This work was supported by a Project for Private Universities: matching fund subsidy from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan (T.I.) and Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) from MEXT (S.T. and K.N).

I protocolli e l&#39;uso di animali da esperimento sono stati approvati dalla cura degli animali e l&#39;uso dei comitati istituzionali presso l&#39;Università di Yamanashi e Waseda University. La cura degli animali è stata eseguita in conformità con le linee guida istituzionali. 1. CPEC Preparazione <ol><li> Preparare i seguenti apparati e materiali: un microscopio stereo, preferibilmente in grado di trasmettere illuminazione dal basso; un paio di pinze da orologiaio (Dumont # 3 o # 4), sterilizzata fiamma, forbici operativi diritte, sterilizzato fiamma; due sterili piatti 10 centimetri di plastica contenenti 20 ml ghiacciata Leibovitz L-15; 35 millimetri piatti con fondo di vetro, contenenti 2 ml di RT Leibovitz L-15; un becher da 100 ml contenente 70% di etanolo; cuccioli neonatali mouse. </li><li> Brevemente immergere un mouse neonatale in 70% di etanolo e eutanasia rapidamente decapitazione utilizzando le forbici operativi. </li><li> Mettere subito la testa in gelida Leibovitz L-15 di media sterile 10 centimetri dish. </li><li> Togliere la pelle dai calvaria utilizzando la coppia di pinze orologiaio, tagliare aprire il cranio per esporre il cervello, e quindi tagliare i nervi cranici per isolare tutto il cervello. </li><li> Trasferire il cervello per un nuovo piatto contenente ghiacciata Leibovitz L-15 a medio e osservare al microscopio stereo, facendo in modo che il cervello è completamente immerso nel mezzo. </li><li> Impostare la parte dorsale del cervello rivolto verso l&#39;alto, e orientare il cervello in modo che i bulbi olfattivi risiedono nella posizione 03:00 (per le persone destri). Tenere il cervello leggermente con le pinzette nella mano sinistra. </li><li> Utilizzando le pinze dissezione fini (Dumont # 3 o 4 #) nella mano destra, tagliare il corpo calloso e sotto il parenchima che collega gli emisferi cerebrali, lungo la fessura longitudinale del cervello. </li><li> Spingere delicatamente gli emisferi cerebrali via ai fianchi laterali ed esporre la fessura cerebrale trasversale. </li><li> Separare gli emisferi pizzicando fuori the parenchima tra l&#39;emisfero e talamo. </li><li> Estrarre delicatamente i laterali plesso coroideo ventricolari che è attaccato alla parte laterale dell&#39;ippocampo dal Affixa lamina. </li><li> Trasferire i isolati plesso coroideo al piatto fondo di vetro 35 millimetri contenente fresco Leibovitz L-15 di media, e sovrapporre un peso (Materials List) delicatamente per tenere il tessuto in luogo. </li></ol> 2. Immagini dal vivo di CPEC Cilia <ol><li> Verificare il corretto raggi ultravioletti (UV) e il filtro dedotto (IR) taglio (s) per bloccare luminosa inferiore a 400 nm e più di 700 nm, e che a densità neutra (ND) Filtri (25% e il 6%), sono inseriti nel percorso di luce del microscopio invertito. </li><li> Regolare la messa a fuoco della lente obiettivo rudemente per occhio, e quindi regolare il condensatore in modo che il centro ed il fuoco per conformarsi alla illuminazione Köhler. Inserire un contrasto interferenziale differenziale appropriata (DIC) prisma, un elemento DIC, nonché analizzatore e polarizzatore elementi in lipercorso ght di conformarsi alle ottiche DIC. </li><li> Regolare il contrasto di vista dalla posizione del prisma DIC modo che la struttura della superficie del tessuto è più riconoscibile. Se tutti cilia delle cellule bersaglio sono mobili, una chiara visione di ciglia motile non può essere ottenuta con occhio a causa del loro movimento. </li><li> Modificare il percorso della luce per la videocamera, e rimuovere i filtri ND per aumentare la potenza della luce. </li><li> Usare la fotocamera in modalità di messa a fuoco per regolare il campo visivo e messa a fuoco. Durante la messa a fuoco, in cui le immagini video vengono visualizzati in tempo reale sul monitor, una chiara visione di ciglia motilità non è disponibile. </li><li> Usare la fotocamera a 200 Hz con un tempo di esposizione di 0,1 ms per il periodo desiderato (secondi a minuti). Dopo l&#39;acquisizione della pila di immagini, singoli fotogrammi visualizzeranno strutture ciliari chiare. Se i bordi ciliari sono sfocate, di aumentare la frequenza dei fotogrammi o utilizzare un tempo di esposizione più breve. </li><li> Registrare il movimento di CPEC ciglia entro 25-60 minuti dopo l&#39;eutanasia in LeibovitzL-15. </li></ol> 3. Analisi del Movimento ciliare <ol><li> Tenere traccia manualmente battendo i modelli di ogni ciglio sul monitor del computer. Segna posizioni punta ciliare in ogni fotogramma con il puntatore del mouse, che vengono assemblati per informazioni traiettoria di ogni ciglio. O analizzare le informazioni traiettoria con lo stesso software o esportare in altre applicazioni più generali per ulteriori analisi. L&#39;efficienza di questa fase di analisi è descritto nella discussione. </li><li> Classificare le traiettorie in due modalità di movimento, avanti e indietro o di rotazione, a occhio. </li><li> Calcolare la frequenza battito ciliare (CBF) utilizzando la seguente formula: [CBF = (numero di fotogrammi al secondo) / (numero