Os autores gostariam de agradecer ao Instituto de Investigação de Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy para apoio financeiro deste projecto através dos Prêmios pequena farmácia de Investigação &amp; Collaboration (SPARC) Award. Os autores agradecem ao Sr. John Smink, Gerente do Laboratório de Pesquisa de Animais Aquáticos da Universidade Clemson, Clemson, SC por sua técnica de revisão assistência manuscrito.

NOTA: Estes protocolos seguir as orientações do IACUC de Presbyterian College. 1. Materiais Adquirir listadas na Tabela 1. 2. Monte a 5 Shelf Chrome De acordo com as instruções do fabricante. Este será utilizado para abrigar o mecanismo. 3. Construa o reservatório de água e sistema de filtração (Figuras 1 e 2). <ol><li> Usando a Figura 1A como um guia, o layout do balde de 18 litros, bomba, filtros e lâmpada UV para determinar a localização da instalação final e tamanho. </li><li> Uma vez que as peças são colocadas para fora, medir e cortar o tubo de PVC ¾ &quot;para o comprimento necessário para a montagem. Variar os comprimentos de todas as tubulações de acordo com as necessidades e limitações de espaço específicos. </li><li> Montar os tubos e acessórios, como previsto anteriormente usando o primer PVC e cimento, veja abaixo (3.3.2 e 3.3.3). <ol><li> Lixe as bordas do corte do tubo com uma lixa até que eles são suaves ao toque de umd não há restos. </li><li> Primeiro o lado de fora do tubo e o interior do acessório com o iniciador de PVC comprado com o cotonete incluídos a partir do iniciador de PVC. </li><li> Cimento e o tubo de montagem em conjunto aplicando o cimento de PVC para o exterior do tubo usando o cotonete incluídos. Repita o procedimento para todas as etapas que precisam cimentação PVC. </li><li> Coloque o balde 18 litros de um dos lados da construção de prateleira. </li><li> Instalar um conector de anteparo do lado do reservatório. </li><li> Anexar um tubo de PVC de ¾ &quot;da antepara. </li><li> Conecte a outra extremidade do ¾ &quot;tubo para a entrada da bomba usando um ¾&quot; com rosca fazer um encaixe. </li><li> Conecte-se os filtros para a bomba usando dois cotovelos de 90 graus e ¾ &quot;tubo de PVC. <ol><li> Use um filtro de papel seguido por um filtro de carvão ativado para filtrar os detritos e reduzir os níveis de cloro e produtos químicos na água. </li></ol></li><li> Ligue a lâmpada UV ao accordi filtrosng a instruções do fabricante. </li></ol></li><li> Ligar a bomba e um sistema de filtro para o lado de cima da primeira prateleira do bastidor utilizando laços de arame. Varie a ordem da montagem e fixação de acordo com o tamanho e layout da prateleira / cremalheira escolhido. </li><li> Adicionar 1 BioBall por galão de água para o reservatório de água quando a bomba e do sistema de filtro são montados e ligados à prateleira. </li></ol> 4. Construa a principal linha de alimentação (Figuras 1B e 2). <ol><li> Meça e corte um pedaço de ¾ &quot;tubo de PVC para ligar a lâmpada UV para a alimentação principal </li><li> Use um &quot;tee PVC para iniciar a linha de alimentação principal, ligando o tee ao ¾&quot; ¾ de escape PVC vindo do filtro UV. . <ol><li> Adicionar uma válvula on-off para o fundo do T do PVC para servir como um dreno para a lavagem de manutenção do sistema. </li><li> Comece a principal linha de abastecimento a partir do topo do ¾ &quot;tee PVC, medindo e corte ¾&quot; PVCtubo com o comprimento desejado para proporcionar tubos de alimentação para cada uma das prateleiras na cremalheira. </li><li> Instale ¾ &quot;tees de PVC para as linhas horizontais que entrarão cada prateleira do rack. </li><li> Opcionalmente (e sugeriu), adicionar uma ¾ &quot;on-off válvula para cada linha de fornecimento de prateleira para permitir o isolamento de cada prateleira e um design modular do sistema. </li></ol></li><li> Use um tubo de PVC de ¾ &quot;como uma redução da pressão de linha na prateleira de cima. Se esta linha passa sobre a parte de trás da prateleira, prateleira para usar este armazenamento. Terminar a redução de pressão de linha na linha de escape principal (Figura 1B) com um ¾ &quot;válvula de ligar-desligar. </li><li> Uma vez que os passos acima foram concluídos, prime e cimentar o tubo de PVC em conjunto, como feito anteriormente, quando a construção do sistema de reservatório e filtração. </li></ol> 5. Construa a principal linha de escape (Figuras 1C e 2). <ol><li> Executar o comprimento vertical da linha de escape principal para o outro lado da cremalheira from da linha de alimentação principal. Use um tubo de 2 &quot;PVC para esta linha vertical para receber a linha de alimentação principal para as linhas de topo e de drenagem dos tanques de peixes de cada prateleira. </li><li> Corte os pedaços de 2 &quot;tubo de PVC para a linha de escape principal vertical e usar 2&quot; tees PVC para receber as linhas de drenagem do tanque de peixes de cada prateleira. Termine a linha de escape principal no tanque de estoque para expelir a água reciclada por um filtro de esponja. </li><li> Corte uma abertura de uma polegada de todo o comprimento dos dois &quot;pedaços de tubos de