Gli autori desiderano ringraziare l&#39;Ufficio di Ricerca della Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy per il sostegno finanziario di questo progetto attraverso il piccolo Farmacia Awards per la Ricerca &amp; Collaboration (SPARC) Award. Gli autori ringraziano John Smink, Responsabile del Laboratorio di Ricerca per gli animali acquatici, Clemson University, Clemson, SC per la sua tecnica di revisione assistenza manoscritto.

NOTA: Questi protocolli seguono le linee guida del IACUC di Presbyterian College. 1. Acquisire materiali elencati nella tabella 1. 2. Montare il 5 Shelf Chrome secondo le istruzioni del produttore. Questo verrà utilizzato per ospitare il Fondo. 3. Costruire il serbatoio di acqua e sistema di filtrazione (Figure 1A e 2). <ol><li> Utilizzando la Figura 1A come guida, il layout 18 gallone secchio, pompe, filtri e lampada UV per determinare la posizione di installazione finale e la dimensione. </li><li> Una volta che le parti sono disposte, misurare e tagliare il &quot;tubo di PVC ¾ alla lunghezza necessaria per il montaggio. Variare le lunghezze di tutti i tubi in base alle esigenze e alle limitazioni di spazio specifici. </li><li> Montare i tubi e raccordi come indicato in precedenza con il primer PVC e cemento, vedi sotto (3.3.2 e 3.3.3). <ol><li> Sand i bordi tagliati del tubo con carta vetrata fino a che non sono lisce al tatto unad non ci sono detriti. </li><li> Prime l&#39;esterno del tubo e l&#39;interno del raccordo con il primer PVC acquistato con il tampone incluso dal primer PVC. </li><li> Cemento tubo e raccordo insieme applicando cemento PVC all&#39;esterno del tubo utilizzando il tampone inclusa. Ripetere l&#39;operazione per tutti i passi che devono cementazione PVC. </li><li> Posizionare il secchio 18 gallone ad un lato della costruzione mensola. </li><li> Installare un connettore paratia lato del serbatoio. </li><li> Collegare un &quot;tubo di PVC ¾ alla paratia. </li><li> Collegare l&#39;altra estremità del ¾ &quot;tubo della pompa con un ¾&quot; filettato fare raccordo. </li><li> Collegare i filtri per la pompa con due gomiti 90 gradi e ¾ &quot;tubo di PVC. <ol><li> Utilizzare un filtro di carta seguito da uno filtri a carboni attivi per filtrare detriti e ridurre i livelli di cloro e chimici nell&#39;acqua. </li></ol></li><li> Collegare la lampada UV al filtri According per le istruzioni del produttore. </li></ol></li><li> Fissare la pompa e il sistema di filtro per il lato superiore del primo ripiano del rack utilizzando fascette. Variare l&#39;ordine del montaggio e fissaggio secondo la dimensione e la disposizione del ripiano / cremagliera prescelto. </li><li> Aggiungere 1 Bioball per litro d&#39;acqua al serbatoio di acqua quando la pompa e il sistema di filtro sono assemblati e fissati alla mensola. </li></ol> 4. Costruire la linea principale di alimentazione (Figure 1B e 2). <ol><li> Misurare e tagliare un pezzo di ¾ &quot;tubo di PVC per collegare la lampada UV alla rete principale </li><li> Utilizzare un ¾ &quot;tee PVC per avviare la linea di alimentazione principale collegando il tee al ¾&quot; gas di scarico in PVC proveniente dal filtro UV. . <ol><li> Aggiungere una valvola on-off sul fondo del tee PVC per servire come uno scarico per lavaggio manutenzione del sistema. </li><li> Avviare la linea di alimentazione principale dalla parte superiore del ¾ &quot;tee PVC misurando e taglio ¾&quot; PVCtubo alla lunghezza desiderata per fornire tubi di alimentazione per ciascuno dei ripiani sulla cremagliera. </li><li> Installare ¾ &quot;tee PVC per le linee orizzontali che entreranno ogni ripiano del rack. </li><li> Opzionalmente (e suggerito), aggiungere una ¾ &quot;on-off valvola per ciascuna linea di alimentazione mensola per consentire l&#39;isolamento di ogni ripiano e un design modulare del sistema. </li></ol></li><li> Utilizzare un &quot;tubo di PVC ¾ come un riduttore di linea sul ripiano superiore. Se questa linea corre sul retro del ripiano, utilizzare questa mensola per immagazzinaggio. Terminare la linea di riduzione della pressione nella linea di scarico principale (Figura 1B) con un ¾ &quot;valvola on-off. </li><li> Una volta che i passi precedenti sono stati completati, primo e cementare il tubo in PVC insieme come fatto in precedenza quando si costruisce il sistema di serbatoio e filtrazione. </li></ol> 5. Costruire la linea principale di scarico (Figure 1C e 2). <ol><li> Eseguire la lunghezza verticale della linea principale di scarico verso l&#39;altro lato del rack fROM la linea di alimentazione principale. Utilizzare un tubo da 2 &quot;in PVC per questa linea verticale per ricevere la linea di alimentazione principale delle linee migliori e scarico delle vasche dei pesci provenienti da ogni scaffale. </li><li> Tagliare i pezzi di 2 &quot;tubo di PVC per la linea di scarico principale verticale e utilizzare 2&quot; tee PVC per ricevere le linee di scarico del serbatoio di pesce provenienti da ogni scaffale. Terminare la linea principale di scarico nel serbatoio stock di espellere l&#39;acqua riciclata su filtro di spugna. </li><li> Tagliare una apertura per l&#39;intera lunghezza delle 2 &quot;pezzi di tubo in PVC un pollice