medio di frame per un singolo battito)] 14, che può essere ottenuto da un diagramma di moto punta ciliare (Figura 3 ). Ripetere questo calcolo per più cicli battito ciliare, perché altra cilia sulla stessa cella può interferire con il movimento di ciascun cilium, con conseguente irregolarità. </li><li> Per analizzare l&#39;uniformità angolare del battito ciliare assi all&#39;interno di una singola cella, definire l&#39;angolo θ battitura per ogni traiettoria (Figura 4). Per traiettorie indietro e indietro, misura le posizioni della punta cilia a una linea retta, e definire θ come l&#39;angolo del segmento fa con asse x. Per traiettorie rotazionali, montare le posizioni ad un&#39;ellisse, e definire θ come l&#39;angolo l&#39;asse maggiore dell&#39;ellisse fa con asse x. I dettagli del montaggio sono descritti nella sezione risultati rappresentativi. </li><li> Per una descrizione quantitativa di ogni traiettoria, calcolare generalizzata proporzioni AR. Brevemente, ruotare la traiettoria - θ e definire AR come il rapporto tra le larghezze della distribuzione lungo x - e -axes y (Figura 4B). I dettagli sono indicati nella sezione risultati rappresentativi, e l&#39;interpretazione, Significato, e la limitazione del parametro sono descritti nella discussione. </li></ol> 4. Preparazione del campione per SEM Nota: SEM è un metodo importante per valutare lo stato delle ciglia su CPECs in modo globale. Per preparare campioni per SEM, una procedura standard riportato in precedenza 15 viene impiegato con lievi modifiche. <ol><li> Prima sezionare il tessuto dal cervello, preparare il fissativo in una fiala di vetro da 5 ml con tappo in polietilene. Il fissativo contiene il 2% paraformaldeide, glutaraldeide al 2,5% (metà soluzione Karnovsky 16) in tampone fosfato 0,1 M, pH 7,4. </li><li> Sezionare il tessuto dal cervello come descritto al punto 1. </li><li> Brevemente sciacquare il tessuto isolato con la soluzione salina bilanciata di Hank (HBSS) in un nuovo piatto e quindi fissare il tessuto nella fissante nella fiala di vetro per 1 ora a temperatura ambiente. Utilizzare pipette monouso e trattare i campioni gente. Dopo lavaggio in HBSS, il tessuto diventa appiccicoso. <ol><li> Per trasferire i campioni nella soluzione fissativo, lentamente espellere una piccola quantità di soluzione contenente il tessuto dalla pipetta di trasferimento come una gocciolina e aggiungere al fissativo. </li></ol></li><li> Dopo la fissazione, scartare il fissativo e lavare il tessuto con tampone fosfato tre volte. </li><li> Immergere il tessuto in una soluzione di saccarosio al 10% per lavare i restanti aldeidi. Per assicurare l&#39;eliminazione completa aldeidi, immergere i campioni nella soluzione per 10 minuti e quindi ripetere due volte con fresca 10% di saccarosio. Questo passaggio è importante per una buona post-fissazione in fasi successive. </li><li> Immergere il tessuto in una soluzione di 1% tetrossido di osmio in tampone fosfato per 30 min e poi posto su ghiaccio per post-fissazione. Giudicare il grado di osmification dal colore del campione: quando aldeidi vengono completamente rimossi, il campione è nero. </li><li> Lavare i campioni di tessuto post- fisso a lungo con doppio distilled acqua più volte. </li><li> Disidratare i campioni di immersione in concentrazioni graduati di etanolo, generalmente 65%, 75%, 85%, 95%, 99% e 100%, per 10 minuti ciascuno. Ottenere etanolo anidro inserendo setacci molecolari in 99,5% di etanolo da una bottiglia appena acquistato. Ripetere disidratazione con etanolo anidro tre volte. </li><li> Porre i campioni disidratati in acetato di isoamile, un reagente di sostituzione per punto essiccazione critico, per 10 min. Ripetere questa operazione due volte. Questo reagente evapora rapidamente e il campione può diventare secca, con conseguente distruzione dalla tensione superficiale. Pertanto, non asciugare completamente il campione. </li><li> Dopo l&#39;ultimo scambio di acetato isoamile, rimuovere la maggior parte del solvente, immediatamente avvolgere la fiala di vetro aperto con un foglio di alluminio, e posizionare il flacone in ghiaccio secco. Utilizzando un ago o una pinza sottile, fare diversi fori nella pellicola che copre la bocca del flacone, in modo che l&#39;anidride carbonica liquida scorre facilmente nel flaconcino nel punto dryer critica. Passare alla fase successivail più rapidamente possibile. </li><li> In questa fase, ridurre al minimo il riporto di acetato isoamile nella camera del phon, ma non lasciare che il campione asciughi completamente prima del punto di essiccazione critico. Inoltre, non lasciare il campione sul ghiaccio secco per un tempo inutilmente lungo per evitare la formazione di brina sulla fiala. </li><li> Trasferire le fiale di vetro imballati in pellicola contenenti i campioni di tessuto nel punto dryer critico che assicura la struttura superficiale del tessuto rimane intatto mentre l&#39;acqua contenuta nella rimozione del tessuto. Informazioni dettagliate sul funzionamento del punto asciugatrice critica può essere ottenuto dalle istruzioni del produttore. </li><li> Maneggiare con cura i campioni con uno stuzzicadenti per ridurre al minimo i danni meccanici. I campioni di tessuto derivanti secche sono fragili. Montare i campioni sul stub metallo e cappotto d&#39;oro-palladio utilizzando una polverizzazione ionica. </li></ol> 5. Osservazione al SEM <ol><li> Osservare da SEM e registrare immagini con una fotocamera digitaleattrezzato per microscopio elettronico a scansione. </li><li> Trasferire i dati delle immagini digitali ad un PC per l&#39;analisi. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Nonami, Y., Narita, K., Nakamura, H., Inoue, T., Takeda, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmental+changes+in+ciliary+motility+on+choroid+plexus+epithelial+cells+during+the+perinatal+period.">Developmental changes in ciliary motility on choroid plexus epithelial cells during the perinatal period.</a> Cytoskeleton. 70 (12), 797-803 (2013).</li><li>Bisgrove, B. W., Yost, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+roles+of+cilia+in+developmental+disorders+and+disease.">The roles of cilia in developmental disorders and disease.</a> Development. 133 (21), 4131-4143 (2006).</li><li>Fliegauf, M., Benzing, T., Omran, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=When+cilia+go+bad:+cilia+defects+and+ciliopathies.">When cilia go bad: cilia defects and ciliopathies.</a> Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology. 8 (11), 880-893 (2007).</li><li>Oh, E. C., Katsanis, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cilia+in+vertebrate+development+and+disease.">Cilia in vertebrate development and disease.</a> Development. 139 (3), 443-448 (2012).</li><li>Shah, A. S., Ben-Shahar, Y., Moninger, T. O., Kline, J. N., Welsh, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motile+cilia+of+human+airway+epithelia+are+chemosensory.">Motile cilia of human airway epithelia are chemosensory.</a> Science(New York, N.Y). 325 (5944), 1131-1134 (2009).</li><li>Kiprilov, E. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+embryonic+stem+cells+in+culture+possess+primary+cilia+with+hedgehog+signaling+machinery).">Human embryonic stem cells in culture possess primary cilia with hedgehog signaling machinery).</a> The Journal of Cell Biology. 180 (5), 897-904 (2008).</li><li>Hirokawa, N., Tanaka, Y., Okada, Y., Takeda, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nodal+flow+and+the+generation+of+left-right+asymmetry.">Nodal flow and the generation of left-right asymmetry.</a> Cell. 125 (1), 33-45 (2006).</li><li>Narita, K., Kozuka-Hata, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteomic+analysis+of+multiple+primary+cilia+reveals+a+novel+mode+of+ciliary+development+in+mammals.">Proteomic analysis of multiple primary cilia reveals a novel mode of ciliary development in mammals.</a> Biology Open. 1 (8), 815-825 (2012).</li><li>Takeda, S., Narita, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure+and+function+of+vertebrate+cilia,+towards+a+new+taxonomy.">Structure and function of vertebrate cilia, towards a new taxonomy.</a> Differentiation; Research in Biological Diversity. 83 (2), S4-S11 (2012).</li><li>Ikegami, K., Sato, S., Nakamura, K., Ostrowski, L. E., Setou, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tubulin+polyglutamylation+is+essential+for+airway+ciliary+function+through+the+regulation+of+beating+asymmetry.">Tubulin polyglutamylation is essential for airway ciliary function through the regulation of beating asymmetry.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (23), 10490-10495 (2010).</li><li>Foster, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+ciliary/flagellar+beating+of+Chlamydomonas.">Analysis of the ciliary/flagellar beating of Chlamydomonas.</a> Methods in Cell Biology. 91, 173-239 (2009).</li><li>Lechtreck, K. -. F., Sanderson, M. J., Witman, G. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-speed+digital+imaging+of+ependymal+cilia+in+the+murine+brain.">High-speed digital imaging of ependymal cilia in the murine brain.</a> Methods in Cell Biology. 91, 255-264 (2009).</li><li>Okada, Y., Hirokawa, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Observation+of+nodal+cilia+movement+and+measurement+of+nodal+flow.">Observation of nodal cilia movement and measurement of nodal flow.</a> Methods in Cell Biology. 91, 265-285 (2009).</li><li>Chilvers, M. A., Rutman, A., O&#8217;Callaghan, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ciliary+beat+pattern+is+associated+with+specific+ultrastructural+defects+in+primary+ciliary+dyskinesia.">Ciliary beat pattern is associated with specific ultrastructural defects in primary ciliary dyskinesia.</a> The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 112 (3), 518-524 (2003).</li><li>Takeda, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Left-right+asymmetry+and+kinesin+superfamily+protein+KIF3A:+new+insights+in+determination+of+laterality+and+mesoderm+induction+by+kif3A-/-+mice+analysis.">Left-right asymmetry and kinesin superfamily protein KIF3A: new insights in determination of laterality and mesoderm induction by kif3A-/- mice analysis.</a> The Journal of Cell Biology. 145 (4), 825-836 (1999).</li><li>Karnovsky, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde+fixative+of+high+osmolarity+for+use+in+electron+microscopy.">A formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde fixative of high osmolarity for use in electron microscopy.</a> The Journal of Cell Biology. 27, 137-138A (1965).</li></ol>