PVC e anexar a linha de escape principal vertical com PVC t-shirt para as linhas horizontais de drenagem dos tanques de peixe. </li><li> Tampe as duas &quot;linhas de drenagem horizontais com um 2&quot; cap PVC. </li><li> Prime e cimentar as peças usando os acessórios necessários (conectores, mamilos ou cotovelos). </li></ol> 6. Construir os tanques de peixes (Figura 3). <ol><li> Com a perfuração, corte um &quot;furo na parte de trás do tanque de peixes 1&quot; 1 1/8 abaixo da borda superior com uma serra craniana. </li><li&gt; Deslize um ¾ &quot;PVC adaptador macho roscada (com um O-ring # 18 em anexo) através do orifício (a partir do interior do tanque para o exterior). </li><li> Encaixe e aperte a 90 graus 3/4 &quot;rosca cotovelo PVC ao adaptador macho para criar o tubo de escape do tanque de peixes. Adicionar um pedaço de malha fina antes de aparafusar a porca de fixação para evitar peixe-zebra passar pelo sistema de escape. </li><li> Coloque o tanque de peixes com seu final do tubo de escape para o espaço aberto da linha de drenagem atrás dos tanques </li></ol> 7. A partir do sistema de água <ol><li> Em vários recipientes, tais como a utilizada para o reservatório, medida três vezes a quantidade de água contida no interior do sistema. Deixe que esta água repousar à temperatura ambiente para o condicionamento durante 48 horas. </li><li> Adicionar água para o sistema e deixá-lo circular durante um período mínimo de 3 dias. <ol><li> Mudar a água no sistema vigorosamente durante os primeiros 3 dias de circulação, a fim de libertar o sistema de contaminantes that residem dentro dos tubos. </li></ol></li><li> Adicionar zebrafish arranque e permitir que o ciclo de nitrogênio para se estabelecer. Normalizar o pH para um consistente 7. Mantenha sete peixe-zebra por 1,8 L, e alimentá-los duas vezes por dia durante a semana e uma vez por dia durante a semana, como sugerido por Linbo 4 e 6 McNabb. </li><li> Monitorar o nitrato de (&lt;75 mg / L), nitrito (&lt;10 mg / L), e de amónio (0 mg / L) por dia durante a primeira semana após a adição de peixe, e duas vezes por semana, uma vez os níveis desejados foram mantidas com as mudanças de água regulares . </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Detrich, H., Westerfield, M., Zon, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Zebrafish: Cellular and Developmental Biology, Part A.. , (2010).</li><li>Grim, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hemogen+(hemgn),+a+transcription+factor+that+regulates+erythropoiesis+and+skeletogenesis+in+zebrafish.">Hemogen (hemgn), a transcription factor that regulates erythropoiesis and skeletogenesis in zebrafish.</a> , (2013).</li><li>Kim, S., Carlson, R., Zafreen, L., Rajpurohit, S. K., Jagadeeswaran, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modular,+easy-to-assemble,+low-cost+facility.">Modular, easy-to-assemble, low-cost facility.</a> Zebrafish. 6 (3), 269-274 (2009).</li><li>Linbo, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zebrafish+(Danio+rerio)+husbandry+and+colony+maintenance+at+the+Northwest+Fisheries+Science+Center.">Zebrafish (Danio rerio) husbandry and colony maintenance at the Northwest Fisheries Science Center.</a> U.S. Dept. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. 62, (2009).</li><li>Avdesh, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regular+care+and+maintenance+of+a+zebrafish+(Danio+rerio)+laboratory:+an+introduction.">Regular care and maintenance of a zebrafish (Danio rerio) laboratory: an introduction.</a> J Vis Exp. 69, 4196 (2012).</li><li>McNabb, A., Scott, K., Ochsenstein, E., Seufert, K., Carl, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Don't+be+afraid+to+set+up+your+fish+facility.">Don't be afraid to set up your fish facility.</a> Zebrafish. 9 (3), 120-125 (2012).</li><li>Garcia, R. L., Sanders, G. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficacy+of+cleaning+and+disinfection+procedures+in+a+zebrafish+rerio)+facility.">Efficacy of cleaning and disinfection procedures in a zebrafish rerio) facility.</a> J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 50 (6), 895-900 (2011).</li><li>Rivas-Boyero, A. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pharmacological+characterization+of+a+nociceptin+receptor+from+zebrafish+(Danio+rerio).">Pharmacological characterization of a nociceptin receptor from zebrafish (Danio rerio).</a> J Mol Endocrinol. 46 (2), 111-123 (2011).</li><li>Sanchez-Simon, F. M., Zhang, X. X., Loh, H. H., Law, P. Y., Rodriguez, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphine+regulates+dopaminergic+neuron+differentiation+via+miR-133b.">Morphine regulates dopaminergic neuron differentiation via miR-133b.</a> Mol Pharmacol. 78 (5), 935-942 (2010).</li><li>Velasco, E. M., Law, P. Y., Rodr&#237;guez, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mu+opioid+from+the+zebrafish+exhibits+functional+characteristics+as+those+of+mammalian+mu+opioid+receptor.">Mu opioid from the zebrafish exhibits functional characteristics as those of mammalian mu opioid receptor.</a> Zebrafish. 6 (3), 259-268 (2009).</li></ol>