e allegare alla linea verticale di scarico principale con PVC tees per le linee di scarico orizzontali dalle vasche dei pesci. </li><li> Tappare le &quot;linee di scarico orizzontali con 2&quot; 2 cap PVC. </li><li> Prime e cementare i pezzi con gli accessori necessari (connettori, capezzoli o gomiti). </li></ol> 6. Costruire le vasche dei pesci (Figura 3). <ol><li> Con il trapano, tagliare un &quot;foro posteriore del serbatoio di pesce 1&quot; 1 1/8 sotto il bordo superiore con una sega a tazza. </li><li&gt; Infilare un ¾ &quot;adattatore maschio filettato PVC (con # 18 O anello attaccato) attraverso il foro (dall&#39;interno della vasca verso l&#39;esterno). </li><li> Applicare e stringere a 90 gradi 3/4 &#39;filettato gomito PVC all&#39;adattatore maschio per creare il tubo di scarico serbatoio di pesce. Aggiungere un pezzo di maglia fine prima di avvitare il dado di partecipazione per evitare zebrafish passare attraverso il sistema di scarico. </li><li> Posizionare il serbatoio di pesce con la sua fine tubo di scarico nello spazio aperto della linea di drenaggio dietro i carri armati </li></ol> 7. Avvio del sistema idrico <ol><li> In più contenitori, come quello utilizzato per il serbatoio, misurare tre volte la quantità di acqua contenuta all&#39;interno del sistema. Lasciare riposare l&#39;acqua a temperatura ambiente per condizionamento per 48 h. </li><li> Aggiungere acqua al sistema e lasciare circolare per un minimo di 3 giorni. <ol><li> Cambiare l&#39;acqua nel sistema vigorosamente durante i primi 3 giorni di circolazione al fine di liberare il sistema di contaminanti that risiedono all&#39;interno dei tubi. </li></ol></li><li> Aggiungere zebrafish avviamento e consentire al ciclo dell&#39;azoto per ottenere stabilito. Normalizzare il pH di un coerente 7. Tenere sette zebrafish per 1.8 L, e dar loro da mangiare due volte al giorno durante la settimana e una volta al giorno durante i fine settimana, come suggerito da LiNbO 4 e 6 McNabb. </li><li> Monitorare il nitrato (&lt;75 mg / l), nitriti (&lt;10 mg / l), e di ammonio (0 mg / L) al giorno durante la prima settimana dopo l&#39;aggiunta di pesce, e livelli di due volte a settimana, una volta desiderati sono stati mantenuti con cambi d&#39;acqua regolari . </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Detrich, H., Westerfield, M., Zon, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Zebrafish: Cellular and Developmental Biology, Part A.. , (2010).</li><li>Grim, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hemogen+(hemgn),+a+transcription+factor+that+regulates+erythropoiesis+and+skeletogenesis+in+zebrafish.">Hemogen (hemgn), a transcription factor that regulates erythropoiesis and skeletogenesis in zebrafish.</a> , (2013).</li><li>Kim, S., Carlson, R., Zafreen, L., Rajpurohit, S. K., Jagadeeswaran, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modular,+easy-to-assemble,+low-cost+facility.">Modular, easy-to-assemble, low-cost facility.</a> Zebrafish. 6 (3), 269-274 (2009).</li><li>Linbo, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zebrafish+(Danio+rerio)+husbandry+and+colony+maintenance+at+the+Northwest+Fisheries+Science+Center.">Zebrafish (Danio rerio) husbandry and colony maintenance at the Northwest Fisheries Science Center.</a> U.S. Dept. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. 62, (2009).</li><li>Avdesh, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regular+care+and+maintenance+of+a+zebrafish+(Danio+rerio)+laboratory:+an+introduction.">Regular care and maintenance of a zebrafish (Danio rerio) laboratory: an introduction.</a> J Vis Exp. 69, 4196 (2012).</li><li>McNabb, A., Scott, K., Ochsenstein, E., Seufert, K., Carl, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Don't+be+afraid+to+set+up+your+fish+facility.">Don't be afraid to set up your fish facility.</a> Zebrafish. 9 (3), 120-125 (2012).</li><li>Garcia, R. L., Sanders, G. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficacy+of+cleaning+and+disinfection+procedures+in+a+zebrafish+rerio)+facility.">Efficacy of cleaning and disinfection procedures in a zebrafish rerio) facility.</a> J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 50 (6), 895-900 (2011).</li><li>Rivas-Boyero, A. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pharmacological+characterization+of+a+nociceptin+receptor+from+zebrafish+(Danio+rerio).">Pharmacological characterization of a nociceptin receptor from zebrafish (Danio rerio).</a> J Mol Endocrinol. 46 (2), 111-123 (2011).</li><li>Sanchez-Simon, F. M., Zhang, X. X., Loh, H. H., Law, P. Y., Rodriguez, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphine+regulates+dopaminergic+neuron+differentiation+via+miR-133b.">Morphine regulates dopaminergic neuron differentiation via miR-133b.</a> Mol Pharmacol. 78 (5), 935-942 (2010).</li><li>Velasco, E. M., Law, P. Y., Rodr&#237;guez, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mu+opioid+from+the+zebrafish+exhibits+functional+characteristics+as+those+of+mammalian+mu+opioid+receptor.">Mu opioid from the zebrafish exhibits functional characteristics as those of mammalian mu opioid receptor.</a> Zebrafish. 6 (3), 259-268 (2009).</li></ol>

