Finanziato dal NIH P40 OD010952, la Fondazione Korein, una Università di Miami Fellowship a SLC e una borsa di studio per Maytag ATK. Gli autori ringraziano il personale delle Risorse Nazionale per l&#39;Aplysia, così come Lauren Simonitis e Hannah Peck, che ha fornito al microscopio per una figura.

1. Preparazione delle cellule <ol><li> Il giorno 1, pesare e anestetizzare animali. <ol><li> Pesare 30 g-1 kg di animale. Anestetizzare in 5-10 volumi di animali di acqua di mare: 01:01 MgCl isotonica. 6H 2 0 per 1 ora con aerazione ad esempio una pompa di aria dell&#39;acquario elettrica con airstone allegata. </li></ol></li><li> Preparare forniture di dissezione. <ol><li> Assemblare vassoio dissezione pulita con perni diritti inox quali spine tessuto. Assemblare diverse piastre di Petri contenenti acqua di mare artificiale (ASW; vedi tabelle 1 e 3) + penicillina / streptomicina (P / S). </li><li> Avere pronto un microscopio a bassa potenza. Avere gli strumenti di dissezione pulita pronta, come ad esempio il naso a coste e una pinza sottile chirurgici, e fine e grandi forbici chirurgiche. Spruzzare gli strumenti con il 70% di alcol isopropol prima dell&#39;uso e lasciare asciugare. </li></ol></li><li> Posizione animale sul vassoio dissezione. <ol><li> Posizione animale lato ventrale verso il basso nel vassoio dissezione. Animale Pinattraverso bordi della parete del corpo e confini parapodial, ma evitare la coda e la testa, per esporre la superficie dorsale e il solco genitale </li><li> Sciacquare la superficie dorsale in acqua fredda con esecuzione lenta. Applicare un leggero flusso di 70% di alcol isopropol da una bottiglia di compressione lungo la scanalatura genitale e sopra la parte superiore della testa. </li></ol></li><li> Fai l&#39;incisione iniziale. <ol><li> Utilizzando un microscopio a bassa potenza (vedere Tabella 2) e riflessa per osservare il punto in cui la scanalatura genitale origina dal margine anteriore guscio, teso tenere con una pinza Poly-naso una piega di tessuto a sinistra di questa origine, mentre snipping un superficiale Hole il percorso attraverso il liscio, zona pianeggiante della parete del corpo appena a destra della scanalatura genitale con sottili forbici angolate. </li><li> Emolinfa deve essere osservato per versare dal foro, talvolta portando con sé il ganglio addominale e stomaco. </li></ol></li><li> Espandere l&#39;incisione. <ol><li> Utilizzare forbici grandi per espandere °incisione e anteriormente ad un punto tra le rhinophores, mentre si tira verso l&#39;alto con la lama inferiore per evitare intaccare l&#39;intestino. Gli organi interni saranno osservate per fuoriuscire l&#39;incisione. </li></ol></li><li> Rimuovere i gangli. <ol><li> Riposizionare il vassoio e rimettere a fuoco il microscopio sulla regione della testa. </li><li> Utilizzando pinze pulite e forbici sottili, togliere i gangli testa da troncare a un certo punto i nervi che costituiscono i gangli testa in un anello intorno all&#39;esofago per rimuovere pleurico-pedale e cerebrale gangli come gruppo. </li><li> Rimuovere il ganglio buccale che aderisce al lato ventrale dell&#39;esofago. </li><li> Rimuovere il ganglio addominale tagliando le 4 grandi connettivi nervosi che emettono da questo ganglio. </li></ol></li><li> Isolare gangli di interesse. <ol><li> Tagliare testa gangli a parte, lasciando una lunghezza dei connettivi collegati a ciascun ganglio di interesse che è pari ad almeno il diametro del ganglio, questo ritarderà enzima sopra-digestionedelle cellule di interesse nella fase successiva. </li><li> Mettere ogni ganglio obiettivo attraverso 2 risciacqui di ASW + P / S, muovendosi tra risciacqui con pinzette pulite. </li><li> Se il targeting delle cellule del PVC, lasciare il giusto hemiganglion pleurico collegato al diritto hemiganglion pedale, e allo stesso modo lasciare il hemiganglion pleurico sinistro attaccato al pedale hemiganglion sinistra. </li><li> Scartare gangli indesiderati e il resto dell&#39;animale secondo la prassi di ricerca accettato. </li></ol></li><li> Enzimaticamente digerire i gangli. <ol><li> Per ciascun ganglio, preparare 1 ml di soluzione enzimatica costituito 3,75 mg dispasi, 1 mg ialuronidasi e 0,3 g collagenasi tipo XI per ml di ASW + P / S in un tubo da 15 ml polipropilene. </li><li> Luogo risciacquato gangli nella soluzione enzimatica e fissare il tappo. Posizionare il tubo su un lato su un agitatore rotante (vedi tabella 2) a bassa velocità per 13-5 ore durante la notte a circa 23 ° C (temperatura ambiente). </li></ol></li><li> Preparare ilpiatti della cultura. <ol><li> Prima di microdissezione (Day 2), preparare poli-D-lisina (PDL) rivestite piatti della cultura in una cappa di coltura di tessuti. Aggiungere 0,5 ml ~ PDL (0,2 mg / ml di acqua sterile) al centro di un piatto 35 millimetri a ~ 25 min. </li><li> Sciacquare PDL 3x con acqua sterile. Lasciare asciugare. UV-sterilizzare le piastre. </li></ol></li><li> Giorno 2 Isolare i neuroni. <ol><li> Riempire il centro di 35 piatti mm che erano PDL-rivestito UV e sterilizzato con circa 0,5 ml di ASW + P / S per creare un&#39;isola di supporto all&#39;interno del piatto altrimenti asciutto. Questo può essere fatto in panchina, fuori della cappa coltura tissutale. Un piatto deve essere preparato per ogni gruppo di cellule provenienti da una hemiganglion. </li><li> Avere pronto un diametro di 100 millimetri piatto dissezione fatta da Sylgard-rivestimento e guarire una mm superficie dissezione profonda 5, dotato di sottili perni dissezione di varie dimensioni da utilizzare come perni e sonde (cfr. tabella 3). Sciacquare questo piatto con il 70% di alcol isopropol, poi con ASW + P / S, e, infine, fill con ASW + P / S. </li></ol></li><li> Preparare microdissezione dei gangli digerito. <ol><li> Versare la soluzione enzimatica contenente il pleurico-pedale e buccale gangli digerito nel piatto dissezione. </li><li> Porre la capsula sul palco del microscopio contro una superficie nera sotto luce riflessa. </li><li> Utilizzando il tessuto connettivo allegata, definire con precisione ogni pleurico-pedale hemiganglion lato dorsale alto. I tessuti saranno morbidi e intollerante di stretching. </li></ol></li><li> Microdissect neuroni in PVC. <ol><li> Utilizzando due coppie di pinze sottili puliti, e in possesso di un perno di dissezione multa in un paio di