Os autores declaram não haver conflitos de interesse para este papel.

O principal objetivo deste artigo é demonstrar que a construção de uma instalação de peixe-zebra funcional não é complicado e pode ser construído por pesquisadores de peixes novatos com conhecimento mínimo de construção. Além disso, este artigo mostra que os materiais para esta facilidade zebrafish funcional pode ser adquirido facilmente e acessível a partir de lojas de pet locais ou lojas de ferragens. Uma vez que todos os materiais e ferramentas foram adquiridos a construção do sistema e os tanques de p...

In vivo modelos são essenciais para a realização de pesquisa biomédica abrangente uma vez que permitem pesquisas in vitro a ser traduzido no nível do sistema e dos organismos. Por exemplo, a investigação com pequenos mamíferos, roedores, ou seja, tem sido necessário o desenvolvimento de fármacos e na melhoria das drogas disponíveis. No entanto, a complexidade (financeiramente e logisticamente) pode fazer com que seja praticamente impossível construir e manter instalações de roedores para a experimentação propõe a pequenas instituições acadêmicas de pesquisa. No entanto, a pesquisa in vivo pode ser realizada utilizando outras espécies de animais que necessitem de logística menos elaborados. Peixe-zebra (Danio rerio) têm sido utilizados com sucesso como um modelo in vivo para o estudo da genética, desenvolvimento, fisiopatologia e farmacologia 1,2,10,11,12. As instalações necessárias para abrigar peixes-zebra para a experimentação são relativamente simples e significativamente menos caro quando comparado a rinstalações Odent. Kim et al. 3 descreveram recentemente em detalhe um tanque de 80 peixes-zebra sistema de habitação que pode ser construído por cerca de US $ 1.500, que inclui ambas as partes e os custos trabalhistas. Isto está em contraste com a quase 8500 dólares que seriam necessários para comprar um sistema de ready-made, 80 tanque de qualquer número de fornecedores comerciais. No entanto, a descrição dada por Kim et al. pode ser complicado e difícil de seguir para os novatos da investigação peixe. Acreditamos que uma instalação de peixe-zebra podem ser construídos de forma simplificada para um investimento de US $ 1.500. A criação de uma facilidade in vivo em pequenas instituições acadêmicas fornece suas faculdades mais uma ferramenta com a qual a produzir pesquisa mais poderoso e completo. Os estudos in vitro apoiados por resultados in vivo geralmente produzem investigação biomédica mais abrangente do que os dados obtidos utilizando apenas nas abordagens in vitro. Portanto, oimplementação de um centro de pesquisa in vivo irá melhorar significativamente o sucesso instituição em seus esforços globais de pesquisa (exposição do estudante com a investigação, publicações, comunicações, a busca de financiamento externo, etc.). A construção de uma unidade de peixe-zebra como o descrito neste estudo é ideal para instituições de pesquisa acadêmicas com recursos limitados (ou instituições sem in vivo centros de pesquisa) durante constrição Financial Times.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Item</td>
			<td>Brand</td>
			<td>Quantity</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>74-in H x 48-in W x 18-in D 5-shelf Steel Freestanding Shelving Unit</td>
			<td>Style Selections</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>18-Gallon General Bucket/Tote</td>
			<td>Centrex Plastics: LLC&#160;Rugged Tote</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-Outlet Power Strip With 15-Ft. Cord</td>
			<td>Master Electrician</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>9-Watt UV Water Garden Clarifier FiIter and UV lamp</td>
			<td>Smartpond&#160;</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Whole House Water Replacement Filter</td>
			<td>Whirlpool</td>
			<td>6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Opaque Whole-House Pre-Filtration Housing</td>
			<td>Whirlpool</td>
			<td>2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thread Seal Tape</td>
			<td>William H Harvey</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8-fl oz LO-VOC PVC Cement</td>
			<td>Oatey&#160;</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8-fl oz LO-VOC Primer</td>
			<td>Oatey&#160;</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1/4-in x 100-ft Vinyl Drip Irrigation Distribution Tubing</td>
			<td>Mister Landscaper&#160;</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1/4-in Barbed Drip Irrigation On/Off Valve</td>
			<td>Mister Landscaper</td>
			<td>33</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>9-Port NPT Irrigation Manifold with Filter</td>
			<td>&#160;Mister Landscaper</td>
			<td>6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drop-In Filter with House&#160;</td>
			<td>Whirlpool</td>
			<td>6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-in Dia 90-Degree PVC Elbow</td>