Gli autori dichiarano assenza di conflitto di interesse per questo lavoro.

Lo scopo principale di questo articolo è quello di dimostrare che la costruzione di un impianto di zebrafish funzionale non è complicato e può essere costruito da ricercatori di pesce alle prime armi con il minimo della conoscenza costruzione. Inoltre, questo articolo dimostra che i materiali di questo strumento zebrafish funzionale possono essere acquistate facilmente e conveniente nei negozi di animali da compagnia locali o negozi di ferramenta. Una volta che tutti i materiali e gli strumenti sono stati acquisiti l...

In vivo modelli sono essenziali nel condurre ricerca biomedica completa poiché permettono nella ricerca vitro da tradurre a livello di sistema e organismal. Ad esempio, la ricerca con piccoli mammiferi, ovvero roditori, è stato dimostrato necessario lo sviluppo di farmaci e nel miglioramento di farmaci disponibili. Tuttavia, la complessità (finanziariamente e logisticamente) potrebbe rendere praticamente impossibile costruire e mantenere strutture di roditori per la sperimentazione si propone in ricerca di piccole istituzioni accademiche. Tuttavia, in vivo ricerca può essere eseguita utilizzando altre specie animali che richiedono meno elaborati logistica. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) sono stati utilizzati con successo come un modello in vivo per studiare la genetica, lo sviluppo, fisiopatologia e farmacologia 1,2,10,11,12. Le strutture necessarie per ospitare zebrafish per la sperimentazione sono relativamente semplici e molto meno costoso rispetto a rstrutture Odent. Kim et al. 3 hanno recentemente descritto in dettaglio un sistema di alloggiamento zebrafish 80 serbatoio che può essere costruito per circa 1.500 dollari, che include entrambe le parti e il costo del lavoro. Ciò è in netto contrasto con la quasi 8.500 dollari che sarebbe necessario per l&#39;acquisto di un sistema di 80 tank ready-made da qualsiasi numero di fornitori commerciali. Tuttavia, la descrizione data da Kim et al. può essere complicato e difficile da seguire per i novizi di ricerca di pesce. Noi crediamo che un impianto zebrafish può essere costruito in maniera semplificata per un investimento di 1.500 dollari. La creazione di una struttura in vivo alle piccole istituzioni accademiche fornisce loro facoltà un ulteriore strumento con cui produrre ricerca più potente e completa. I dati in vitro supportati da in vivo risultati generalmente produrre ricerca biomedica più completo rispetto ai dati ottenuti utilizzando solo metodi in vitro. Pertanto, larealizzazione di un centro di ricerca in vivo migliorerà in modo significativo il successo dell&#39;istituzione nei suoi sforzi globali di ricerca (esposizione studente alla ricerca, pubblicazioni, comunicazioni, ricerca di finanziamenti esterni, ecc.). La costruzione di un impianto di Zebrafish come quella descritta in questo studio è l&#39;ideale per la ricerca istituzioni accademiche con servizi limitati (o istituzioni senza in vivo strutture di ricerca) durante costrizione financial times.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Item</td>
			<td>Brand</td>
			<td>Quantity</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>74-in H x 48-in W x 18-in D 5-shelf Steel Freestanding Shelving Unit</td>
			<td>Style Selections</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>18-Gallon General Bucket/Tote</td>
			<td>Centrex Plastics: LLC&#160;Rugged Tote</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-Outlet Power Strip With 15-Ft. Cord</td>
			<td>Master Electrician</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>9-Watt UV Water Garden Clarifier FiIter and UV lamp</td>
			<td>Smartpond&#160;</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Whole House Water Replacement Filter</td>
			<td>Whirlpool</td>
			<td>6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Opaque Whole-House Pre-Filtration Housing</td>
			<td>Whirlpool</td>
			<td>2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thread Seal Tape</td>
			<td>William H Harvey</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8-fl oz LO-VOC PVC Cement</td>
			<td>Oatey&#160;</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8-fl oz LO-VOC Primer</td>
			<td>Oatey&#160;</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1/4-in x 100-ft Vinyl Drip Irrigation Distribution Tubing</td>