pinze come sonda, isolare le cellule del PVC da un hemiganglion pleurico. Digestione enzimatica avrà rimosso o rotto a parte il tessuto connettivo che copre il cluster PVC, ma le cellule saranno aderire l&#39;una all&#39;altra. </li><li> Usare la sonda di staccare queste cellule dal connettivo pedale-pleurica 18, poi lasciare cadere il cluster cella al fondo della dissezionepiatto. </li></ol></li><li> Trasferire i neuroni al piatto cultura. <ol><li> Trasferire il gruppo di cellule di un mm piatto preparato 35 cultura delicatamente succhiare il cluster nella punta di un po &#39;incendio lucidato pipetta Pasteur di vetro usa e getta, quindi l&#39;erogazione lentamente nell&#39;isola dei media in una capsula di Petri, facendo attenzione ad evitare l&#39;introduzione di bolle d&#39;aria nella pipetta. Ripetere l&#39;estrazione del cluster PVC dell&#39;altro hemiganglion e posto in una capsula di Petri separato. </li></ol></li><li> Microdissect e trasferire i neuroni BSC. <ol><li> Piedinatura del ganglio buccale lato ventrale, con cura per risparmiare le cellule di interesse. Ripetere il passo 1.12 con le 2 BSC gruppi di cellule del ganglio buccale 10. </li><li> Isolamento di neuroni in PVC e BSC produrrà 4 capsule di Petri contenenti cluster di neuroni: 2 piatti contenenti cluster BSC e 2 piatti contenenti cluster PVC. Scartare il resto dei gangli e mettere da parte il piatto di 100 mm dissezione. </li></ol></li><li> Dissociate i gruppi di cellule. <ol><li> Posizionare un piatto di coltura contenente cellule sul palco del microscopio a bassa potenza e rimuovere il coperchio. </li><li> Dissociare il cluster PVC delicatamente sfogliando il fondo del piatto cultura adiacente al cluster cella con un perno dissezione multa tenutasi a pinza. Sfogliando è scavare la punta del perno nella plastica del fondo del piatto come se cercasse di scavare una macchia di plastica. Quando l&#39;attrito con la plastica rilascia il punto di perno, un&#39;onda percussione viene prodotta attraverso il mezzo che si rompe il vicino ammasso di cellule. </li><li> 5-10 colpi di frusta possono essere necessari fino a quasi dissociare completamente le cellule, ma è meglio lasciare piccoli gruppi di cellule, piuttosto che a sfogliare troppo timore le cellule distrutte dalla pura meccanica. </li><li> Rimontare il coperchio e ripetere con altri piatti della cultura. </li></ol></li><li> Conservare le colture cellulari. <ol><li> Posizionare le piastre di coltura contenenti isole dei media nei loro centri di cellule dissociate inun grande contenitore che permette la circolazione dell&#39;aria, come ad esempio una x 25 millimetri di plastica rotondo piatto 150 Petri, e collocare questo piatto in un incubatore a 17 ° C. </li><li> Installare nella camera di una vaschetta aperta di acqua come fonte di umidità. Lasciar riposare durante la notte. Le cellule aderiscono al rivestimento poli-D-lisina nel centro del piatto. </li></ol></li><li> Piatti della cultura diluvio. <ol><li> Il giorno 3, inondare delicatamente i piatti con 2,5 ml di ASW + P / S. Esaminare e contare le cellule utilizzando una cultura microscopio cellula invertito. Conservare nel 17 ° C incubatore. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Elettrofisiologia Il metodo è di connessione standard di serraggio che è stato descritto in numerosi testi (es. Sakmann e Neher, 1995) 16. Questo protocollo funziona su cellule ≤ 100 pF capacitanza, o cellule &lt;60 micron di diametro nei giorni 3 e 4 del protocollo. Cellule senza processi sono ottimali per la registrazione. Il seguente considerat specialeapplicano gli ioni: <ol><li> Celle più grandi possono essere sistemati con l&#39;impostazione di configurazione dell&#39;amplificatore 200B Axopatch impostato a β = 0,1. Attivazione di grandissime correnti può indurre le cellule a sfuggire voltage clamp. Soluzioni ASW sostituita contenuto di sale (per esempio una frazione del NaCl sostituito con impermeabile cloruro N-metil-D-glucammina) possono essere utilizzate per ridurre intera ampiezza della corrente della cella. </li><li> Fibre piene di pipette di patch borosilicato tirato su un estrattore pipetta e riempita a metà con soluzione intracellulare (ICS), composto da 450 mM KCl e altri sali (vedi Tabella 1) sono adatti, e devono avere la resistenza di circa 0,5-1 MOhm. Se è desiderato isolamento di correnti ioniche specifici, per esempio Na + correnti in assenza di correnti di K, K + in questa soluzione può essere sostituita con altri ioni come Cs +. Cl - sostituzione di ICS con un anione impermeant è anche giustificato se si desidera un ICS più naturale9. </li><li> Le cellule sono robusti con&gt; 1 hr-lunghe registrazioni possibili a temperatura ambiente. La registrazione è ottimale nei giorni 3 e 4 del protocollo, che corrispondono a 24-48 ore in cultura. Dopo 48 hr vi è difficoltà a formare guarnizioni gigaohm, forse a causa di elaborazione di un glicocalice sulla superficie cellulare, e problemi di spazio clamp causati dal processo escrescenza. Le cellule sono utili, tuttavia, per gli studi di clamp non di patch, come la tossicologia, che possono essere completati in &lt;14 d. </li><li> ASW ed altre soluzioni di essere dispensato dal dispositivo soluzione alimentato a gravità, così come la soluzione intracellulare, devono essere filtrati con una siringa montata 0,2 micron filtro Acrodisk (Tabella 3) per eliminare le particelle fini che interferiscono con la formazione sigillo gigaohm. </li><li> Desensibilizzazione si verifica quando si utilizza agonisti come il D-aspartato (D-Asp), quindi ~ 1-2 minuti tra le applicazioni degli agonisti è raccomandato. Al contrario, il potenziamento è spesso osservato con una rapida applicazione ripetutazione di agonisti come L-glutammato (Glu-L). </li><li> Agonisti correnti attivati ​​come L-Glu possono essere studiate applicando agonisti con il picospritzer pipetta. Questa pipetta è tirato la stessa della pipetta di patch e contiene agonista in ASW. Quando la punta della pipetta questa è posizionato sotto il tubo di uscita del dispositivo soluzione alimentato a gravità, e con un angolo di 45 ° dal tubo di efflusso (Figura 2F), agonista verrà rapidamente lavato via dalla cella, e desensibilizzazione sarà minimizzata. La pipetta agonista dovrebbe creare un angolo di 90 ° o più rispetto alla pipetta di patch. </li></ol>

