster. In an accompanying video article4 we demonstrate how the STNS can be isolated from the stomach.

Gross Dissection of the Stomach of the Lobster, Homarus Americanus

We describe the gross dissection of the stomach of the American lobster (Homarus americanus).

Dissezione lordo dello Stomaco del Gambero, Homarus Americanus</em

The stomach of the American lobster (Homarus americanus) is located in the cephalothorax, between the rostrum and the cervical groove. The anterior end of ...

Noninvasive In Vivo Small Animal MRI and MRS: Basic Experimental Procedures

Small animal Magnetic Resonance (MR) research has emerged as an important element of modern biomedical research due to its non-invasive nature and the richness of biological information it provides. MR does not require any ionizing radiation and can noninvasively provide higher resolution and better signal-to-noise ratio in comparison to other tomographic or spectroscopic modalities. In this protocol, we will focus on small animal MR imaging and MR spectroscopy (MRI/MRS) to noninvasively acquire relaxation weighted 1H images of mouse and to obtain 31P spectra of mouse muscle. This work does not attempt to cover every aspect of small animal MRI/MRS but rather introduces basic procedures of mouse MRI/MRS experiments. The main goal of this work is to inform researchers of the basic procedures for in vivo MR experiments on small animals. The goal is to provide a better understanding of basic experimental procedures to allow researchers new to the MR field to better plan for non-MR components of their studies so that both MR and non-MR procedures are seamlessly integrated.

Noninvasive In Vivo Small Animal MRI and MRS: Basic Experimental Procedures

This work describes basic procedures of noninvasive small animal MRI and MRS in vivo.

Non invasiva In Vivo Piccoli Animali MRI e MRS: Basic procedure sperimentali

Small animal Magnetic Resonance (MR) research has emerged as an important element of modern biomedical research due to its non-invasive nature and the ...

Analyzing Large Protein Complexes by Structural Mass Spectrometry

Living cells control and regulate their biological processes through the coordinated action of a large number of proteins that assemble themselves into an array of dynamic, multi-protein complexes1. To gain a mechanistic understanding of the various cellular processes, it is crucial to determine the structure of such protein complexes, and reveal how their structural organization dictates their function. Many aspects of multi-protein complexes are, however, difficult to characterize, due to their heterogeneous nature, asymmetric structure, and dynamics. Therefore, new approaches are required for the study of the tertiary levels of protein organization.
One of the emerging structural biology tools for analyzing macromolecular complexes is mass spectrometry (MS)2-5. This method yields information on the complex protein composition, subunit stoichiometry, and structural topology. The power of MS derives from its high sensitivity and, as a consequence, low sample requirement, which enables examination of protein complexes expressed at endogenous levels. Another advantage is the speed of analysis, which allows monitoring of reactions in real time. Moreover, the technique can simultaneously measure the characteristics of separate populations co-existing in a mixture. 
Here, we describe a detailed protocol for the application of structural MS to the analysis of large protein assemblies. The procedure begins with the preparation of gold-coated capillaries for nanoflow electrospray ionization (nESI). It then continues with sample preparation, emphasizing the buffer conditions which should be compatible with nESI on the one hand, and enable to maintain complexes intact on the other. We then explain, step-by-step, how to optimize the experimental conditions for high mass measurements and acquire MS and tandem MS spectra. Finally, we chart the data processing and analyses that follow. Rather than attempting to characterize every aspect of protein assemblies, this protocol introduces basic MS procedures, enabling the performance of MS and MS/MS experiments on non-covalent complexes. Overall, our goal is to provide researchers unacquainted with the field of structural MS, with knowledge of the principal experimental tools.

Mass spectrometry has proven to be a valuable tool for analyzing large protein complexes. This method enables insights into the composition, stoichiometry and overall architecture of multi-subunit assemblies. Here, we describe, step-by-step, how to perform a structural mass spectrometry analysis, and characterize macromolecular structures.

Analizzando complessi proteici mediante spettrometria di massa di grandi dimensioni strutturali

Living cells control and regulate their biological processes through the coordinated action of a large number of proteins that assemble themselves into an ...

Mutagenesis and Functional Analysis of Ion Channels Heterologously Expressed in Mammalian Cells

We will demonstrate how to study the functional effects of introducing a point mutation in an ion channel. We study G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (referred to as GIRK) channels, which are important for regulating the excitability of neurons. There are four different mammalian GIRK channel subunits (GIRK1-GIRK4) - we focus on GIRK2 because it forms a homotetramer. Stimulation of different types of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), such as the muscarinic receptor (M2R), leads to activation of GIRK channels. Alcohol also directly activates GIRK channels. We will show how to mutate one amino acid by specifically changing one or more nucleotides in the cDNA for the GIRK channel. This mutated cDNA sequence will be amplified in bacteria, purified, and the presence of the point mutation will be confirmed by DNA sequencing. The cDNAs for the mutated and wild-type GIRK channels will be transfected into human embryonic kidney HEK293T cells cultured in vitro. Lastly, whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology will be used to study the macroscopic potassium currents through the ectopically expressed wild-type or mutated GIRK channels. In this experiment, we will examine the effect of a L257W mutation in GIRK2 channels on M2R-dependent and alcohol-dependent activation.