			<td>Mister Landscaper&#160;</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1/4-in Barbed Drip Irrigation On/Off Valve</td>
			<td>Mister Landscaper</td>
			<td>33</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>9-Port NPT Irrigation Manifold with Filter</td>
			<td>&#160;Mister Landscaper</td>
			<td>6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drop-In Filter with House&#160;</td>
			<td>Whirlpool</td>
			<td>6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-in Dia 90-Degree PVC Elbow</td>
			<td>LASCO</td>
			<td>3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-in Dia 90-Degree Tee</td>
			<td>LASCO</td>
			<td>3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3/4-in Dia 90-Degree Slip Elbow</td>
			<td>LASCO</td>
			<td>15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3/4-in Dia PVC Adapter</td>
			<td>LASCO</td>
			<td>7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3/4-in Dia PVC Tee</td>
			<td>LASCO</td>
			<td>12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-in Dia PVC Cap</td>
			<td>LASCO</td>
			<td>3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1-in Dia x 3/4-in Dia PVC Adapter</td>
			<td>LASCO</td>
			<td>2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3/4-in PVC Socket In-Line Ball Valve</td>
			<td>American Valve</td>
			<td>5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1/2-in Dia x 3/4-in Dia PVC Adapter</td>
			<td>Lasco</td>
			<td>8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3/4-in Dia PVC Cap</td>
			<td>Lasco</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-In x 5-Ft Pvc Pipe</td>
			<td>Charlotte Pipe</td>
			<td>4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#190;-In x 10-Ft Pvc pipe</td>
			<td>Charlotte Pipe</td>
			<td>3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>11/16x1-7/80 PVC ring</td>
			<td>SXT</td>
			<td>10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#189;&#8221; PVC male adapter</td>
			<td>SXT</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#190;&#8221; PVC coupling&#160;</td>
			<td>SXT</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#189;&#8221; PVC female adapter&#160;</td>
			<td>SXT</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>link</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.8 L Dual Beta Keeper</td>
			<td>Top Fin</td>
			<td>27</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#190;&#8221; PVC male adapter (w/ #18 O-ring)</td>
			<td>SXT</td>
			<td>28</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>90-degree &#190;&#8221; threaded PVC elbow</td>
			<td>SXT</td>
			<td>27</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine Mesh</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>1 yard</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bulkhead Connector</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hacksaw</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drill</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hole saw</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adjustable Wrench</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pliers&#160;</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tape Measure</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Safety Glasses</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Work Gloves</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

construction of an affordable and easy-to-build zebrafish facility

In vivo la ricerca biomedica è fondamentale per tradurre in risultati in vitro in progressi clinici. Piccole istituzioni accademiche con risorse limitate trovano praticamente impossibile costruire e mantenere strutture tipiche di roditori per la ricerca. Ricerca Zebrafish ha dimostrato di essere una valida alternativa per la ricerca in vivo in farmacologia, fisiologia, sviluppo e studi genetici. Questo articolo dimostra che un impianto di zebrafish funzionale può essere costruito in modo facile e conveniente. Abbiamo dimostrato che un tale impianto potrebbe essere costruito in circa un giorno di lavoro con gli strumenti minimi e competenze. Il costo del serbatoio di pesce facility zebrafish 27 1.8 L costruito in questo studio è stato di circa $ 1.500. Stimiamo che il mantenimento di un primo lavoro di 150 colonie di pesci per 3 mesi è di $ 1.000. Il progetto ha coinvolto gli studenti, che sono stati introdotti per aquaculturing di zebrafish per la ricerca propone.