			<td>LASCO</td>
			<td>3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-in Dia 90-Degree Tee</td>
			<td>LASCO</td>
			<td>3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3/4-in Dia 90-Degree Slip Elbow</td>
			<td>LASCO</td>
			<td>15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3/4-in Dia PVC Adapter</td>
			<td>LASCO</td>
			<td>7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3/4-in Dia PVC Tee</td>
			<td>LASCO</td>
			<td>12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-in Dia PVC Cap</td>
			<td>LASCO</td>
			<td>3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1-in Dia x 3/4-in Dia PVC Adapter</td>
			<td>LASCO</td>
			<td>2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3/4-in PVC Socket In-Line Ball Valve</td>
			<td>American Valve</td>
			<td>5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1/2-in Dia x 3/4-in Dia PVC Adapter</td>
			<td>Lasco</td>
			<td>8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3/4-in Dia PVC Cap</td>
			<td>Lasco</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-In x 5-Ft Pvc Pipe</td>
			<td>Charlotte Pipe</td>
			<td>4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#190;-In x 10-Ft Pvc pipe</td>
			<td>Charlotte Pipe</td>
			<td>3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>11/16x1-7/80 PVC ring</td>
			<td>SXT</td>
			<td>10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#189;&#8221; PVC male adapter</td>
			<td>SXT</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#190;&#8221; PVC coupling&#160;</td>
			<td>SXT</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#189;&#8221; PVC female adapter&#160;</td>
			<td>SXT</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>link</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.8 L Dual Beta Keeper</td>
			<td>Top Fin</td>
			<td>27</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#190;&#8221; PVC male adapter (w/ #18 O-ring)</td>
			<td>SXT</td>
			<td>28</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>90-degree &#190;&#8221; threaded PVC elbow</td>
			<td>SXT</td>
			<td>27</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine Mesh</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>1 yard</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bulkhead Connector</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hacksaw</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drill</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hole saw</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adjustable Wrench</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pliers&#160;</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tape Measure</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Safety Glasses</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Work Gloves</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

construction of an affordable and easy-to-build zebrafish facility

In vivo a pesquisa biomédica é essencial para traduzir em resultados in vitro em avanços clínicos. Pequenas instituições acadêmicas com recursos limitados encontrá-lo virtualmente impossível construir e manter instalações típicas de roedores para a investigação. Zebrafish pesquisa tem demonstrado ser uma alternativa valiosa para a pesquisa in vivo em farmacologia, fisiologia, desenvolvimento e estudos genéticos. Este artigo demonstra que uma instalação de peixe-zebra funcional pode ser construído de uma forma fácil e acessível. Nós demonstramos que esse mecanismo poderia ser construído em cerca de um dia de trabalho com ferramentas e conhecimentos mínimos. O custo dos 27 1.8 L tanque de peixes facilidade zebrafish construído neste estudo foi de aproximadamente US $ 1.500. Estima-se que a manutenção de um trabalho inicial de 150 peixes colônia por 3 meses é de R $ 1.000. Este projecto envolveu alunos, que foram introduzidas para aquaculturing de peixe-zebra para pesquisa propõe.

Construção do sistema de bomba e Flters Uma vez que o rack é montado e criou o primeiro passo é construir o sistema de bomba e filtro. Os filtros são ligados ao sistema de bomba e está localizado acima do nível inferior da primeira prateleira, que permite uma fácil manutenção e de substituição do filtro. Do mesmo modo, a lâmpada UV é conectado com o tubo de PVC de filtro e mantida no lugar com os plásticos de laços de fio para permitir a fácil substituição de uma lâmpada de UV, confor...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Construction of an Affordable and Easy-to-Build Zebrafish Facility at JoVE.com

Construction of an Affordable and Easy-to-Build Zebrafish Facility

A Zebrafish facility suitable for breeding and in vivo research is built in an easy and affordable manner. Maintenance is minimal. This facility is ideal for student involvement and independent research.

Construção de uma compilação de fácil Facility Zebrafish Acessível e

In vivo biomedical research is pivotal to translate in vitro findings into clinical advances. Small academic institutions with limited resources find it ...

construction-of-an-affordable-and-easy-to-build-zebrafish-facility

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

16.2K visualizações.  Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy. A Zebrafish facility suitable for breeding and in vivo research is built in an easy and affordable manner. Maintenance is minimal. This facility is ideal for student involvement and independent research.

Vídeo: Construction of an Affordable and Easy-to-Build Zebrafish Facility

Construction and Implantation of a Microinfusion System for Sustained Delivery of Neuroactive Agents.

Sustained delivery of neuroactive agents is widely used in neuroscience, but poses many technical challenges. It is necessary to deliver the agent with high precision while minimizing localized trauma and inflammation. Also, the ability to customize the system to accommodate animals of different species and sizes is desirable. This video presentation demonstrates the construction of an infusion system that can be fitted to any particular research animal. The delivery microcannula diameter is approximately 10-fold smaller than most infusion cannulas presently used. This translates into enhanced accuracy and reduced trauma to the brain region under study. The delivery cannula can also be sculpted to fit the contour of the surface of the animal's skull, thereby allowing closure of the scalp incision neatly over the infusion system, precluding the need for a skull-mounted pedestal, reducing risk of infection, and ensuring a greater level of comfort to the animal. The system is assembled in an air-free environment and requires the researcher to fashion glass micropipettes with a heat source. These construction methods require special skills that are best acquired, if not in person, using video instruction.  (This article is based on work first reported in J Neurosci Methods. 2008 Jan 30;167(2):213-20. Epub 2007 Aug 28.).

As neuroscience inquiry becomes more sophisticated, investigation of brain structures and circuitry requires improved levels of accuracy and higher resolution. We have developed a method for the preparation and implantation of a chronic infusion system within the brain utilizing a borosilicate microcannula with a tip diameter of 50 microns.

Construção e Implantação de um Sistema de Microinfusion para entrega Sustentada de Agentes neuroativos.

Sustained delivery of neuroactive agents is widely used in neuroscience, but poses many technical challenges. It is necessary to deliver the agent with ...

Biologia

Proper Care and Cleaning of the Microscope

Keeping the microscope optics clean is important for high-quality imaging. Dust, fingerprints, excess immersion oil, or mounting medium on or in a microscope causes reduction in contrast and resolution. DIC is especially sensitive to contamination and scratches on the lens surfaces. This protocol details the procedure for keeping the microscope clean.

Keeping the microscope optics clean is important for high-quality imaging. Dust, fingerprints, excess immersion oil, or mounting medium on or in a microscope causes reduction in contrast and resolution. DIC is especially sensitive to contamination and scratches on the lens surfaces. This protocol details the procedure for keeping the microscope clean.

Cuidados e limpeza do microscópio

Keeping the microscope optics clean is important for high-quality imaging. Dust, fingerprints, excess immersion oil, or mounting medium on or in a ...

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models. This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, treatment of cancer via oral delivery of drugs, and monitoring of tumor cell behavior in response to drug treatment in real time using in vivo imaging system. In this orthotopic model, ovarian tumor cells expressing luciferase are applied topically by injecting them directly into the mouse bursa where each ovary is enclosed. Upon injection of D-luciferin, a substrate of firefly luciferase, luciferase-expressing cells generate bioluminescence signals. This signal is detected by the in vivo imaging system and allows for a non-invasive means of monitoring tumor growth, distribution, and regression in individual animals. Drug administration via oral gavage allows for a maximum dosing volume of 10 mL/kg body weight to be delivered directly to the stomach and closely resembles delivery of drugs in clinical treatments. Therefore, techniques described here, development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, oral delivery of drugs, and in vivo imaging, are useful for better understanding of human ovarian cancer and treatment and will improve targeting this disease.

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Orthotopic animal models of ovarian cancer replicate better human disease and therefore enhance our understanding of cancer progression and tumor response to therapy. A mouse model receives an intrabursal injection of luciferase-expressing ovarian tumor cells. Treatment is administered via oral gavage. Tumor growth is monitored by in vivo imaging system.

In vivo de imagens e tratamentos terapêuticos em um modelo de camundongo ortotópico de câncer de ovário

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models.  This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model ...

Imaging Glycans in Zebrafish Embryos by Metabolic Labeling and Bioorthogonal Click Chemistry

Imaging glycans in vivo has recently been enabled using a bioorthogonal chemical reporter strategy by treating cells or organisms with azide- or alkyne-tagged monosaccharides1, 2. The modified monosaccharides, processed by the glycan biosynthetic machinery, are incorporated into cell surface glycoconjugates. The bioorthogonal azide or alkyne tags then allow covalent conjugation with fluorescent probes for visualization, or with affinity probes for enrichment and glycoproteomic analysis. This protocol describes the procedures typically used for noninvasive imaging of fucosylated glycans in zebrafish embryos, including: 1) microinjection of one-cell stage embryos with GDP-5-alkynylfucose (GDP-FucAl), 2) labeling fucosylated glycans in the enveloping layer of zebrafish embryos with azide-conjugated fluorophores via biocompatible Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), and 3) imaging by confocal microscopy3. The method described here can be readily extended to visualize other classes of glycans, e.g. glycans containing sialic acid4 and N-acetylgalactosamine5, 6, in developing zebrafish and in other living organisms.

A click-chemistry based method that allows for the rapid, noninvasive, and robust labeling of alkyne-tagged glycans in zebrafish embryos is described. Fucosylated glycans in the enveloping layer of zebrafish embryos in the late gastrulation stage were imaged in this study.

Glicanos imagem em embriões Zebrafish por Labeling Metabólica e Química Clique Bioorthogonal

Imaging glycans in vivo has recently been enabled using a bioorthogonal chemical reporter strategy by treating cells or organisms with azide- or ...

In vivo Electroporation of Morpholinos into the Adult Zebrafish Retina

Many devastating inherited eye diseases result in progressive and irreversible blindness because humans cannot regenerate dying or diseased retinal neurons. In contrast, the adult zebrafish retina possesses the robust ability to spontaneously regenerate any neuronal class that is lost in a variety of different retinal damage models, including retinal puncture, chemical ablation, concentrated high temperature, and intense light treatment 1-8. Our lab extensively characterized regeneration of photoreceptors following constant intense light treatment and inner retinal neurons after intravitreal ouabain injection 2, 5, 9. In all cases, resident M&uuml;ller glia re-enter the cell cycle to produce neuronal progenitors, which continue to proliferate and migrate to the proper retinal layer, where they differentiate into the deficient neurons. 
	We characterized five different stages during regeneration of the light-damaged retina that were highlighted by specific cellular responses. We identified several differentially expressed genes at each stage of retinal regeneration by mRNA microarray analysis 10. Many of these genes are also critical for ocular development. To test the role of each candidate gene/protein during retinal regeneration, we needed to develop a method to conditionally limit the expression of a candidate protein only at times during regeneration of the adult retina. 
	Morpholino oligos are widely used to study loss of function of specific proteins during the development of zebrafish, Xenopus, chick, mouse, and tumors in human xenografts 11-14. These modified oligos basepair with complementary RNA sequence to either block the splicing or translation of the target RNA. Morpholinos are stable in the cell and can eliminate or "knockdown" protein expression for three to five days 12. 
	Here, we describe a method to efficiently knockdown target protein expression in the adult zebrafish retina. This method employs lissamine-tagged antisense morpholinos that are injected into the vitreous of the adult zebrafish eye. Using electrode forceps, the morpholino is then electroporated into all the cell types of the dorsal and central retina. Lissamine provides the charge on the morpholino for electroporation and can be visualized to assess the presence of the morpholino in the retinal cells. 
	Conditional knockdown in the retina can be used to examine the role of specific proteins at different times during regeneration. Additionally, this approach can be used to study the role of specific proteins in the undamaged retina, in such processes as visual transduction and visual processing in second order neurons.

In vivo Electroporation of Morpholinos into the Adult Zebrafish Retina

A method to conditionally knockdown a target protein&#x2019;s expression in the adult zebrafish retina is described, which involves intravitreally injecting antisense morpholinos and electroporating them into the retina. The resulting protein is knocked down for several days, which allows testing the protein&#x2019;s role in the regenerating or intact retina.

Em Eletroporação vivo de Morpholinos na Retina Zebrafish Adulto

Many devastating inherited eye diseases result in progressive and irreversible blindness because humans cannot regenerate dying or diseased retinal ...

In vivo Electroporation of Morpholinos into the Regenerating Adult Zebrafish Tail Fin

Certain species of urodeles and teleost fish can regenerate their tissues. Zebrafish have become a widely used model to study the spontaneous regeneration of adult tissues, such as the heart1, retina2, spinal cord3, optic nerve4, sensory hair cells5, and fins6.
The zebrafish fin is a relatively simple appendage that is easily manipulated to study multiple stages in epimorphic regeneration. Classically, fin regeneration was characterized by three distinct stages: wound healing, blastema formation, and fin outgrowth. After amputating part of the fin, the surrounding epithelium proliferates and migrates over the wound. At 33 &deg;C, this process occurs within six hours post-amputation (hpa, Figure 1B)6,7. Next, underlying cells from different lineages (ex. bone, blood, glia, fibroblast) re-enter the cell cycle to form a proliferative blastema, while the overlying epidermis continues to proliferate (Figure 1D)8. Outgrowth occurs as cells proximal to the blastema re-differentiate into their respective lineages to form new tissue (Figure 1E)8. Depending on the level of the amputation, full regeneration is completed in a week to a month.
The expression of a large number of gene families, including wnt, hox, fgf, msx, retinoic acid, shh, notch, bmp, and activin-betaA genes, is up-regulated during specific stages of fin regeneration9-16. However, the roles of these genes and their encoded proteins during regeneration have been difficult to assess, unless a specific inhibitor for the protein exists13, a temperature-sensitive mutant exists or a transgenic animal (either overexpressing the wild-type protein or a dominant-negative protein) was generated7,12. We developed a reverse genetic technique to quickly and easily test the function of any gene during fin regeneration.
Morpholino oligonucleotides are widely used to study loss of specific proteins during zebrafish, Xenopus, chick, and mouse development17-19. Morpholinos basepair with a complementary RNA sequence to either block pre-mRNA splicing or mRNA translation. We describe a method to efficiently introduce fluorescein-tagged antisense morpholinos into regenerating zebrafish fins to knockdown expression of the target protein. The morpholino is micro-injected into each blastema of the regenerating zebrafish tail fin and electroporated into the surrounding cells. Fluorescein provides the charge to electroporate the morpholino and to visualize the morpholino in the fin tissue.
This protocol permits conditional protein knockdown to examine the role of specific proteins during regenerative fin outgrowth. In the Discussion, we describe how this approach can be adapted to study the role of specific proteins during wound healing or blastema formation, as well as a potential marker of cell migration during blastema formation.

In vivo Electroporation of Morpholinos into the Regenerating Adult Zebrafish Tail Fin

We describe a method to conditionally knockdown the expression of a target protein during adult zebrafish fin regeneration. This technique involves micro-injecting and electroporating antisense oligonucleotide morpholinos into fin tissue, which allows testing the protein&#x2019;s role in various stages of fin regeneration, including wound healing, blastema formation, and regenerative outgrowth.

Na eletroporação in vivo de Morpholinos no Adulto Regeneração Zebrafish Cauda Fin

Certain species of urodeles and teleost fish can regenerate their tissues. Zebrafish have become a widely used model to study the spontaneous regeneration ...

Regular Care and Maintenance of a Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Laboratory: An Introduction

This protocol describes regular care and maintenance of a zebrafish laboratory. Zebrafish are now gaining popularity in genetics, pharmacological and behavioural research. As a vertebrate, zebrafish share considerable genetic sequence similarity with humans and are being used as an animal model for various human disease conditions. The advantages of zebrafish in comparison to other common vertebrate models include high fecundity, low maintenance cost, transparent embryos, and rapid development. Due to the spur of interest in zebrafish research, the need to establish and maintain a productive zebrafish housing facility is also increasing. Although literature is available for the maintenance of a zebrafish laboratory, a concise video protocol is lacking. This video illustrates the protocol for regular housing, feeding, breeding and raising of zebrafish larvae. This process will help researchers to understand the natural behaviour and optimal conditions of zebrafish husbandry and hence troubleshoot experimental issues that originate from the fish husbandry conditions. This protocol will be of immense help to researchers planning to establish a zebrafish laboratory, and also to graduate students who are intending to use zebrafish as an animal model.

Regular Care and Maintenance of a Zebrafish Danio rerio Laboratory: An Introduction

This protocol outlines regular maintenance and care to maintain optimal conditions for zebrafish husbandry. The video illustrates the protocol for system maintenance, regular housing, feeding, breeding, and raising of zebrafish larvae.

Cuidados e manutenção regular de um peixe-zebra (<em&gt; Danio rerio</em&gt;) Laboratório: Uma Introdução

This protocol describes regular care and maintenance of a zebrafish laboratory. Zebrafish are now gaining popularity in genetics, pharmacological and ...

Rapid and Efficient Zebrafish Genotyping Using PCR with High-resolution Melt Analysis

Zebrafish is a powerful vertebrate model system for studying development, modeling disease, and performing drug screening. Recently a variety of genetic tools have been introduced, including multiple strategies for inducing mutations and generating transgenic lines. However, large-scale screening is limited by traditional genotyping methods, which are time-consuming and labor-intensive. Here we describe a technique to analyze zebrafish genotypes by PCR combined with high-resolution melting analysis (HRMA).&#160;This approach is rapid, sensitive, and inexpensive, with lower risk of contamination artifacts.&#160;Genotyping by PCR with HRMA can be used for embryos or adult fish, including in high-throughput screening protocols.

PCR combined with high-resolution melt analysis (HRMA) is demonstrated as a rapid and efficient method to genotype zebrafish.

Rápida e eficiente Zebrafish Genotipagem Usando PCR com alta resolução Análise Melt

Zebrafish is a powerful vertebrate model system for studying development, modeling disease, and performing drug screening. Recently a variety of genetic ...

An Assay for Lateral Line Regeneration in Adult Zebrafish

Due to the clinical importance of hearing and balance disorders in man, model organisms such as the zebrafish have been used to study lateral line development and regeneration. The zebrafish is particularly attractive for such studies because of its rapid development time and its high regenerative capacity. To date, zebrafish studies of lateral line regeneration have mainly utilized fish of the embryonic and larval stages because of the lower number of neuromasts at these stages. This has made quantitative analysis of lateral line regeneration/and or development easier in the earlier developmental stages. Because many zebrafish models of neurological and non-neurological diseases are studied in the adult fish and not in the embryo/larvae, we focused on developing a quantitative lateral line regenerative assay in adult zebrafish so that an assay was available that could be applied to current adult zebrafish disease models. Building on previous studies by Van Trump et al.17&#160;that described procedures for ablation of hair cells in adult Mexican blind cave fish and zebrafish (Danio rerio), our assay was designed to allow quantitative comparison between control and experimental groups. This was accomplished by developing a regenerative neuromast standard curve based on the percent of neuromast reappearance over a 24 hr time period following gentamicin-induced necrosis of hair cells in a defined region of the lateral line. The assay was also designed to allow extension of the analysis to the individual hair cell level when a higher level of resolution is required.

Because many zebrafish models of neurological and non-neurological diseases are studied in the adult fish rather than the embryo/larvae, we developed a quantitative lateral line regenerative assay that can be applied to adult zebrafish disease models. The assay involved resolution at the 1) neuromast and 2) individual hair cell levels.

Um ensaio para a lateral de Regeneração de Linha em Zebrafish Adulto

Due to the clinical importance of hearing and balance disorders in man, model organisms such as the zebrafish have been used to study lateral line ...

Subcloning Plus Insertion (SPI) - A Novel Recombineering Method for the Rapid Construction of Gene Targeting Vectors

Gene targeting refers to the precise modification of a genetic locus using homologous recombination. The generation of novel cell lines and transgenic mouse models using this method necessitates the construction of a &#8216;targeting&#8217; vector, which contains homologous DNA sequences to the target gene, and has for many years been a limiting step in the process. Vector construction can be performed in vivo in Escherichia coli cells using homologous recombination mediated by phage recombinases using a technique termed recombineering. Recombineering is the preferred technique to subclone the long homology sequences (>4kb) and various targeting elements including selection markers that are required to mediate efficient allelic exchange between a targeting vector and its cognate genomic locus. Typical recombineering protocols follow an iterative scheme of step-wise integration of the targeting elements and require intermediate purification and transformation steps. Here, we present a novel recombineering methodology of vector assembly using a multiplex approach. Plasmid gap repair is performed by the simultaneous capture of genomic sequence from mouse Bacterial Artificial Chromosome libraries and the insertion of dual bacterial and mammalian selection markers. This subcloning plus insertion method is highly efficient and yields a majority of correct recombinants. We present data for the construction of different types of conditional gene knockout, or knock-in, vectors and BAC reporter vectors that have been constructed using this method. SPI vector construction greatly extends the repertoire of the recombineering toolbox and provides a simple, rapid and cost-effective method of constructing these highly complex vectors.

Subcloning Plus Insertion SPI - A Novel Recombineering Method for the Rapid Construction of Gene Targeting Vectors

Gene targeting methodologies can be used to generate transgenic mice with knockout, knock-in and tagged alleles. Here, we describe an improved method of recombineering in E. coli, that we term &#8216;subcloning plus insertion&#8217;, which can be used to generate custom gene targeting vectors rapidly.

Subclonagem Além disso Inserção (SPI) - Um Método recombineering Novel para a construção rápida de Gene Segmentação Vetores

Gene targeting refers to the precise modification of a genetic locus using homologous recombination. The generation of novel cell lines and transgenic ...