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Gli autori dichiarano di non avere interessi finanziari in competizione.

Le tecniche di dissociazione descritti qui resa culture di neuroni sensoriali contenenti 50-100 neuroni isolati intervallati da un piccolo numero di cellule gliali e di altre cellule non identificati. Le fasi più critiche del protocollo sono il momento i gangli rimangono in soluzione enzimatica, e sfogliando, la dissociazione dei gruppi di cellule digerite a spezzare il gruppo in singole cellule. Digestione enzimatica (passo 1.8) deve essere ottimizzato alla temperatura disponibile. A 23 ° C con agitazione lenta, 13 o...

Il mollusco opistobranch marino, Aplysia, è stato un modello neurobiologico utile per molti decenni. E &#39;meglio conosciuto come modello di assuefazione e di condizionamento classico 7, 8. Gli studi sull&#39;apprendimento e la memoria in questo modello ha vinto il premio Nobel per la fisiologia o la medicina nel 2000 per Eric R. Kandel, in un premio che divideva con Arvid Carlsson e Paul Greengard 10. Gli studi che coinvolgono registrazioni elettriche da preparativi ridotti, in cui gli elementi del sistema nervoso di questo invertebrato sono sezionati dall&#39;animale con nervi e muscoli che si trovino, hanno contribuito a chiarire i ruoli dei singoli neuroni in Aplysia. Identificazione dei meccanismi molecolari precisi che costituiscono l&#39;apprendimento in Aplysia però, spesso utilizzato un&#39;altra tecnica, a lungo termine co-colture di un neurone sensoriale e di un motoneurone, ottenuto uno per uno dai singoli animali donatori e ha permesso di formare una sinapsi nel piatto cultura 21 . Noi e altri 1, 3, 6, 14, 15, 16, abbiamo sfruttato la facilità con cui identificare i neuroni possono essere mirati in questo modello, così come la loro resistenza in esperimenti a lungo termine per rendere le culture a breve termine dissociate di gruppi di neuroni nominalmente omogenee in cui studiarne correnti ioniche sotto voltage clamp nella configurazione di patch clamp. Molti neuroni Aplysia resistono a ripetuti cicli di patch di bloccaggio per consentire il tempo per le manipolazioni sperimentali di lunga durata. La tecnica è utile per i neuroni, come le cellule del sacchetto neurosecretory del ganglio addominale, ei neuroni sensoriali dei gangli pleurico e buccali cui dissociazione descriviamo qui, ma non per molto grandi neuroni&gt; 60 micron di diametro, come L7 o R2 di il ganglio addominale. Noi non utilizziamo Aplysia siero nelle nostre culture, a differenza dei sensori-motoneurone co-culture descritte altrove. La maggior parte dei neuroni ottenuti con questa procedura sono senza processi per tegli prima 48 ore di cultura, facilitando intera registrazione tensione di cella, ma poi germogliare e elaborare assoni e di altri processi per circa 14 giorni prima di morire per mancanza di nutrienti e / o fattori di crescita. Questa tecnica produce colture primarie di neuroni per 50-100 piatto da regioni fisiologicamente documentate dei gangli buccale e della pleura. Questo protocollo è utile per i ricercatori che studiano gli aspetti della singola fisiologia cellulare in esperimenti che richiedono numerosi sperimentale repliche per animale. Si produce una coppia di culture dovute alla separazione anatomica delle cellule bersaglio in hemiganglia destra e sinistra, permettendo studi che beneficio dal trattamento accoppiati e colture di controllo. Il protocollo mira buccali S a grappolo (BSC) neuroni del ganglio buccale e pleuriche ventrocaudal (PVC) neuroni del ganglio pleurico. Queste cellule sono in una dimensione appropriata per intere registrazioni di tensione delle cellule e ROBUS visualizzazionet risposte glutamatergiche. La metodologia discusso è appropriato per la maggior gangli del sistema nervoso Aplysia.