La costruzione del sistema di pompa e fltri Una volta che il rack è assemblato e configurato il primo passo è quello di costruire il sistema di pompa e filtro. I filtri sono collegati al sistema di pompa e si trovano al di sopra del livello inferiore del primo ripiano, che consente una facile manutenzione e sostituzione del filtro. Analogamente, la lampada UV è collegato con il tubo di PVC al filtro e tenuto in posizione con fascette di plastica per permettere una facile sostituzione della lampada UV ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Construction of an Affordable and Easy-to-Build Zebrafish Facility at JoVE.com

Construction of an Affordable and Easy-to-Build Zebrafish Facility

A Zebrafish facility suitable for breeding and in vivo research is built in an easy and affordable manner. Maintenance is minimal. This facility is ideal for student involvement and independent research.

Costruzione di una build di facile strumento Zebrafish Affordable e

In vivo biomedical research is pivotal to translate in vitro findings into clinical advances. Small academic institutions with limited resources find it ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

16.2K Views.  Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy. A Zebrafish facility suitable for breeding and in vivo research is built in an easy and affordable manner. Maintenance is minimal. This facility is ideal for student involvement and independent research.

Video: Construction of an Affordable and Easy-to-Build Zebrafish Facility

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models. This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, treatment of cancer via oral delivery of drugs, and monitoring of tumor cell behavior in response to drug treatment in real time using in vivo imaging system. In this orthotopic model, ovarian tumor cells expressing luciferase are applied topically by injecting them directly into the mouse bursa where each ovary is enclosed. Upon injection of D-luciferin, a substrate of firefly luciferase, luciferase-expressing cells generate bioluminescence signals. This signal is detected by the in vivo imaging system and allows for a non-invasive means of monitoring tumor growth, distribution, and regression in individual animals. Drug administration via oral gavage allows for a maximum dosing volume of 10 mL/kg body weight to be delivered directly to the stomach and closely resembles delivery of drugs in clinical treatments. Therefore, techniques described here, development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, oral delivery of drugs, and in vivo imaging, are useful for better understanding of human ovarian cancer and treatment and will improve targeting this disease.

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Orthotopic animal models of ovarian cancer replicate better human disease and therefore enhance our understanding of cancer progression and tumor response to therapy. A mouse model receives an intrabursal injection of luciferase-expressing ovarian tumor cells. Treatment is administered via oral gavage. Tumor growth is monitored by in vivo imaging system.

Imaging in vivo e trattamenti terapeutici in un modello di mouse ortotopico di cancro ovarico

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models.  This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model ...

Ricerca

Biologia

Imaging Glycans in Zebrafish Embryos by Metabolic Labeling and Bioorthogonal Click Chemistry

Imaging glycans in vivo has recently been enabled using a bioorthogonal chemical reporter strategy by treating cells or organisms with azide- or alkyne-tagged monosaccharides1, 2. The modified monosaccharides, processed by the glycan biosynthetic machinery, are incorporated into cell surface glycoconjugates. The bioorthogonal azide or alkyne tags then allow covalent conjugation with fluorescent probes for visualization, or with affinity probes for enrichment and glycoproteomic analysis. This protocol describes the procedures typically used for noninvasive imaging of fucosylated glycans in zebrafish embryos, including: 1) microinjection of one-cell stage embryos with GDP-5-alkynylfucose (GDP-FucAl), 2) labeling fucosylated glycans in the enveloping layer of zebrafish embryos with azide-conjugated fluorophores via biocompatible Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), and 3) imaging by confocal microscopy3. The method described here can be readily extended to visualize other classes of glycans, e.g. glycans containing sialic acid4 and N-acetylgalactosamine5, 6, in developing zebrafish and in other living organisms.

A click-chemistry based method that allows for the rapid, noninvasive, and robust labeling of alkyne-tagged glycans in zebrafish embryos is described. Fucosylated glycans in the enveloping layer of zebrafish embryos in the late gastrulation stage were imaged in this study.

Glicani Imaging in embrioni di zebrafish con marcatura metabolica e Chimica Clicca Bioorthogonal

Imaging glycans in vivo has recently been enabled using a bioorthogonal chemical reporter strategy by treating cells or organisms with azide- or ...