We will demonstrate how to study the effect of a single point mutation on the function of an ion channel.

Mutagenesi e Analisi funzionale dei canali ionici Heterologously Espresso in cellule di mammifero

We will demonstrate how to study the functional effects of introducing a point mutation in an ion channel. We study G protein-gated inwardly rectifying ...

Blood Collection for Biochemical Analysis in Adult Zebrafish

The zebrafish has been used as an animal model for studies of several human diseases. It can serve as a powerful preclinical platform for studies of molecular events and therapeutic strategies as well as for evaluating the physiological mechanisms of some pathologies1. 
There are relatively few publications related to adult zebrafish physiology of organs and systems2, which may lead researchers to infer that the basic techniques needed to allow the exploration of zebrafish systems are lacking3. Hematologic biochemical values of zebrafish were first reported in 2003 by Murtha and colleagues4 who employed a blood collection technique first described by Jagadeeswaran and colleagues in 1999. Briefly, blood was collected via a micropipette tip through a lateral incision, approximately 0.3 cm in length, in the region of the dorsal aorta5. Because of the minute dimensions involved, this is a high-precision technique requiring a highly skilled practitioner. The same technique was used by the same group in another publication in that same year6. In 2010, Eames and colleagues assessed whole blood glucose levels in zebrafish7. They gained access to the blood by performing decapitations with scissors and then inserting a heparinized microcapillary collection tube into the pectoral articulation. They mention difficulties with hemolysis that were solved with an appropriate storage temperature based on the work Kilpatrick et al.8. When attempting to use Jagadeeswaran's technique in our laboratory, we found that it was difficult to make the incision in precisely the right place as not to allow a significant amount of blood to be lost before collection could be started. 
Recently, Gupta et al.9 described how to dissect adult zebrafish organs, Kinkle et al.10 described how to perform intraperitoneal injections, and Pugach et al.11 described how to perform retro-orbital injections. However, more work is needed to more fully explore basic techniques for research in zebrafish.
The small size of zebrafish presents challenges for researchers using it as an experimental model. Furthermore, given this smallness of scale, it is important that simple techniques are developed to enable researchers to explore the advantages of the zebrafish model.

This paper presents a technique for collection of blood from the dorsal aorta of Zebrafish. It also provides instructions for obtaining serum for use in biochemical analyses, such as tests for determining cholesterol and triglyceride levels.

Il prelievo di sangue per l&#39;analisi biochimica in Zebrafish Adult

The zebrafish has been used as an animal model for studies of several human diseases. It can serve as a powerful preclinical platform for studies of ...

Basic Caenorhabditis elegans Methods: Synchronization and Observation

Research into the molecular and developmental biology of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was begun in the early seventies by Sydney Brenner and it has since been used extensively as a model organism 1. C. elegans possesses key attributes such as simplicity, transparency and short life cycle that have made it a suitable experimental system for fundamental biological studies for many years 2. Discoveries in this nematode have broad implications because many cellular and molecular processes that control animal development are evolutionary conserved 3.
C. elegans life cycle goes through an embryonic stage and four larval stages before animals reach adulthood. Development can take 2 to 4 days depending on the temperature. In each of the stages several characteristic traits can be observed. The knowledge of its complete cell lineage 4,5 together with the deep annotation of its genome turn this nematode into a great model in fields as diverse as the neurobiology 6, aging 7,8, stem cell biology 9 and germ line biology 10. 
An additional feature that makes C. elegans an attractive model to work with is the possibility of obtaining populations of worms synchronized at a specific stage through a relatively easy protocol. The ease of maintaining and propagating this nematode added to the possibility of synchronization provide a powerful tool to obtain large amounts of worms, which can be used for a wide variety of small or high-throughput experiments such as RNAi screens, microarrays, massive sequencing, immunoblot or in situ hybridization, among others. 
Because of its transparency, C. elegans structures can be distinguished under the microscope using Differential Interference Contrast microscopy, also known as Nomarski microscopy. The use of a fluorescent DNA binder, DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole), for instance, can lead to the specific identification and localization of individual cells, as well as subcellular structures/defects associated to them.