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalog Number</td>
 <td>Comments</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Artificial seawater ASW</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>assorted</td>
 <td>(mM): 417 NaCl, 10 KCl, 10 CaCl2 (2 H2O), 5MgCl2 (6H2O), 15 HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.6</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Intracellular solution</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>assorted</td>
 <td>(mM): 450 KCl, 2.9 CaCl2 (2 H2O), 2.5 MgCl2 (6 H2O), 5 Na2ATP, 10 EGTA, and 40 HEPES-KOH, pH 7.4</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Poly-D-lysine</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>P6407</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>penicillin/streptomycin added to ASW at 1:100</td>
 <td>Lonzo Walkersville, Inc.</td>
 <td>17-603E</td>
 <td>5,000 Units/ml penicillin plus 5,000 mg/ml streptomycin</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Neutral dispase II</td>
 <td>Roche Diagnostics</td>
 <td>10165859001</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>hyaluronidase</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>H4272</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>collagenase type XI</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>C9407</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>L-Glutamate (L-Glu)</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>49601-100G</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>D-Aspartate (D-Asp)</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>11200-10G</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)</td>
 <td>Biomol</td>
 <td>100002-268</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>L-Asp</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>A6683-25G</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>alpha-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA)</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>A6816-5MG</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>L-Glu R antagonists</td>
 <td>various</td>
 <td>various</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>agar</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>kynurenate</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>61250</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>APV</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>A5282</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>DL-2-Amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (NMDAR antagonist)</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>2-propanol</td>
 <td>VWRSP</td>
 <td>BDH1133</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Chloriding solution</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>assorted</td>
 <td>25 g FeCl3 + 25 ml concentrated HCl + 50 ml H2O</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sylgard silicone 2-part polymer</td>
 <td>World Precision Instruments (WPI)</td>
 <td>SYL184</td>
 <td>Provides pin-out surface for small dissection dishes</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>0-40x zoom magnification microscope for dissections</td>
 <td>Wild</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Techniquip 150 Watts Fiber Optic Illuminator</td>
 <td>Microoptics of Florida</td>
 <td>TQ FOI-150</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>RotoMix 50800 orbital mixer</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Nikon Diaphot inverted phase-contrast microscope with 4x, 20x (optional) &amp; 40x objectives</td>
 <td>SR Research Ltd.</td>
 <td>Eyelink II</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Tektronix digital oscilloscope</td>
 <td>SR Research Ltd.</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>pClamp 10 data acquisition and analysis software</td>
 <td>Molecular Devices</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>PC with Windows XP or higher operating system</td>
 <td>PC Solutions</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>Thinkserver with solid state hard drives (80GB) and low noise monitors</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Flaming/Brown P87 micropipette puller</td>
 <td>Sutter Instruments, Novato, CA</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Axon Instruments Axopatch 200B clamp amplifier with a capacitance compensation range of 1-1000 pF; preamplifier</td>
 <td>Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Axon instruments electrode holder assembly for Axopatch 200B preamplifier</td>
 <td>Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA</td>
 <td>CV203BU</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Digidata 1200 A/D converter</td>
 <td>Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Picospritzer, powered by N2 adjustable for pressure and duration</td>
 <td>Parker Hannifin, Cleveland, OH</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>TMC Micro-G Vibration isolation table</td>
 <td>Ametek</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Faraday cage</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>custom manufacture</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Burleigh Piezoelectric Clamshell Micromanipulators</td>
 <td>Burleigh Instruments; Thorlabs</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>presently PCS-5000; -6000 series + mounts</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Narishige M-152 manual manipulators (for perfusion system and picospritzer)</td>
 <td>Narishige USA</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Filament pipette glass,1.5 mm OD, 0.84 mm ID -</td>
 <td>WPI</td>
 <td>1B150-3</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>3 inch length</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Ag/AgCl half cell</td>
 <td>WPI</td>
 <td>EP4</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>15 ml centrifuge tubes, 35-2097 BD Falcon* Centrifuge Tubes</td>
 <td>VWRSP</td>
 <td>21008-918</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Angled Scissors</td>
 <td>Fine Science Tools</td>
 <td>15006-09</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Dumostar Fine forceps</td>
 <td>Fine Science Tools</td>
 <td>11295-00</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>35 mm falcon tissue culture dishes</td>
 <td>VWRSP</td>
 <td>25382-064</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>falcon 150 x 25 mm tissue culture dishes; 1013</td>
 <td>VWRSP</td>
 <td>1013</td>
 <td>also can be made into small dissection dishes with sylgard</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>sylgard</td>
 <td>WPI</td>
 <td>SYL184</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>animal dissection tray</td>
 <td>various</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>15 ml centrifuge tubes, 35-2097 BD Falcon</td>
 <td>VWRSP</td>
 <td>21008-918</td>
 <td>For 6-bore gravity-fed perfusion system</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Aluminum clips with screw hole ends</td>
 <td>hardware store</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>For perfusion system</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>23 gauge needles (manually file off points)</td>
 <td>VWRSP</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>For perfusion system</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Polyethylene tubing 0.022"ID x 0.042"OD; 427411</td>
 <td>Becton-Dickinson</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>For perfusion system</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>H-7 pipette stand/holder for microcap perfusion array</td>
 <td>Narishige USA</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>For perfusion system</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>one-way valves</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>For perfusion system</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Drummond Microcaps 1 &mu;l</td>
 <td>VWRSP</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>For perfusion system</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>18 gauge needles for suction (filed off points)</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Polyethylene tubing</td>
 <td>Cole Parmer</td>
 <td>4.27436E+11</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>fine dissection pins</td>
 <td>Fine Science Tools</td>
 <td>26002-20</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>capillary tubes</td>
 <td>Kimble 71900-100</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>fire-polished and U-shaped in a Bunsen burner flame and filled with 3% agar in ECS</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>modeling clay</td>
 <td>craft store</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>dish holder for microscope stage with isolated ground bath</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>Custom manufacture</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>pasteur pipettes</td>
 <td>VWRSP</td>
 <td>14672-412</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>pipette bulbs</td>
 <td>VWRSP</td>
 <td>53283-911</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>acrodisk syringe filters</td>
 <td>VWRSP</td>
 <td>28144-040</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>thick-walled 1.5 mm diameter borosilicate filament glass</td>
 <td>WPI</td>
 <td>1B150F-3</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>High purity nitrogen cylinder and bifurcating regulator</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>
Tables 1-3. Lists of Reagents, Materials, and Equipment.