In vivo Electroporation of Morpholinos into the Adult Zebrafish Retina

Many devastating inherited eye diseases result in progressive and irreversible blindness because humans cannot regenerate dying or diseased retinal neurons. In contrast, the adult zebrafish retina possesses the robust ability to spontaneously regenerate any neuronal class that is lost in a variety of different retinal damage models, including retinal puncture, chemical ablation, concentrated high temperature, and intense light treatment 1-8. Our lab extensively characterized regeneration of photoreceptors following constant intense light treatment and inner retinal neurons after intravitreal ouabain injection 2, 5, 9. In all cases, resident M&uuml;ller glia re-enter the cell cycle to produce neuronal progenitors, which continue to proliferate and migrate to the proper retinal layer, where they differentiate into the deficient neurons. 
	We characterized five different stages during regeneration of the light-damaged retina that were highlighted by specific cellular responses. We identified several differentially expressed genes at each stage of retinal regeneration by mRNA microarray analysis 10. Many of these genes are also critical for ocular development. To test the role of each candidate gene/protein during retinal regeneration, we needed to develop a method to conditionally limit the expression of a candidate protein only at times during regeneration of the adult retina. 
	Morpholino oligos are widely used to study loss of function of specific proteins during the development of zebrafish, Xenopus, chick, mouse, and tumors in human xenografts 11-14. These modified oligos basepair with complementary RNA sequence to either block the splicing or translation of the target RNA. Morpholinos are stable in the cell and can eliminate or "knockdown" protein expression for three to five days 12. 
	Here, we describe a method to efficiently knockdown target protein expression in the adult zebrafish retina. This method employs lissamine-tagged antisense morpholinos that are injected into the vitreous of the adult zebrafish eye. Using electrode forceps, the morpholino is then electroporated into all the cell types of the dorsal and central retina. Lissamine provides the charge on the morpholino for electroporation and can be visualized to assess the presence of the morpholino in the retinal cells. 
	Conditional knockdown in the retina can be used to examine the role of specific proteins at different times during regeneration. Additionally, this approach can be used to study the role of specific proteins in the undamaged retina, in such processes as visual transduction and visual processing in second order neurons.

In vivo Electroporation of Morpholinos into the Adult Zebrafish Retina

A method to conditionally knockdown a target protein&#x2019;s expression in the adult zebrafish retina is described, which involves intravitreally injecting antisense morpholinos and electroporating them into the retina. The resulting protein is knocked down for several days, which allows testing the protein&#x2019;s role in the regenerating or intact retina.

In elettroporazione in vivo dei Morpholinos nella retina Zebrafish per adulti

Many devastating inherited eye diseases result in progressive and irreversible blindness because humans cannot regenerate dying or diseased retinal ...

In vivo Electroporation of Morpholinos into the Regenerating Adult Zebrafish Tail Fin

Certain species of urodeles and teleost fish can regenerate their tissues. Zebrafish have become a widely used model to study the spontaneous regeneration of adult tissues, such as the heart1, retina2, spinal cord3, optic nerve4, sensory hair cells5, and fins6.
The zebrafish fin is a relatively simple appendage that is easily manipulated to study multiple stages in epimorphic regeneration. Classically, fin regeneration was characterized by three distinct stages: wound healing, blastema formation, and fin outgrowth. After amputating part of the fin, the surrounding epithelium proliferates and migrates over the wound. At 33 &deg;C, this process occurs within six hours post-amputation (hpa, Figure 1B)6,7. Next, underlying cells from different lineages (ex. bone, blood, glia, fibroblast) re-enter the cell cycle to form a proliferative blastema, while the overlying epidermis continues to proliferate (Figure 1D)8. Outgrowth occurs as cells proximal to the blastema re-differentiate into their respective lineages to form new tissue (Figure 1E)8. Depending on the level of the amputation, full regeneration is completed in a week to a month.
The expression of a large number of gene families, including wnt, hox, fgf, msx, retinoic acid, shh, notch, bmp, and activin-betaA genes, is up-regulated during specific stages of fin regeneration9-16. However, the roles of these genes and their encoded proteins during regeneration have been difficult to assess, unless a specific inhibitor for the protein exists13, a temperature-sensitive mutant exists or a transgenic animal (either overexpressing the wild-type protein or a dominant-negative protein) was generated7,12. We developed a reverse genetic technique to quickly and easily test the function of any gene during fin regeneration.
Morpholino oligonucleotides are widely used to study loss of specific proteins during zebrafish, Xenopus, chick, and mouse development17-19. Morpholinos basepair with a complementary RNA sequence to either block pre-mRNA splicing or mRNA translation. We describe a method to efficiently introduce fluorescein-tagged antisense morpholinos into regenerating zebrafish fins to knockdown expression of the target protein. The morpholino is micro-injected into each blastema of the regenerating zebrafish tail fin and electroporated into the surrounding cells. Fluorescein provides the charge to electroporate the morpholino and to visualize the morpholino in the fin tissue.
This protocol permits conditional protein knockdown to examine the role of specific proteins during regenerative fin outgrowth. In the Discussion, we describe how this approach can be adapted to study the role of specific proteins during wound healing or blastema formation, as well as a potential marker of cell migration during blastema formation.