Gli autori dichiarano di non avere interessi finanziari in competizione. Questo lavoro si propone di riferire metodologia dettagliata per osservare la motilità delle ciglia in isolate tessuti plesso coroide. Novità scientifiche sono stati riportati in studi precedenti 1,8.

Prospettive di questo metodo Sebbene la tecnica qui descritta non fornisce un&#39;analisi più dettagliata delle ciglia rispetto ai metodi precedentemente pubblicati, il significato di questa tecnica risiede nella semplicità del sistema ed economicità, che può essere facilmente applicato a qualsiasi tipo di screening di motilità ciliare ex vivo. In particolare, TI Workbench fornisce un&#39;interfaccia semplice e user-friendly che consente ai ricercatori di osservare e analizzare...

Cilia are hair-like projections on the surface of most vertebrate cells, which have attracted attention by medical researchers because of a class of diseases termed ciliopathies2&#8211;4. Despite the ubiquitous expression of the organelle, a wide variety of ciliary functions have been reported, including motility and biosensing. For example, motile cilia on the mucoepithelial surface transport mucus5 and epithelial debris to the outlet of tracts, thereby preventing disease by clearing the surface of epithelia. Moreover, during early developmental periods and embryonic stages, cilia regulate the proliferation of stem cells6, and are involved in the determination of left&#8211;right asymmetry of the vertebrate body7. 
Choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs) are derivatives of neuroepithelial cells that cover the surface of the choroid plexus tissue in the brain, which play important roles in maintaining homeostasis of the intracranial environment by production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It has been previously demonstrated that CPECs have multiple non-motile cilia that regulate the production of CSF through G-protein-coupled receptors that are specifically concentrated on the cilia8. Although these cilia had been regarded as quiescent non-motile cilia, it was discovered that some CPEC cilia exhibit transient motility during the neonatal period1. This finding was quite important because it revealed that so-called non-motile cilia are not necessarily immotile from the beginning of development and might display transient motility during specific time windows, possibly in response to specific physiological demands and functions9. To precisely describe the motile nature of CPEC cilia, it is necessary to develop an ex vivo observation system that encompasses analysis of the kinetic profiles unique to CPEC cilia. 
With respect to motility, although several technical reports have described observations of the motile cilia of the tracheal epithelium5,10, motile single-cell flagella11, so-called conventional motile cilia12, and nodal cilia13, detailed analytical methods applicable to relatively undulated structures such as the choroid plexus have not been well documented so far. Moreover, a high time resolution is required to analyze the ciliary movement of CPECs, in which expensive high-speed cameras are indispensable. To circumvent this necessity and simplify monitoring the ciliary motility of various cell types, a low cost, high-speed camera has been introduced, and an easily accessible and convenient method to record the motility of motile cilia, especially to describe the speed and pattern of motion of each cilium, has been developed1. Moreover, original image analysis software &#8220;TI Workbench&#8221; has been used here to facilitate detailed analysis of motility. Collectively, this method provides a new concise strategy to analyze ciliary motion together with correlative scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which can be adopted in a wide range of cilium research.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>for both live imaging and SEM preparation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>stereo microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>SZX7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>flat paper towel</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#934;10-cm plastic dish</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100-mL beaker</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>straight operating scissors</td>
			<td>Sansyo</td>
			<td>S-2B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>watchmaker forceps</td>
			<td>Dumont</td>
			<td>No.DU-3 or -4, INOX</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>for live cell imaging</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glass bottom dish</td>
			<td>Matsunami Glass</td>
			<td>D110300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>for SEM preparation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>alminum foil</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5-mL glass vial with a polyethylene cap</td>
			<td>Nichiden Rika-Glass</td>
			<td>PS-5A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>transfer pipette</td>
			<td>Samco Scientific</td>
			<td>SM251-1S</td>
			<td>for specimen tranfer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>toothpick</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>for specimen transfer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ion sputter with gold-palladium</td>
			<td>Hitachi</td>
			<td>E-1030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>critical point dryer</td>
			<td>Hitachi</td>
			<td>HCP-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>for live cell imaging</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>inverted microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>IX81</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 W mercury lump housing and power supply</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>U-ULH and BH2-RFL-T3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 W mercury lamp</td>
			<td>Ushio</td>
			<td>USH103D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DIC condenser, n.a. 0.55</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>IX-LWUCD</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>electrrical shutter</td>
			<td>Vincent Associates</td>
			<td>VS35S22M1R3-24 and VMM-D1</td>