isolation of sensory neurons of aplysia californica for patch clamp recordings of glutamatergic currents

La marina Aplysia californica mollusco gasteropode ha una storia venerabile come un modello di funzione del sistema nervoso, con particolare rilievo negli studi di apprendimento e memoria. Le preparazioni tipiche per questo tipo di studi sono quelli in cui la sensoriali e motoneuroni sono lasciati intatti in un animale minimamente sezionato, o di un elaborato tecnico neuronale co-coltura di sensoriale individuale e motoneuroni. Meno comune è l&#39;isolato preparazione neuronale in cui piccoli gruppi di neuroni nominalmente omogenee sono dissociate in singole cellule in coltura a breve termine. Tali cellule isolate sono utili per la caratterizzazione biofisica di correnti ioniche con tecniche di patch clamp, e modulazione mirato di questi conduttanze. Un protocollo per la preparazione di tali colture è descritto. Il protocollo sfrutta le facilmente identificabili neuroni sensoriali glutammatergiche dei gangli pleurico e buccale, e descrive la loro dissociazione e la manutenzione minima in coltura per diversi giorni senza siero.

Le posizioni dei neuroni sensoriali all&#39;interno dei gangli che sono indirizzate in questo protocollo, i neuroni BSC e PVC sono mostrati in Figura 1. I neuroni BSC si trovano in 2 simmetriche grappoli ovale sul lato ventrale del ganglio buccale, la superficie che si affaccia dalla massa buccale nel ganglio intatto (Figura 1A). I neuroni formano PVC, cluster a forma di V bilaterali che avvolgono la superficie dorsale del ganglio pleurico verso l&#39;asse centrale (Figura 1B).<...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Sensory Neurons of Aplysia californica for Patch Clamp Recordings of Glutamatergic Currents at JoVE.com

Isolation of Sensory Neurons of Aplysia californica for Patch Clamp Recordings of Glutamatergic Currents

Descriviamo la dissezione del sistema nervoso della marina mare lepre<em&gt; Aplysia</em&gt; Dopo l&#39;anestesia, l&#39;isolamento dei neuroni per termine cultura dei tessuti di breve, e registrazioni di correnti di singolo ione delle cellule attraverso la tecnica del patch clamp.

Isolamento dei neuroni sensoriali<em&gt; Aplysia californica</em&gt; Per Bloccare Registrazioni patch di correnti glutamatergico

The marine gastropod mollusk Aplysia californica has a venerable  history as a model of nervous system function, with particular significance in  studies ...

isolation-sensory-neurons-aplysia-californica-for-patch-clamp

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Isolation of Sensory Neurons of Aplysia californica for Patch Clamp Recordings of Glutamatergic Currents

12.2K Views.  University of Miami. Descriviamo la dissezione del sistema nervoso della marina mare lepre Aplysia Dopo l'anestesia, l'isolamento dei neuroni per termine cultura dei tessuti di breve, e registrazioni di correnti di singolo ione delle cellule attraverso la tecnica del patch clamp.

Video: Isolation of Sensory Neurons of Aplysia californica for Patch Clamp Recordings of Glutamatergic Currents

Electrode Fabrication and Implantation in Aplysia californica for Multi-channel Neural and Muscular Recordings in Intact, Freely Behaving Animals

Recording from key nerves and muscles of Aplysia during feeding behavior allows us to study the patterns of neural control in an intact animal. Simultaneously recording from multiple nerves and muscles gives us precise information about the timing of neural activity. Previous recording methods have worked for two electrodes, but the study of additional nerves or muscles required combining and averaging the recordings of multiple animals, which made it difficult to determine fine details of timing and phasing, because of variability from response to response, and from animal to animal. Implanting four individual electrodes has a very low success rate due to the formation of adhesions that prevent animals from performing normal feeding movements. We developed a new method of electrode fabrication that reduces the bulk of the electrodes inside the animal allowing for normal feeding movements. Using a combination of glues to attach the electrodes results in a more reliable insulation of the electrode which lasts longer, making it possible to record for periods as long as a week. The fabrication technique that we describe could be extended to incorporate several additional electrodes, and would be applicable to vertebrate animals.

Electrode Fabrication and Implantation in Aplysia californica for Multi-channel Neural and Muscular Recordings in Intact, Freely Behaving Animals

A technique is described for implanting four in vivo electrodes to monitor the neuromuscular control of feeding behavior in Aplysia californica.

Fabbricazione e impianto di elettrodi nel Aplysia californica Per registrazioni multi-canale neurale e muscolare in intatto, Animali liberamente Comportarsi

Recording from key nerves and muscles of Aplysia during feeding behavior allows us to study the patterns of neural control in an intact animal.  ...

Ricerca

Neuroscienze

Patch Clamp Recordings in Inner Ear Hair Cells Isolated from Zebrafish

Patch clamp analyses of the voltage-gated channels in sensory hair cells isolated from a variety of species have been described previously1-4 but this video represents the first application of those techniques to hair cells from zebrafish. Here we demonstrate a method to isolate healthy, intact hair cells from all of the inner ear end-organs: saccule, lagena, utricle and semicircular canals. Further, we demonstrate the diversity in hair cell size and morphology and give an example of the kinds of patch clamp recordings that can be obtained. The advantage of the use of this zebrafish model system over others stems from the availability of zebrafish mutants that affect both hearing and balance. In combination with the use of transgenic lines and other techniques that utilize genetic analysis and manipulation, the cell isolation and electrophysiological methods introduced here should facilitate greater insight into the roles hair cells play in mediating these sensory modalities.

The purpose of this video is to demonstrate procedures for obtaining healthy, intact hair cells from the inner ear organs of adult zebrafish and then using them for patch clamp studies aimed at characterizing the biophysical properties of their voltage-gated channels.

Registrazioni patch clamp in cellule interne dell&#39;orecchio Capelli Isolato da Zebrafish

Patch  clamp analyses of the voltage-gated channels in sensory hair cells isolated  from a variety of species have been described previously1-4 but this  ...

F1FO ATPase Vesicle Preparation and Technique for Performing Patch Clamp Recordings of Submitochondrial Vesicle Membranes

Mitochondria are involved in many important cellular functions including metabolism, survival1, development and, calcium signaling2. Two of the most important mitochondrial functions are related to the efficient production of ATP, the energy currency of the cell, by oxidative phosphorylation, and the mediation of signals for programmed cell death3.
The enzyme primarily responsible for the production of ATP is the F1FO-ATP synthase, also called ATP synthase4-5. In recent years, the role of mitochondria in apoptotic and necrotic cell death has received considerable attention. In apoptotic cell death, BCL-2 family proteins such as Bax enter the mitochondrial outer membrane, oligomerize and permeabilize the outer membrane, releasing pro-apoptotic factors into the cytosol6. In classic necrotic cell death, such as that produced by ischemia or excitotoxicity in neurons, a large, poorly regulated increase in matrix calcium contributes to the opening of an inner membrane pore, the mitochondrial permeability transition pore or mPTP. This depolarizes the inner membrane and causes osmotic shifts, contributing to outer membrane rupture, release of pro-apoptotic factors, and metabolic dysfunction. Many proteins including Bcl-xL7 interact with F1FO ATP synthase, modulating its function. Bcl-xL interacts directly with the beta subunit of F1FO ATP synthase, and this interaction decreases a leak conductance within the F1FOATPasecomplex, increasing the net transport of H+ by F1FO during F1FO ATPase activity8 and thereby increasing mitochondrial efficiency. To study the activity and modulation of the ATP synthase, we isolated from rodent brain submitochondrial vesicles (SMVs) containing F1FO ATPase. The SMVs retain the structural and functional integrity of the F1FO ATPase as shown in Alavian et al. Here, we describe a method that we have used successfully for the isolation of SMVs from rat brain and we delineate the patch clamp technique to analyze channel activity (ion leak conductance) of the SMVs.

F1FO ATPase Vesicle Preparation and Technique for Performing Patch Clamp Recordings of Submitochondrial Vesicle Membranes

A method to isolate submitochondrial vesicles enriched in F1FO ATP synthase complexes from rat brain is described. These vesicles allow the study of the activity of F1FO ATPase complex and its modulation using the technique of patch clamp recording.

<sub&gt; 1</sub&gt; F<sub&gt; O</sub&gt; ATPasi Vesicle Preparazione e tecnica per permettere Bloccare Registrazioni patch di membrane delle vescicole submitocondriali

Mitochondria are involved in many important cellular  functions including metabolism, survival1, development and, calcium signaling2. Two of the most ...

Extracellularly Identifying Motor Neurons for a Muscle Motor Pool in Aplysia californica

In animals with large identified neurons (e.g. mollusks), analysis of motor pools is done using intracellular techniques1,2,3,4. Recently, we developed a technique to extracellularly stimulate and record individual neurons in Aplysia californica5. We now describe a protocol for using this technique to uniquely identify and characterize motor neurons within a motor pool.
This extracellular technique has advantages. First, extracellular electrodes can stimulate and record neurons through the sheath5, so it does not need to be removed. Thus, neurons will be healthier in extracellular experiments than in intracellular ones. Second, if ganglia are rotated by appropriate pinning of the sheath, extracellular electrodes can access neurons on both sides of the ganglion, which makes it easier and more efficient to identify multiple neurons in the same preparation. Third, extracellular electrodes do not need to penetrate cells, and thus can be easily moved back and forth among neurons, causing less damage to them. This is especially useful when one tries to record multiple neurons during repeating motor patterns that may only persist for minutes. Fourth, extracellular electrodes are more flexible than intracellular ones during muscle movements. Intracellular electrodes may pull out and damage neurons during muscle contractions. In contrast, since extracellular electrodes are gently pressed onto the sheath above neurons, they usually stay above the same neuron during muscle contractions, and thus can be used in more intact preparations.
To uniquely identify motor neurons for a motor pool (in particular, the I1/I3 muscle in Aplysia) using extracellular electrodes, one can use features that do not require intracellular measurements as criteria: soma size and location, axonal projection, and muscle innervation4,6,7. For the particular motor pool used to illustrate the technique, we recorded from buccal nerves 2 and 3 to measure axonal projections, and measured the contraction forces of the I1/I3 muscle to determine the pattern of muscle innervation for the individual motor neurons.
We demonstrate the complete process of first identifying motor neurons using muscle innervation, then characterizing their timing during motor patterns, creating a simplified diagnostic method for rapid identification. The simplified and more rapid diagnostic method is superior for more intact preparations, e.g. in the suspended buccal mass preparation8 or in vivo9. This process can also be applied in other motor pools10,11,12 in Aplysia or in other animal systems2,3,13,14.

Extracellularly Identifying Motor Neurons for a Muscle Motor Pool in Aplysia californica

In animals with large identified neurons (e.g. mollusks), analysis of motor pools is done using intracellular techniques1,2,3,4. Recently, we developed a technique to extracellularly stimulate and record individual neurons in Aplysia californica5. We now describe a protocol for using this technique to uniquely identify and characterize motor neurons within a motor pool.

Extracellulare Identificazione neuroni motori per un pool di motore muscolare in<em&gt; Aplysia californica</em

In animals with large  identified neurons (e.g. mollusks), analysis of motor pools is done using  intracellular techniques1,2,3,4. Recently,  we developed ...

Patch Clamp Recordings from Embryonic Zebrafish Mauthner Cells

Mauthner cells (M-cells) are large reticulospinal neurons located in the hindbrain of teleost fish. They are key neurons involved in a characteristic behavior known as the C-start or escape response that occurs when the organism perceives a threat. The M-cell has been extensively studied in adult goldfish where it has been shown to receive a wide range of excitatory, inhibitory and neuromodulatory signals1. We have been examining M-cell activity in embryonic zebrafish in order to study aspects of synaptic development in a vertebrate preparation. In the late 1990s Ali and colleagues developed a preparation for patch clamp recording from M-cells in zebrafish embryos, in which the CNS was largely intact2,3,4. The objective at that time was to record synaptic activity from hindbrain neurons, spinal cord neurons and trunk skeletal muscle while maintaining functional synaptic connections within an intact brain-spinal cord preparation. This preparation is still used in our laboratory today. To examine the mechanisms underlying developmental synaptic plasticity, we record excitatory (AMPA and NMDA-mediated)5,6 and inhibitory (GABA and glycine) synaptic currents from developing M-cells. Importantly, this unique preparation allows us to return to the same cell (M-cell) from preparation to preparation to carefully examine synaptic plasticity and neuro-development in an embryonic organism. The benefits provided by this preparation include 1) intact, functional synaptic connections onto the M-cell, 2) relatively inexpensive preparations, 3) a large supply of readily available embryos 4) the ability to return to the same cell type (i.e. M-cell) in every preparation, so that synaptic development at the level of an individual cell can be examined from fish to fish, and 5) imaging of whole preparations due to the transparent nature of the embryos.

We have developed an intact brain-spinal cord preparation to record and monitor electrical activity via patch clamp recording from the Mauthner neurons and other reticulospinal cells in zebrafish embryos. Thus, we are able to record excitatory and inhibitory synaptic currents, voltage-gated channel activity and action potentials from key neurons in a developing embryo.

Bloccare Registrazioni patch da cellule embrionali Zebrafish Mauthner

Mauthner cells (M-cells) are large  reticulospinal neurons located in the hindbrain of teleost fish. They are key  neurons involved in a characteristic ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings from Morphologically- and Neurochemically-identified Hippocampal Interneurons

GABAergic inhibitory interneurons play a central role within neuronal circuits of the brain. Interneurons comprise a small subset of the neuronal population (10-20%), but show a high level of physiological, morphological, and neurochemical heterogeneity, reflecting their diverse functions. Therefore, investigation of interneurons provides important insights into the organization principles and function of neuronal circuits. This, however, requires an integrated physiological and neuroanatomical approach for the selection and identification of individual interneuron types. Whole-cell patch-clamp recording from acute brain slices of transgenic animals, expressing fluorescent proteins under the promoters of interneuron-specific markers, provides an efficient method to target and electrophysiologically characterize intrinsic and synaptic properties of specific interneuron types. Combined with intracellular dye labeling, this approach can be extended with post-hoc morphological and immunocytochemical analysis, enabling systematic identification of recorded neurons. These methods can be tailored to suit a broad range of scientific questions regarding functional properties of diverse types of cortical neurons.

Cortical networks are controlled by a small, but diverse set of inhibitory interneurons. Functional investigation of interneurons therefore requires targeted recording and rigorous identification. Described here is a combined approach involving whole-cell recordings from single or synaptically-coupled pairs of neurons with intracellular labeling, post-hoc morphological and immunocytochemical analysis.

Whole-cell patch-clamp registrazioni da Morphologically- e neurochimico-identificati interneuroni dell&#39;ippocampo

GABAergic inhibitory interneurons play a central role within neuronal circuits of the brain. Interneurons comprise a small subset of the neuronal ...

Perforated Patch-clamp Recording of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons in Intact Neuroepithelium: Functional Analysis of Neurons Expressing an Identified Odorant Receptor

Analyzing the physiological responses of olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) when stimulated with specific ligands is critical to understand the basis of olfactory-driven behaviors and their modulation. These coding properties depend heavily on the initial interaction between odor molecules and the olfactory receptor (OR) expressed in the OSNs. The identity, specificity and ligand spectrum of the expressed OR are critical. The probability to find the ligand of the OR expressed in an OSN chosen randomly within the epithelium is very low. To address this challenge, this protocol uses genetically tagged mice expressing the fluorescent protein GFP under the control of the promoter of defined ORs. OSNs are located in a tight and organized epithelium lining the nasal cavity, with neighboring cells influencing their maturation and function. Here we describe a method to isolate an intact olfactory epithelium and record through patch-clamp recordings the properties of OSNs expressing defined odorant receptors. The protocol allows one to characterize OSN membrane properties while keeping the influence of the neighboring tissue. Analysis of patch-clamp results yields&#160;a precise quantification of ligand/OR interactions, transduction pathways and pharmacology, OSNs&#39; coding properties and their modulation at the membrane level.&#160;

Analyzing the physiological properties of olfactory sensory neurons still faces technical limitations. Here we record them through perforated patch-clamp in an intact preparation of the olfactory epithelium in gene-targeted mice. This technique allows the characterization of membrane properties and responses to specific ligands of neurons expressing defined olfactory receptors.

Perforato Patch-clamp registrazione di topo neuroni sensoriali olfattivi In neuroepithelium intatto: Analisi funzionale di neuroni Esprimendo un Identificato odorizzante Receptor

Analyzing the physiological responses of olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) when stimulated with specific ligands is critical to understand the basis of ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings in Brain Slices

Whole-cell patch-clamp recording is an electrophysiological technique that allows the study of the&#160;electrical properties of a substantial part of the neuron. In this configuration, the micropipette is in tight contact with the cell membrane, which prevents current leakage and thereby provides more accurate ionic current measurements than the previously used intracellular sharp electrode recording method. Classically, whole-cell recording can be performed on neurons in various types of preparations, including cell culture models, dissociated neurons, neurons in brain slices, and in intact anesthetized or awake animals. In summary, this technique has immensely contributed to the understanding of passive and active biophysical properties of excitable cells. A major advantage of this technique is that it provides information on how specific manipulations (e.g., pharmacological, experimenter-induced plasticity) may alter specific neuronal functions or channels in real-time. Additionally, significant opening of the plasma membrane allows the internal pipette solution to freely diffuse into the cytoplasm, providing means for introducing drugs, e.g., agonists or antagonists of specific intracellular proteins, and manipulating these targets without altering their functions in neighboring cells. This article will focus on whole-cell recording performed on neurons in brain slices,&#160;a preparation that has the advantage of recording neurons in relatively well preserved brain circuits, i.e., in a physiologically relevant context. In particular,&#160;when combined with appropriate pharmacology, this technique is a powerful tool allowing identification of specific neuroadaptations that occurred following any type of experiences, such as learning, exposure to drugs of abuse, and stress. In summary, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in brain slices provide means to measure in ex vivo preparation long-lasting changes in neuronal functions that have developed in intact awake animals.

This protocol describes basic procedural steps for performing whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. This technique allows the study of&#160;the electrical behavior of neurons, and when performed in brain slices, allows the assessment of various neuronal functions from neurons that are still integrated in relatively well preserved brain circuits.

Registrazioni Whole-cell patch-clamp nel cervello fette

Whole-cell patch-clamp recording is an electrophysiological technique that allows the study of the&#160;electrical properties of a substantial part of the ...

Subcellular Patch-clamp Recordings from the Somatodendritic Domain of Nigral Dopamine Neurons

Dendrites of dopaminergic neurons receive and convey synaptic input, support action potential back-propagation and neurotransmitter release. Understanding these fundamental functions will shed light on the information transfer in these neurons. Dendritic patch-clamp recordings provide the possibility to directly examine the electrical properties of dendrites and underlying voltage-gated ion channels. However, these fine structures are not easily accessible to patch pipettes because of their small diameter. This report describes a step-by-step procedure to collect stable and reliable recordings from the dendrites of dopaminergic neurons in acute slices. Electrophysiological measurements are combined with post hoc recovery of cell morphology. Successful experiments rely on improved preparation of slices, solutions and pipettes, adequate adjustment of the optics and stability of the pipette in contact with the recorded structure. Standard principles of somatic patch-clamp recording are applied to dendrites but with a gentler approach of the pipette. These versatile techniques can be implemented to address various questions concerning the excitable properties of dendrites.

Subcellular patch-clamp recordings offer the possibility to investigate the functional properties of dendrites. However these fine structures are not easily accessible due to their small diameter. The protocol described here aims to facilitate the collection of stable and reliable recordings from the dendrites of dopamine neurons in slices in vitro.

Subcellulari patch-clamp dal dominio Somatodendritic di nigral dopamina neuroni

Dendrites of dopaminergic neurons receive and convey synaptic input, support action potential back-propagation and neurotransmitter release. Understanding ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings for Electrophysiological Determination of Ion Selectivity in Channelrhodopsins

Over the past decade, channelrhodopsins became indispensable in neuroscientific research where they are used as tools to non-invasively manipulate electrical processes in target cells. In this context, ion selectivity of a channelrhodopsin is of particular importance. This article describes the investigation of chloride selectivity for a recently identified anion-conducting channelrhodopsin of Proteomonas sulcata via electrophysiological patch-clamp recordings on HEK293 cells. The experimental procedure for measuring light-gated photocurrents demands a fast switchable &#8211; ideally monochromatic &#8211; light source coupled into the microscope of an otherwise conventional patch-clamp setup. Preparative procedures prior to the experiment are outlined involving preparation of buffered solutions, considerations on liquid junction potentials, seeding and transfection of cells, and pulling of patch pipettes. The actual recording of current-voltage relations to determine the reversal potentials for different chloride concentrations takes place 24 h to 48 h after transfection. Finally, electrophysiological data are analyzed with respect to theoretical considerations of chloride conduction.

This article describes how the ion selectivity of channelrhodopsin is determined with electrophysiological whole-cell patch-clamp recordings using HEK293 cells. Here, the experimental procedure for investigating chloride selectivity of an anion-selective channelrhodopsin is demonstrated. However, the procedure is transferable to other channelrhodopsins of distinct selectivity.