Basic Caenorhabditis elegans Methods: Synchronization and Observation

The easiness of maintaining and propagating the nematode C. elegans make it a nice model organism to work with. The possibility of synchronizing worms allows the work with a significant amount of subjects at the same developmental stage, what facilitates the study of one particular process in many animals.

Di base<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em&gt; Metodi: sincronizzazione e di osservazione

Research into the molecular and developmental biology of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was begun in the early seventies by Sydney Brenner and it has ...

The MultiBac Protein Complex Production Platform at the EMBL

Proteomics research revealed the impressive complexity of eukaryotic proteomes in unprecedented detail. It is now a commonly accepted notion that proteins in cells mostly exist not as isolated entities but exert their biological activity in association with many other proteins, in humans ten or more, forming assembly lines in the cell for most if not all vital functions.1,2 Knowledge of the function and architecture of these multiprotein assemblies requires their provision in superior quality and sufficient quantity for detailed analysis. The paucity of many protein complexes in cells, in particular in eukaryotes, prohibits their extraction from native sources, and necessitates recombinant production. The baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) has proven to be particularly useful for producing eukaryotic proteins, the activity of which often relies on post-translational processing that other commonly used expression systems often cannot support.3 BEVS use a recombinant baculovirus into which the gene of interest was inserted to infect insect cell cultures which in turn produce the protein of choice. MultiBac is a BEVS that has been particularly tailored for the production of eukaryotic protein complexes that contain many subunits.4 A vital prerequisite for efficient production of proteins and their complexes are robust protocols for all steps involved in an expression experiment that ideally can be implemented as standard operating procedures (SOPs) and followed also by non-specialist users with comparative ease. The MultiBac platform at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) uses SOPs for all steps involved in a multiprotein complex expression experiment, starting from insertion of the genes into an engineered baculoviral genome optimized for heterologous protein production properties to small-scale analysis of the protein specimens produced.5-8 The platform is installed in an open-access mode at EMBL Grenoble and has supported many scientists from academia and industry to accelerate protein complex research projects.

Protein complexes catalyze key cellular functions. Detailed functional and structural characterization of many essential complexes requires recombinant production. MultiBac is a baculovirus/insect cell system particularly tailored for expressing eukaryotic proteins and their complexes. MultiBac was implemented as an open-access platform, and standard operating procedures developed to maximize its utility.

Il MultiBac Protein Complex Piattaforma di produzione al EMBL

Proteomics  research revealed the impressive complexity of eukaryotic proteomes in  unprecedented detail. It is now a commonly accepted notion that ...

The ChroP Approach Combines ChIP and Mass Spectrometry to Dissect Locus-specific Proteomic Landscapes of Chromatin

Chromatin is a highly dynamic nucleoprotein complex made of DNA and proteins that controls various DNA-dependent processes. Chromatin structure and function at specific regions is regulated by the local enrichment of histone post-translational modifications (hPTMs) and variants, chromatin-binding proteins, including transcription factors, and DNA methylation. The proteomic characterization of chromatin composition at distinct functional regions has been so far hampered by the lack of efficient protocols to enrich such domains at the appropriate purity and amount for the subsequent in-depth analysis by Mass Spectrometry (MS). We describe here a newly designed chromatin proteomics strategy, named ChroP (Chromatin Proteomics), whereby a preparative chromatin immunoprecipitation is used to isolate distinct chromatin regions whose features, in terms of hPTMs, variants and co-associated non-histonic proteins, are analyzed by MS. We illustrate here the setting up of ChroP for the enrichment and analysis of transcriptionally silent heterochromatic regions, marked by the presence of tri-methylation of lysine 9 on histone H3. The results achieved demonstrate the potential of ChroP in thoroughly characterizing the heterochromatin proteome and prove it as a powerful analytical strategy for understanding how the distinct protein determinants of chromatin interact and synergize to establish locus-specific structural and functional configurations.

By combining native and crosslinking chromatin immunoprecipitation with high-resolution Mass Spectrometry, ChroP approach enables to dissect the composite proteomic architecture of histone modifications, variants and non-histonic proteins synergizing at functionally distinct chromatin domains.

L&#39;approccio ChroP Combina ChIP e Spettrometria di Massa a sezionare Locus-specifiche proteomica Paesaggi della cromatina

Chromatin is a highly dynamic nucleoprotein complex made of DNA and proteins that controls various DNA-dependent processes. Chromatin structure and ...

T-wave mobilità ionica-spettrometria di massa: Basic procedure sperimentali per l'analisi delle proteine ​​complesse

T-wave mobilità ionica-spettrometria di massa: Basic procedure sperimentali per l'analisi delle proteine complesse