In vivo Electroporation of Morpholinos into the Regenerating Adult Zebrafish Tail Fin

We describe a method to conditionally knockdown the expression of a target protein during adult zebrafish fin regeneration. This technique involves micro-injecting and electroporating antisense oligonucleotide morpholinos into fin tissue, which allows testing the protein&#x2019;s role in various stages of fin regeneration, including wound healing, blastema formation, and regenerative outgrowth.

In elettroporazione in vivo di Morpholinos nella Adult Regenerating Zebrafish Tail Fin

Certain species of urodeles and teleost fish can regenerate their tissues. Zebrafish have become a widely used model to study the spontaneous regeneration ...

Regular Care and Maintenance of a Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Laboratory: An Introduction

This protocol describes regular care and maintenance of a zebrafish laboratory. Zebrafish are now gaining popularity in genetics, pharmacological and behavioural research. As a vertebrate, zebrafish share considerable genetic sequence similarity with humans and are being used as an animal model for various human disease conditions. The advantages of zebrafish in comparison to other common vertebrate models include high fecundity, low maintenance cost, transparent embryos, and rapid development. Due to the spur of interest in zebrafish research, the need to establish and maintain a productive zebrafish housing facility is also increasing. Although literature is available for the maintenance of a zebrafish laboratory, a concise video protocol is lacking. This video illustrates the protocol for regular housing, feeding, breeding and raising of zebrafish larvae. This process will help researchers to understand the natural behaviour and optimal conditions of zebrafish husbandry and hence troubleshoot experimental issues that originate from the fish husbandry conditions. This protocol will be of immense help to researchers planning to establish a zebrafish laboratory, and also to graduate students who are intending to use zebrafish as an animal model.

Regular Care and Maintenance of a Zebrafish Danio rerio Laboratory: An Introduction

This protocol outlines regular maintenance and care to maintain optimal conditions for zebrafish husbandry. The video illustrates the protocol for system maintenance, regular housing, feeding, breeding, and raising of zebrafish larvae.

Cura e manutenzione periodiche di Zebrafish (<em&gt; Danio rerio</em&gt;) Laboratorio: Introduzione

This protocol describes regular care and maintenance of a zebrafish laboratory. Zebrafish are now gaining popularity in genetics, pharmacological and ...

Using an Automated 3D-tracking System to Record Individual and Shoals of Adult Zebrafish

Like many aquatic animals, zebrafish (Danio rerio) moves in a 3D space. It is thus preferable to use a 3D recording system to study its behavior. The presented automatic video tracking system accomplishes this by using a mirror system and a calibration procedure that corrects for the considerable error introduced by the transition of light from water to air. With this system it is possible to record both single and groups of adult zebrafish. Before use, the system has to be calibrated. The system consists of three modules: Recording, Path Reconstruction, and Data Processing. The step-by-step protocols for calibration and using the three modules are presented. Depending on the experimental setup, the system can be used for testing neophobia, white aversion, social cohesion, motor impairments, novel object exploration etc. It is especially promising as a first-step tool to study the effects of drugs or mutations on basic behavioral patterns. The system provides information about vertical and horizontal distribution of the zebrafish, about the xyz-components of kinematic parameters (such as locomotion, velocity, acceleration, and turning angle) and it provides the data necessary to calculate parameters for social cohesions when testing shoals.

The use of a 3D automatic video system that can track individual and groups of zebrafish is described. As application example we explore the effects of the NMDA-receptor antagonist MK-801 on shoals of zebrafish.

Like many aquatic animals, zebrafish (Danio rerio) moves in a 3D space. It is thus preferable to use a 3D recording system to study its behavior. The ...

Rapid and Efficient Zebrafish Genotyping Using PCR with High-resolution Melt Analysis

Zebrafish is a powerful vertebrate model system for studying development, modeling disease, and performing drug screening. Recently a variety of genetic tools have been introduced, including multiple strategies for inducing mutations and generating transgenic lines. However, large-scale screening is limited by traditional genotyping methods, which are time-consuming and labor-intensive. Here we describe a technique to analyze zebrafish genotypes by PCR combined with high-resolution melting analysis (HRMA).&#160;This approach is rapid, sensitive, and inexpensive, with lower risk of contamination artifacts.&#160;Genotyping by PCR with HRMA can be used for embryos or adult fish, including in high-throughput screening protocols.

PCR combined with high-resolution melt analysis (HRMA) is demonstrated as a rapid and efficient method to genotype zebrafish.

Rapido ed efficiente Zebrafish genotipizzazione Uso PCR con ad alta risoluzione Melt Analysis

Zebrafish is a powerful vertebrate model system for studying development, modeling disease, and performing drug screening. Recently a variety of genetic ...