			<td>manual shutter can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>band-pass filter (400-700 nm, &#934;45 mm)</td>
			<td>Koshin Kagaku</td>
			<td>C10-110621-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ND filter (&#934;45 mm)</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>45ND6, 45ND25</td>
			<td>combination of 25% and 6% ND filters are used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>objective lens (water immersion) with DIC element</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>UApo 40XW/340, n.a., 1.15 with IX-DPAO40</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>high-speed video camera</td>
			<td>Allied Vision Technologies</td>
			<td>GE680</td>
			<td>&#62;= 200 Hz frame rate and 1 msec expose time</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>image acquisition / analysis software</td>
			<td>in-hous software</td>
			<td>TI Workbench</td>
			<td>capable of acquisition at high frame rates.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PC for camera control / analysis</td>
			<td>Apple</td>
			<td>Mac Pro</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>vibration isolation table</td>
			<td>Meiritsu Seiki</td>
			<td>AD0806</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>weight for tissue</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>slice anchor kits</td>
			<td>It can be made with nylon mesh glued to a U-shape squashed &#934;0.5mm platinum wire.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>for SEM</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>inverted microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>IX81</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>scanning electron microscope</td>
			<td>JEOL</td>
			<td>JSM-6510</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>for live cell imaging</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ethanol&#160;</td>
			<td>Wako Chemicals</td>
			<td>057-00456</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leibovitz L-15 medium</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11415-064</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>for SEM preparation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ethanol&#160;</td>
			<td>Wako Chemicals</td>
			<td>057-00456</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hank&#39;s balanced salt solution</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>14170112</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>paraformaldehyde&#160;</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1040051000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glutaraldehyde&#160;</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>17003-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>isoamyl acetate</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>02710-95</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Molecular Sieves 4A 1/8&#160;</td>
			<td>Wako Chemicals</td>
			<td>130-08655</td>
			<td>for preparation of anhydrous ethanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>phosphate buffer saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D1408</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>phosphate buffer, 0.1 M</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>To make 100 ml, mix 19.0 ml of 0.1 M NaH2PO4 and 81.0 ml of 0.1 M Na2HPO4&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>monosodium phosphate (dihydrate)</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>31718-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>disodium phosphate (anhydrous)</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>31801-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>suclose</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>30406-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>osmium tetroxide</td>
			<td>Nisshin EM</td>
			<td align="right">300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dry ice</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

observation of the ciliary movement of choroid plexus epithelial cells ex vivo

The choroid plexus is located in the ventricular wall of the brain, the main function of which is believed to be production of cerebrospinal fluid. Choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs) covering the surface of choroid plexus tissue harbor multiple unique cilia, but most of the functions of these cilia remain to be investigated. To uncover the function of CPEC cilia with particular reference to their motility, an ex vivo observation system was developed to monitor ciliary motility during embryonic, perinatal and postnatal periods. The choroid plexus was dissected out of the brain ventricle and observed under a video-enhanced contrast microscope equipped with differential interference contrast optics. Under this condition, a simple and quantitative method was developed to analyze the motile profiles of CPEC cilia for several hours ex vivo. Next, the morphological changes of cilia during development were observed by scanning electron microscopy to elucidate the relationship between the morphological maturity of cilia and motility. Interestingly, this method could delineate changes in the number and length of cilia, which peaked at postnatal day (P) 2, while the beating frequency reached a maximum at P10, followed by abrupt cessation at P14. These techniques will enable elucidation of the functions of cilia in various tissues. While related techniques have been published in a previous report1, the current study focuses on detailed techniques to observe the motility and morphology of CPEC cilia ex vivo.

Una panoramica del flusso di lavoro è mostrata in Figura 1, comprese le immagini dei dispositivi. Osservazioni dal vivo di movimento di CPECs Film 1 mostra un film di CPECs isolati da un topo perinatale e film 2 mostra una vista espansa delle immagini in film 1. Va notato che i singoli suggerimenti ciliari sono meno chiari in immagini fisse rispetto a quelli in film. La Figura 2...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo at JoVE.com

Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

In this study, a detailed light microscopic technique was optimized for real-time observation and analysis of the motion of CPEC cilia ex vivo together with an electron microscopic method for ultrastructural analysis.

L&#39;osservazione del movimento ciliare delle cellule epiteliali del plesso coroide<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em

The choroid plexus is located in the ventricular wall of the brain, the main function of which is believed to be production of cerebrospinal fluid. ...

observation-ciliary-movement-choroid-plexus-epithelial-cells-ex

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

12.0K Views.  Waseda University. In this study, a detailed light microscopic technique was optimized for real-time observation and analysis of the motion of CPEC cilia ex vivo together with an electron microscopic method for ultrastructural analysis.

Video: Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

Ex Vivo Organotypic Corneal Model of Acute Epithelial Herpes Simplex Virus Type I Infection

Herpes keratitis is one of the most severe pathologies associated with the herpes simplex virus-type 1 (HSV-1). Herpes keratitis is currently the leading cause of both cornea-derived and infection-associated blindness in the developed world. Typical presentation of herpes keratitis includes infection of the corneal epithelium and sometimes the deeper corneal stroma and endothelium, leading to such permanent corneal pathologies as scarring, thinning, and opacity 1.
Corneal HSV-1 infection is traditionally studied in two types of experimental models. The in vitro model, in which cultured monolayers of corneal epithelial cells are infected in a Petri dish, offers simplicity, high level of replicability, fast experiments, and relatively low costs. On the other hand, the in vivo model, in which animals such as rabbits or mice are inoculated directly in the cornea, offers a highly sophisticated physiological system, but has higher costs, longer experiments, necessary animal care, and a greater degree of variability. 
In this video article, we provide a detailed demonstration of a new ex vivo model of corneal epithelial HSV-1 infection, which combines the strengths of both the in vitro and the in vivo models. The ex vivo model utilizes intact corneas organotypically maintained in culture and infected with HSV-1. The use of the ex vivo model allows for highly physiologically-based conclusions, yet it is rather inexpensive and requires time commitment comparable to that of the in vitro model.

Ex Vivo Organotypic Corneal Model of Acute Epithelial Herpes Simplex Virus Type I Infection

In this video article we describe the use of a new ex vivo model of acute herpes simplex virus type I corneal epithelial infection.

Ex Vivo Modello organotipiche corneale di acuta epiteliali Herpes simplex virus di tipo I Infezione

Herpes keratitis is one of the most severe pathologies associated with the herpes simplex virus-type 1 (HSV-1).  Herpes keratitis is currently the leading ...

Ricerca

Neuroscienze

A Visual Description of the Dissection of the Cerebral Surface Vasculature and Associated Meninges and the Choroid Plexus from Rat Brain

This video presentation was created to show a method of harvesting the two most important highly vascular structures, not residing within the brain proper, that support forebrain function. They are the cerebral surface (superficial) vasculature along with associated meninges (MAV) and the choroid plexus which are necessary for cerebral blood flow and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) homeostasis. The tissue harvested is suitable for biochemical and physiological analysis, and the MAV has been shown to be sensitive to damage produced by amphetamine and hyperthermia 1,2. As well, the major and minor cerebral vasculatures harvested in MAV are of potentially high interest when investigating concussive types of head trauma. The MAV dissected in this presentation consists of the pial and some of the arachnoid membrane (less dura) of the meninges and the major and minor cerebral surface vasculature. The choroid plexus dissected is the structure that resides in the lateral ventricles as described by Oldfield and McKinley3,4,5,6. The methods used for harvesting these two tissues also facilitate the harvesting of regional cortical tissue devoid of meninges and larger cerebral surface vasculature, and is compatible with harvesting other brain tissues such as striatum, hypothalamus, hippocampus, etc. The dissection of the two tissues takes from 5 to 10 min total. The gene expression levels for the dissected MAV and choroid plexus, as shown and described in this presentation can be found at GSE23093 (MAV) and GSE29733 (choroid plexus) at the NCBI GEO repository. This data has been, and is being, used to help further understand the functioning of the MAV and choroid plexus and how neurotoxic events such as severe hyperthermia and AMPH adversely affect their function.

This video presentation shows a method of harvesting the two most important highly vascular structures that support forebrain function. They are the cerebral surface (superficial) vasculature along with associated meninges (MAV) and the choroid plexus which are necessary for cerebral blood flow and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) homeostasis.

Una descrizione visiva della dissezione del sistema vascolare di superficie cerebrale e Meningi associate, e del plesso coroide da cervello di ratto

This video presentation was created to show a method of harvesting the two most important highly vascular structures, not residing within the brain ...

Ex Vivo Preparations of the Intact Vomeronasal Organ and Accessory Olfactory Bulb

The mouse accessory olfactory system (AOS) is a specialized sensory pathway for detecting nonvolatile social odors, pheromones, and kairomones. The first neural circuit in the AOS pathway, called the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB), plays an important role in establishing sex-typical behaviors such as territorial aggression and mating. This small (&#60;1 mm3) circuit possesses the capacity to distinguish unique behavioral states, such as sex, strain, and stress from chemosensory cues in the secretions and excretions of conspecifics. While the compact organization of this system presents unique opportunities for recording from large portions of the circuit simultaneously, investigation of sensory processing in the AOB remains challenging, largely due to its experimentally disadvantageous location in the brain. Here, we demonstrate a multi-stage dissection that removes the intact AOB inside a single hemisphere of the anterior mouse skull, leaving connections to both the peripheral vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs) and local neuronal circuitry intact. The procedure exposes the AOB surface to direct visual inspection, facilitating electrophysiological and optical recordings from AOB circuit elements in the absence of anesthetics. Upon inserting a thin cannula into the vomeronasal organ (VNO), which houses the VSNs, one can directly expose the periphery to social odors and pheromones while recording downstream activity in the AOB. This procedure enables controlled inquiries into AOS information processing, which can shed light on mechanisms linking pheromone exposure to changes in behavior.

Ex Vivo Preparations of the Intact Vomeronasal Organ and Accessory Olfactory Bulb

The mouse accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) has been difficult to study in the context of sensory coding. Here, we demonstrate a dissection that produces an ex vivo preparation in which AOB neurons remain functionally connected to their peripheral inputs, facilitating research into information processing of mouse pheromones and kairomones.

Ex Vivo preparati della lampadina vomeronasale Organo e accessori olfattivo intatto

The mouse accessory olfactory system (AOS) is a specialized sensory pathway for detecting nonvolatile social odors, pheromones, and kairomones. The first ...

In vivo Calcium Imaging in Mouse Inferior Olive

Inferior olive (IO), a nucleus in the ventral medulla, is the only source of climbing fibers that form one of the two input pathways entering the cerebellum. IO has long been proposed to be crucial for motor control and its activity is currently considered to be at the center of many hypotheses of both motor and cognitive functions of the cerebellum. While its physiology and function have been relatively well studied on single-cell level in vitro, presently there are no reports on the organization of the IO network activity in living animals. This is largely due to the extremely challenging anatomical location of the IO, making it difficult to subject to conventional fluorescent imaging methods, where an optic path must be created through the entire brain located dorsally to the region of interest.
Here we describe an alternative method for obtaining state-of-the-art -level calcium imaging data from the IO network. The method takes advantage of the extreme ventral location of the IO and involves a surgical procedure for inserting a gradient-refractive index (GRIN) lens through the neck viscera to come into contact with the ventral surface of the calcium sensor GCaMP6s-expressing IO in anesthetized mice. A representative calcium imaging recording is shown to demonstrate the feasibility to record IO neuron activity after the surgery. While this is a non-survival surgery and the recordings must be conducted under anesthesia, it avoids damage to life-critical brainstem nuclei and allows conducting large variety of experiments investigating spatiotemporal activity patterns and input integration in the IO. This procedure with modifications could be used for recordings in other, adjacent regions of the ventral brainstem.

In vivo Calcium Imaging in Mouse Inferior Olive

We present a protocol to expose the brainstem of adult mouse from the ventral side. By using a gradient-refractive index lens with a miniature microscope, calcium imaging can be used to examine the activity of inferior olive neural somata in vivo.

In vivo Imaging del calcio nell'oliva inferiore del topo

Inferior olive (IO), a nucleus in the ventral medulla, is the only source of climbing fibers that form one of the two input pathways entering the ...

Preparation of Rat Sciatic Nerve for Ex Vivo Neurophysiology

Ex vivo preparations enable the study of many neurophysiological processes in isolation from the rest of the body while preserving local tissue structure. This work describes the preparation of rat sciatic nerves for ex vivo neurophysiology, including buffer preparation, animal procedures, equipment setup and neurophysiological recording. This work provides an overview of the different types of experiments possible with this method. The outlined method aims to provide 6 h of stimulation and recording on extracted peripheral nerve tissue in tightly controlled conditions for optimal consistency in results. Results obtained using this method are A-fibre compound action potentials (CAP) with peak-to-peak amplitudes in the millivolt range over the entire duration of the experiment. CAP amplitudes and shapes are consistent and reliable, making them useful to test and compare new electrodes to existing models, or the effects of interventions on the tissue, such as the use of chemicals, surgical alterations, or neuromodulatory stimulation techniques. Both conventional commercially available cuff electrodes with platinum-iridium contacts and custom-made conductive elastomer electrodes were tested and gave similar results in terms of nerve stimulus strength-duration response.

Preparation of Rat Sciatic Nerve for Ex Vivo Neurophysiology

This protocol describes the preparation of rat whole sciatic nerve tissue for ex vivo electrophysiological stimulation and recording in an environmentally-regulated, two-compartment, perfused saline bath.

Preparazione del nervo sciatico di ratto per la neurofisiologia Ex Vivo

Ex vivo preparations enable the study of many neurophysiological processes in isolation from the rest of the body while preserving local tissue structure. ...

Organotypic Cultures of Adult Human Cortex as an Ex vivo Model for Human Stem Cell Transplantation and Validation

Neurodegenerative disorders are common and heterogeneous in terms of their symptoms and cellular affectation, making their study complicated due to the lack of proper animal models that fully mimic human diseases and the poor availability of post-mortem human brain tissue. Adult human nervous tissue culture offers the possibility to study different aspects of neurological disorders. Molecular, cellular, and biochemical mechanisms could be easily addressed in this system, as well as testing and validating drugs or different treatments, such as cell-based therapies. This method combines long-term organotypic cultures of the adult human cortex, obtained from epileptic patients undergoing resective surgery, and ex vivo intracortical transplantation of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical progenitors. This method will allow the study of cell survival, neuronal differentiation, the formation of synaptic inputs and outputs, and the electrophysiological properties of human-derived cells after transplantation into intact adult human cortical tissue. This approach is an important step prior to the development of a 3D human disease modeling platform that will bring basic research closer to the clinical translation of stem cell-based therapies for patients with different neurological disorders and allow the development of new tools for reconstructing damaged neural circuits.

Organotypic Cultures of Adult Human Cortex as an Ex vivo Model for Human Stem Cell Transplantation and Validation

This protocol describes long-term organotypic cultures of adult human cortex combined with ex vivo intracortical transplantation of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical progenitors, which present a novel methodology to further test stem cell-based therapies for human neurodegenerative disorders.

Colture organotipiche della corteccia umana adulta come modello ex vivo per il trapianto e la validazione di cellule staminali umane

Neurodegenerative disorders are common and heterogeneous in terms of their symptoms and cellular affectation, making their study complicated due to the ...

Microdissection and Whole Mount Scanning Electron Microscopy Visualization of Mouse Choroid Plexus

The choroid plexus (CP), a highly vascularized structure protruding into the ventricles of the brain, is one of the most understudied tissues in neuroscience. As it is becoming increasingly clear that this tiny structure plays a crucial role in health and disease of the central nervous system (CNS), it is of utmost importance to properly dissect the CP out of the brain ventricles in a way that allows downstream processing, ranging from functional to structural analysis. Here, isolation of the lateral and fourth brain ventricle mouse CP without the need for specialized tools or equipment is described. This isolation technique preserves the viability, function, and structure of cells within the CP. On account of its high vascularization, the CP can be visualized floating inside the ventricular cavities of the brain using a binocular microscope. However, transcardial perfusion required for downstream analysis can complicate the identification of the CP tissue. Depending on the further processing steps (e.g., RNA and protein analysis), this can be solved by visualizing the CP via transcardial perfusion with bromophenol blue. After isolation, the CP can be processed using several techniques, including RNA, protein, or single cell analysis, to gain further understanding on the function of this special brain structure. Here, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on whole mount CP is used to get an overall view of the structure.

The choroid plexus (CP), an understudied tissue in neuroscience, plays a key role in health and disease of the central nervous system. This protocol describes a microdissection technique for isolating the CP and the use of scanning electron microscopy to obtain an overall view of its cellular structure.

Visualizzazione della microscopia elettronica a scansione di microdissezione e montaggio intero del plesso coroideo del topo

The choroid plexus (CP), a highly vascularized structure protruding into the ventricles of the brain, is one of the most understudied tissues in ...

Silenziamento genico selettivo nel plesso coroideo

Targeted Knockdown of Genes in the Choroid Plexus

The choroid plexus (ChP) serves as a critical gateway for immune cell infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS) under both physiological and pathological conditions. Recent research has shown that regulating ChP activity may offer protection against CNS disorders. However, studying the biological function of the ChP without affecting other brain regions is challenging due to its delicate structure. This study presents a novel method for gene knockdown in ChP tissue using adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) or cyclization recombination enzyme (Cre) recombinase protein consisting of TAT sequence (CRE-TAT). The results demonstrate that after injecting AAV or CRE-TAT into the lateral ventricle, the fluorescence was exclusively concentrated in the ChP. Using this approach, the study successfully knocked down the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) in the ChP using RNA interference (RNAi) or Cre/locus of X-overP1 (Cre/LoxP) systems, and showed that this knockdown could alleviate the pathology of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). This technique may have important implications for future research on the ChP's role in CNS disorders.

Autore in primo piano: Approfondimenti e innovazioni nelle tecniche di manipolazione dell'espressione genica per la ricerca sul plesso coroideo 

Here, we describe a method to selectively alter gene expressions in the choroid plexus while avoiding any impact in other brain areas.

Knockdown mirato dei geni nel plesso coroideo

The choroid plexus (ChP) serves as a critical gateway for immune cell infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS) under both physiological and ...