An Assay for Lateral Line Regeneration in Adult Zebrafish

Due to the clinical importance of hearing and balance disorders in man, model organisms such as the zebrafish have been used to study lateral line development and regeneration. The zebrafish is particularly attractive for such studies because of its rapid development time and its high regenerative capacity. To date, zebrafish studies of lateral line regeneration have mainly utilized fish of the embryonic and larval stages because of the lower number of neuromasts at these stages. This has made quantitative analysis of lateral line regeneration/and or development easier in the earlier developmental stages. Because many zebrafish models of neurological and non-neurological diseases are studied in the adult fish and not in the embryo/larvae, we focused on developing a quantitative lateral line regenerative assay in adult zebrafish so that an assay was available that could be applied to current adult zebrafish disease models. Building on previous studies by Van Trump et al.17&#160;that described procedures for ablation of hair cells in adult Mexican blind cave fish and zebrafish (Danio rerio), our assay was designed to allow quantitative comparison between control and experimental groups. This was accomplished by developing a regenerative neuromast standard curve based on the percent of neuromast reappearance over a 24 hr time period following gentamicin-induced necrosis of hair cells in a defined region of the lateral line. The assay was also designed to allow extension of the analysis to the individual hair cell level when a higher level of resolution is required.

Because many zebrafish models of neurological and non-neurological diseases are studied in the adult fish rather than the embryo/larvae, we developed a quantitative lateral line regenerative assay that can be applied to adult zebrafish disease models. The assay involved resolution at the 1) neuromast and 2) individual hair cell levels.

Un test per Lateral Rigenerazione Line in Zebrafish adulti

Due to the clinical importance of hearing and balance disorders in man, model organisms such as the zebrafish have been used to study lateral line ...

Subcloning Plus Insertion (SPI) - A Novel Recombineering Method for the Rapid Construction of Gene Targeting Vectors

Gene targeting refers to the precise modification of a genetic locus using homologous recombination. The generation of novel cell lines and transgenic mouse models using this method necessitates the construction of a &#8216;targeting&#8217; vector, which contains homologous DNA sequences to the target gene, and has for many years been a limiting step in the process. Vector construction can be performed in vivo in Escherichia coli cells using homologous recombination mediated by phage recombinases using a technique termed recombineering. Recombineering is the preferred technique to subclone the long homology sequences (>4kb) and various targeting elements including selection markers that are required to mediate efficient allelic exchange between a targeting vector and its cognate genomic locus. Typical recombineering protocols follow an iterative scheme of step-wise integration of the targeting elements and require intermediate purification and transformation steps. Here, we present a novel recombineering methodology of vector assembly using a multiplex approach. Plasmid gap repair is performed by the simultaneous capture of genomic sequence from mouse Bacterial Artificial Chromosome libraries and the insertion of dual bacterial and mammalian selection markers. This subcloning plus insertion method is highly efficient and yields a majority of correct recombinants. We present data for the construction of different types of conditional gene knockout, or knock-in, vectors and BAC reporter vectors that have been constructed using this method. SPI vector construction greatly extends the repertoire of the recombineering toolbox and provides a simple, rapid and cost-effective method of constructing these highly complex vectors.

Subcloning Plus Insertion SPI - A Novel Recombineering Method for the Rapid Construction of Gene Targeting Vectors

Gene targeting methodologies can be used to generate transgenic mice with knockout, knock-in and tagged alleles. Here, we describe an improved method of recombineering in E. coli, that we term &#8216;subcloning plus insertion&#8217;, which can be used to generate custom gene targeting vectors rapidly.

Subcloning più Insertion (SPI) - A Novel Metodo recombineering per la costruzione rapida di gene targeting Vettori

Gene targeting refers to the precise modification of a genetic locus using homologous recombination. The generation of novel cell lines and transgenic ...

Nephrotoxin Microinjection in Zebrafish to Model Acute Kidney Injury

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid decline in renal function and development of the clinical syndrome known as acute kidney injury (AKI). Pharmacological agents used to treat medical circumstances ranging from bacterial infection to cancer, when administered individually or in combination with other drugs, can initiate AKI. Zebrafish are a useful animal model to study the chemical effects on renal function in vivo, as they form an embryonic kidney comprised of nephron functional units that are conserved with higher vertebrates, including humans. Further, zebrafish can be utilized to perform genetic and chemical screens, which provide opportunities to elucidate the cellular and molecular facets of AKI and develop therapeutic strategies such as the identification of nephroprotective molecules. Here, we demonstrate how microinjection into the zebrafish embryo can be utilized as a paradigm for nephrotoxin studies.

Renal injuries incurred from nephrotoxins, which include drugs ranging from antibiotics to chemotherapeutics, can result in complex disorders whose pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. This protocol demonstrates how zebrafish can be used for disease modeling of these conditions, which can be applied to the identification of renoprotective measures.

Nefrotossina microiniezione in Zebrafish per creare un modello danno renale acuto

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid ...