This work was supported by a Project for Private Universities: matching fund subsidy from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan (T.I.) and Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) from MEXT (S.T. and K.N).

I protocolli e l&#39;uso di animali da esperimento sono stati approvati dalla cura degli animali e l&#39;uso dei comitati istituzionali presso l&#39;Università di Yamanashi e Waseda University. La cura degli animali è stata eseguita in conformità con le linee guida istituzionali. 1. CPEC Preparazione <ol><li> Preparare i seguenti apparati e materiali: un microscopio stereo, preferibilmente in grado di trasmettere illuminazione dal basso; un paio di pinze da orologiaio (Dumont # 3 o # 4), sterilizzata fiamma, forbici operativi diritte, sterilizzato fiamma; due sterili piatti 10 centimetri di plastica contenenti 20 ml ghiacciata Leibovitz L-15; 35 millimetri piatti con fondo di vetro, contenenti 2 ml di RT Leibovitz L-15; un becher da 100 ml contenente 70% di etanolo; cuccioli neonatali mouse. </li><li> Brevemente immergere un mouse neonatale in 70% di etanolo e eutanasia rapidamente decapitazione utilizzando le forbici operativi. </li><li> Mettere subito la testa in gelida Leibovitz L-15 di media sterile 10 centimetri dish. </li><li> Togliere la pelle dai calvaria utilizzando la coppia di pinze orologiaio, tagliare aprire il cranio per esporre il cervello, e quindi tagliare i nervi cranici per isolare tutto il cervello. </li><li> Trasferire il cervello per un nuovo piatto contenente ghiacciata Leibovitz L-15 a medio e osservare al microscopio stereo, facendo in modo che il cervello è completamente immerso nel mezzo. </li><li> Impostare la parte dorsale del cervello rivolto verso l&#39;alto, e orientare il cervello in modo che i bulbi olfattivi risiedono nella posizione 03:00 (per le persone destri). Tenere il cervello leggermente con le pinzette nella mano sinistra. </li><li> Utilizzando le pinze dissezione fini (Dumont # 3 o 4 #) nella mano destra, tagliare il corpo calloso e sotto il parenchima che collega gli emisferi cerebrali, lungo la fessura longitudinale del cervello. </li><li> Spingere delicatamente gli emisferi cerebrali via ai fianchi laterali ed esporre la fessura cerebrale trasversale. </li><li> Separare gli emisferi pizzicando fuori the parenchima tra l&#39;emisfero e talamo. </li><li> Estrarre delicatamente i laterali plesso coroideo ventricolari che è attaccato alla parte laterale dell&#39;ippocampo dal Affixa lamina. </li><li> Trasferire i isolati plesso coroideo al piatto fondo di vetro 35 millimetri contenente fresco Leibovitz L-15 di media, e sovrapporre un peso (Materials List) delicatamente per tenere il tessuto in luogo. </li></ol> 2. Immagini dal vivo di CPEC Cilia <ol><li> Verificare il corretto raggi ultravioletti (UV) e il filtro dedotto (IR) taglio (s) per bloccare luminosa inferiore a 400 nm e più di 700 nm, e che a densità neutra (ND) Filtri (25% e il 6%), sono inseriti nel percorso di luce del microscopio invertito. </li><li> Regolare la messa a fuoco della lente obiettivo rudemente per occhio, e quindi regolare il condensatore in modo che il centro ed il fuoco per conformarsi alla illuminazione Köhler. Inserire un contrasto interferenziale differenziale appropriata (DIC) prisma, un elemento DIC, nonché analizzatore e polarizzatore elementi in lipercorso ght di conformarsi alle ottiche DIC. </li><li> Regolare il contrasto di vista dalla posizione del prisma DIC modo che la struttura della superficie del tessuto è più riconoscibile. Se tutti cilia delle cellule bersaglio sono mobili, una chiara visione di ciglia motile non può essere ottenuta con occhio a causa del loro movimento. </li><li> Modificare il percorso della luce per la videocamera, e rimuovere i filtri ND per aumentare la potenza della luce. </li><li> Usare la fotocamera in modalità di messa a fuoco per regolare il campo visivo e messa a fuoco. Durante la messa a fuoco, in cui le immagini video vengono visualizzati in tempo reale sul monitor, una chiara visione di ciglia motilità non è disponibile. </li><li> Usare la fotocamera a 200 Hz con un tempo di esposizione di 0,1 ms per il periodo desiderato (secondi a minuti). Dopo l&#39;acquisizione della pila di immagini, singoli fotogrammi visualizzeranno strutture ciliari chiare. Se i bordi ciliari sono sfocate, di aumentare la frequenza dei fotogrammi o utilizzare un tempo di esposizione più breve. </li><li> Registrare il movimento di CPEC ciglia entro 25-60 minuti dopo l&#39;eutanasia in LeibovitzL-15. </li></ol> 3. Analisi del Movimento ciliare <ol><li> Tenere traccia manualmente battendo i modelli di ogni ciglio sul monitor del computer. Segna posizioni punta ciliare in ogni fotogramma con il puntatore del mouse, che vengono assemblati per informazioni traiettoria di ogni ciglio. O analizzare le informazioni traiettoria con lo stesso software o esportare in altre applicazioni più generali per ulteriori analisi. L&#39;efficienza di questa fase di analisi è descritto nella discussione. </li><li> Classificare le traiettorie in due modalità di movimento, avanti e indietro o di rotazione, a occhio. </li><li> Calcolare la frequenza battito ciliare (CBF) utilizzando la seguente formula: [CBF = (numero di fotogrammi al secondo) / (numero medio di frame per un singolo battito)] 14, che può essere ottenuto da un diagramma di moto punta ciliare (Figura 3 ). Ripetere questo calcolo per più cicli battito ciliare, perché altra cilia sulla stessa cella può interferire con il movimento di ciascun cilium, con conseguente irregolarità. </li><li> Per analizzare l&#39;uniformità angolare del battito ciliare assi all&#39;interno di una singola cella, definire l&#39;angolo θ battitura per ogni traiettoria (Figura 4). Per traiettorie indietro e indietro, misura le posizioni della punta cilia a una linea retta, e definire θ come l&#39;angolo del segmento fa con asse x. Per traiettorie rotazionali, montare le posizioni ad un&#39;ellisse, e definire θ come l&#39;angolo l&#39;asse maggiore dell&#39;ellisse fa con asse x. I dettagli del montaggio sono descritti nella sezione risultati rappresentativi. </li><li> Per una descrizione quantitativa di ogni traiettoria, calcolare generalizzata proporzioni AR. Brevemente, ruotare la traiettoria - θ e definire AR come il rapporto tra le larghezze della distribuzione lungo x - e -axes y (Figura 4B). I dettagli sono indicati nella sezione risultati rappresentativi, e l&#39;interpretazione, Significato, e la limitazione del parametro sono descritti nella discussione. </li></ol> 4. Preparazione del campione per SEM Nota: SEM è un metodo importante per valutare lo stato delle ciglia su CPECs in modo globale. Per preparare campioni per SEM, una procedura standard riportato in precedenza 15 viene impiegato con lievi modifiche. <ol><li> Prima sezionare il tessuto dal cervello, preparare il fissativo in una fiala di vetro da 5 ml con tappo in polietilene. Il fissativo contiene il 2% paraformaldeide, glutaraldeide al 2,5% (metà soluzione Karnovsky 16) in tampone fosfato 0,1 M, pH 7,4. </li><li> Sezionare il tessuto dal cervello come descritto al punto 1. </li><li> Brevemente sciacquare il tessuto isolato con la soluzione salina bilanciata di Hank (HBSS) in un nuovo piatto e quindi fissare il tessuto nella fissante nella fiala di vetro per 1 ora a temperatura ambiente. Utilizzare pipette monouso e trattare i campioni gente. Dopo lavaggio in HBSS, il tessuto diventa appiccicoso. <ol><li> Per trasferire i campioni nella soluzione fissativo, lentamente espellere una piccola quantità di soluzione contenente il tessuto dalla pipetta di trasferimento come una gocciolina e aggiungere al fissativo. </li></ol></li><li> Dopo la fissazione, scartare il fissativo e lavare il tessuto con tampone fosfato tre volte. </li><li> Immergere il tessuto in una soluzione di saccarosio al 10% per lavare i restanti aldeidi. Per assicurare l&#39;eliminazione completa aldeidi, immergere i campioni nella soluzione per 10 minuti e quindi ripetere due volte con fresca 10% di saccarosio. Questo passaggio è importante per una buona post-fissazione in fasi successive. </li><li> Immergere il tessuto in una soluzione di 1% tetrossido di osmio in tampone fosfato per 30 min e poi posto su ghiaccio per post-fissazione. Giudicare il grado di osmification dal colore del campione: quando aldeidi vengono completamente rimossi, il campione è nero. </li><li> Lavare i campioni di tessuto post- fisso a lungo con doppio distilled acqua più volte. </li><li> Disidratare i campioni di immersione in concentrazioni graduati di etanolo, generalmente 65%, 75%, 85%, 95%, 99% e 100%, per 10 minuti ciascuno. Ottenere etanolo anidro inserendo setacci molecolari in 99,5% di etanolo da una bottiglia appena acquistato. Ripetere disidratazione con etanolo anidro tre volte. </li><li> Porre i campioni disidratati in acetato di isoamile, un reagente di sostituzione per punto essiccazione critico, per 10 min. Ripetere questa operazione due volte. Questo reagente evapora rapidamente e il campione può diventare secca, con conseguente distruzione dalla tensione superficiale. Pertanto, non asciugare completamente il campione. </li><li> Dopo l&#39;ultimo scambio di acetato isoamile, rimuovere la maggior parte del solvente, immediatamente avvolgere la fiala di vetro aperto con un foglio di alluminio, e posizionare il flacone in ghiaccio secco. Utilizzando un ago o una pinza sottile, fare diversi fori nella pellicola che copre la bocca del flacone, in modo che l&#39;anidride carbonica liquida scorre facilmente nel flaconcino nel punto dryer critica. Passare alla fase successivail più rapidamente possibile. </li><li> In questa fase, ridurre al minimo il riporto di acetato isoamile nella camera del phon, ma non lasciare che il campione asciughi completamente prima del punto di essiccazione critico. Inoltre, non lasciare il campione sul ghiaccio secco per un tempo inutilmente lungo per evitare la formazione di brina sulla fiala. </li><li> Trasferire le fiale di vetro imballati in pellicola contenenti i campioni di tessuto nel punto dryer critico che assicura la struttura superficiale del tessuto rimane intatto mentre l&#39;acqua contenuta nella rimozione del tessuto. Informazioni dettagliate sul funzionamento del punto asciugatrice critica può essere ottenuto dalle istruzioni del produttore. </li><li> Maneggiare con cura i campioni con uno stuzzicadenti per ridurre al minimo i danni meccanici. I campioni di tessuto derivanti secche sono fragili. Montare i campioni sul stub metallo e cappotto d&#39;oro-palladio utilizzando una polverizzazione ionica. </li></ol> 5. Osservazione al SEM <ol><li> Osservare da SEM e registrare immagini con una fotocamera digitaleattrezzato per microscopio elettronico a scansione. </li><li> Trasferire i dati delle immagini digitali ad un PC per l&#39;analisi. </li></ol>

<ol>
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Gli autori dichiarano di non avere interessi finanziari in competizione. Questo lavoro si propone di riferire metodologia dettagliata per osservare la motilità delle ciglia in isolate tessuti plesso coroide. Novità scientifiche sono stati riportati in studi precedenti 1,8.

Prospettive di questo metodo Sebbene la tecnica qui descritta non fornisce un&#39;analisi più dettagliata delle ciglia rispetto ai metodi precedentemente pubblicati, il significato di questa tecnica risiede nella semplicità del sistema ed economicità, che può essere facilmente applicato a qualsiasi tipo di screening di motilità ciliare ex vivo. In particolare, TI Workbench fornisce un&#39;interfaccia semplice e user-friendly che consente ai ricercatori di osservare e analizzare...

Cilia are hair-like projections on the surface of most vertebrate cells, which have attracted attention by medical researchers because of a class of diseases termed ciliopathies2&#8211;4. Despite the ubiquitous expression of the organelle, a wide variety of ciliary functions have been reported, including motility and biosensing. For example, motile cilia on the mucoepithelial surface transport mucus5 and epithelial debris to the outlet of tracts, thereby preventing disease by clearing the surface of epithelia. Moreover, during early developmental periods and embryonic stages, cilia regulate the proliferation of stem cells6, and are involved in the determination of left&#8211;right asymmetry of the vertebrate body7. 
Choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs) are derivatives of neuroepithelial cells that cover the surface of the choroid plexus tissue in the brain, which play important roles in maintaining homeostasis of the intracranial environment by production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It has been previously demonstrated that CPECs have multiple non-motile cilia that regulate the production of CSF through G-protein-coupled receptors that are specifically concentrated on the cilia8. Although these cilia had been regarded as quiescent non-motile cilia, it was discovered that some CPEC cilia exhibit transient motility during the neonatal period1. This finding was quite important because it revealed that so-called non-motile cilia are not necessarily immotile from the beginning of development and might display transient motility during specific time windows, possibly in response to specific physiological demands and functions9. To precisely describe the motile nature of CPEC cilia, it is necessary to develop an ex vivo observation system that encompasses analysis of the kinetic profiles unique to CPEC cilia. 
With respect to motility, although several technical reports have described observations of the motile cilia of the tracheal epithelium5,10, motile single-cell flagella11, so-called conventional motile cilia12, and nodal cilia13, detailed analytical methods applicable to relatively undulated structures such as the choroid plexus have not been well documented so far. Moreover, a high time resolution is required to analyze the ciliary movement of CPECs, in which expensive high-speed cameras are indispensable. To circumvent this necessity and simplify monitoring the ciliary motility of various cell types, a low cost, high-speed camera has been introduced, and an easily accessible and convenient method to record the motility of motile cilia, especially to describe the speed and pattern of motion of each cilium, has been developed1. Moreover, original image analysis software &#8220;TI Workbench&#8221; has been used here to facilitate detailed analysis of motility. Collectively, this method provides a new concise strategy to analyze ciliary motion together with correlative scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which can be adopted in a wide range of cilium research.

<table><tbody><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Required reagents&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;for live cell imaging&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>ethanol</td><td>Wako Chemicals</td><td>057-00456</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Leibovitz L-15 medium</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>11415-064</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;for SEM preparation&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>ethanol</td><td>Wako Chemicals</td><td>057-00456</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hank&#039;s balanced salt solution</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>14170112</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>paraformaldehyde&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Merck</td><td>1040051000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>glutaraldehyde&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Nacalai tesque</td><td>17003-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>isoamyl acetate</td><td>Nacalai tesque</td><td>02710-95</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Molecular Sieves 4A 1/8&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Wako Chemicals</td><td>130-08655</td><td>for preparation of anhydrous ethanol</td></tr><tr><td>phosphate buffer saline (PBS)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D1408</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>phosphate buffer, 0.1 M</td><td></td><td></td><td>To make 100 ml, mix 19.0 ml of 0.1&amp;nbsp;M NaH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; and 81.0 ml of 0.1&amp;nbsp;M Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;HPO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>monosodium phosphate (dihydrate)</td><td>Nacalai tesque</td><td>31718-15</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>disodium phosphate (anhydrous)</td><td>Nacalai tesque</td><td>31801-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>suclose</td><td>Nacalai tesque</td><td>30406-25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>osmium tetroxide</td><td>Nisshin EM</td><td>300</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>dry ice</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">[header]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Tools and materials for dissection&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;for both live imaging and SEM preparation&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>stereo microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>SZX7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>flat paper towel</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&amp;Phi;10 cm plastic dish</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 ml beaker</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>straight operating scissors</td><td>Sansyo</td><td>S-2B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>watchmaker forceps</td><td>Dumont</td><td>No.DU-3 or -4, INOX</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;for live cell imaging&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>glass bottom dish</td><td>Matsunami Glass</td><td>D110300</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;for SEM preparation&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>alminum foil</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5 ml glass vial with a polyethylene cap</td><td>Nichiden Rika-Glass</td><td>PS-5A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>transfer pipette</td><td>Samco Scientific</td><td>SM251-1S</td><td>for specimen tranfer</td></tr><tr><td>toothpick</td><td></td><td></td><td>for specimen transfer</td></tr><tr><td>ion sputter with gold-palladium</td><td>Hitachi</td><td>E-1030</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>critical point dryer</td><td>Hitachi</td><td>HCP-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">[header]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Microscopic equipment and materials&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;for live cell imaging&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>inverted microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>IX81</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 W mercury lump housing and power supply</td><td>Olympus</td><td>U-ULH and BH2-RFL-T3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 W mercury lamp</td><td>Ushio</td><td>USH103D</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DIC condenser, n.a. 0.55</td><td>Olympus</td><td>IX-LWUCD</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>electrrical shutter</td><td>Vincent Associates</td><td>VS35S22M1R3-24 and VMM-D1</td><td>manual shutter can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>band-pass filter (400-700&amp;nbsp;nm, &amp;Phi;45&amp;nbsp;mm)</td><td>Koshin Kagaku</td><td>C10-110621-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ND filter (&amp;Phi;45 mm)</td><td>Olympus</td><td>45ND6, 45ND25</td><td>combination of 25% and 6% ND filters are used</td></tr><tr><td>objective lens (water immersion) with DIC element</td><td>Olympus</td><td>UApo 40XW/340, n.a., 1.15 with IX-DPAO40</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>high-speed video camera</td><td>Allied Vision Technologies</td><td>GE680</td><td>&amp;#8805;200 Hz frame rate and 1 msec expose time</td></tr><tr><td>image acquisition / analysis software</td><td>in-hous software</td><td>TI Workbench</td><td>capable of acquisition at high frame rates.</td></tr><tr><td>PC for camera control / analysis</td><td>Apple</td><td>Mac Pro</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>vibration isolation table</td><td>Meiritsu Seiki</td><td>AD0806</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>weight for tissue</td><td>Warner Instruments</td><td>slice anchor kits</td><td>It can be made with nylon mesh glued to a U-shape squashed &amp;Phi;0.5&amp;nbsp;mm platinum wire.</td></tr><tr><td>cover glass (alternative weight for tissue)</td><td>Matsunami</td><td>made-to-order</td><td>A cover glass can be used as a tissue weight.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;for SEM&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>inverted microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>IX81</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>scanning electron microscope</td><td>JEOL</td><td>JSM-6510</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

observation of the ciliary movement of choroid plexus epithelial cells ex vivo

The choroid plexus is located in the ventricular wall of the brain, the main function of which is believed to be production of cerebrospinal fluid. Choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs) covering the surface of choroid plexus tissue harbor multiple unique cilia, but most of the functions of these cilia remain to be investigated. To uncover the function of CPEC cilia with particular reference to their motility, an ex vivo observation system was developed to monitor ciliary motility during embryonic, perinatal and postnatal periods. The choroid plexus was dissected out of the brain ventricle and observed under a video-enhanced contrast microscope equipped with differential interference contrast optics. Under this condition, a simple and quantitative method was developed to analyze the motile profiles of CPEC cilia for several hours ex vivo. Next, the morphological changes of cilia during development were observed by scanning electron microscopy to elucidate the relationship between the morphological maturity of cilia and motility. Interestingly, this method could delineate changes in the number and length of cilia, which peaked at postnatal day (P) 2, while the beating frequency reached a maximum at P10, followed by abrupt cessation at P14. These techniques will enable elucidation of the functions of cilia in various tissues. While related techniques have been published in a previous report1, the current study focuses on detailed techniques to observe the motility and morphology of CPEC cilia ex vivo.

Una panoramica del flusso di lavoro è mostrata in Figura 1, comprese le immagini dei dispositivi. Osservazioni dal vivo di movimento di CPECs Film 1 mostra un film di CPECs isolati da un topo perinatale e film 2 mostra una vista espansa delle immagini in film 1. Va notato che i singoli suggerimenti ciliari sono meno chiari in immagini fisse rispetto a quelli in film. La Figura 2...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo at JoVE.com

Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

In this study, a detailed light microscopic technique was optimized for real-time observation and analysis of the motion of CPEC cilia ex vivo together with an electron microscopic method for ultrastructural analysis.

L&#39;osservazione del movimento ciliare delle cellule epiteliali del plesso coroide<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em

The choroid plexus is located in the ventricular wall of the brain, the main function of which is believed to be production of cerebrospinal fluid. ...

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Neuroscience

Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

12.1K Views.  Waseda University. In this study, a detailed light microscopic technique was optimized for real-time observation and analysis of the motion of CPEC cilia ex vivo together with an electron microscopic method for ultrastructural analysis.

Video: Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

Culturing of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells on an Ex Vivo Model of Aged Human Bruch's Membrane

Aside from vitamins and antioxidants recommended by the Age-Related Eye Disease Study, there is no effective therapy for &#34;dry,&#34;&#160;or atrophic age-related macular degeneration (AMD) which represents 90% of the cases. Therapies are needed to slow or retard the development of geographic atrophy (GA), and understanding Bruch&#39;s membrane pathology is part of this process. Alterations in human Bruch&#39;s membrane precede the progression of AMD by contributing to the damage of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Given the lack of sufficient animal models to study AMD, ex vivo models of aged human Bruch&#39;s membrane serve as a useful tool to study the behavior of RPE cells from immortalized and primary cell lines as well as RPE lines derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Here, we present a detailed method that allows one to determine the effects of RPE cell behavior seeded on harvested human Bruch&#39;s membrane explants from human donors, including attachment, apoptosis and proliferation, ability to phagocytize photoreceptor outer segments, establishment of polarity, and gene expression. This assay provides an ex vivo model of aged Bruch&#39;s membrane to assess the functional characteristics of RPE cells when seeded on aged/compromised extracellular matrix.

Culturing of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells on an Ex Vivo Model of Aged Human Bruch's Membrane

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate the culturing of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells on aged and/or diseased human Bruch&#39;s membrane. This method is suitable to study RPE cell behavior on a compromised extracellular matrix.

Coltura delle cellule epiteliali del pigmento retinico su un modello Ex Vivo della membrana di Bruch umano invecchiato

Aside from vitamins and antioxidants recommended by the Age-Related Eye Disease Study, there is no effective therapy for &#34;dry,&#34;&#160;or atrophic ...

Ricerca

Biologia dello sviluppo

Live Imaging of the Ependymal Cilia in the Lateral Ventricles of the Mouse Brain

Multiciliated ependymal cells line the ventricles in the adult brain. Abnormal function or structure of ependymal cilia is associated with various neurological deficits. The current ex vivo live imaging of motile ependymal cilia technique allows for a detailed study of ciliary dynamics following several steps. These steps include: mice euthanasia with carbon dioxide according to protocols of The University of Toledo&#8217;s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC); craniectomy followed by brain removal and sagittal brain dissection with a vibratome or sharp blade to obtain very thin sections through the brain lateral ventricles, where the ependymal cilia can be visualized. Incubation of the brain&#8217;s slices in a customized glass-bottom plate containing Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle&#8217;s Medium (DMEM)/High-Glucose at 37 &#176;C in the presence of 95%/5% O2/CO2 mixture is essential to keep the tissue alive during the experiment. A video of the cilia beating is then recorded using a high-resolution differential interference contrast microscope. The video is then analyzed frame by frame to calculate the ciliary beating frequency. This allows distinct classification of the ependymal cells into three categories or types based on their ciliary beating frequency and angle. Furthermore, this technique allows the use of high-speed fluorescence imaging analysis to characterize the unique intracellular calcium oscillation properties of ependymal cells as well as the effect of pharmacological agents on the calcium oscillations and the ciliary beating frequency. In addition, this technique is suitable for immunofluorescence imaging for ciliary structure and ciliary protein localization studies. This is particularly important in disease diagnosis and phenotype studies. The main limitation of the technique is attributed to the decrease in live motile cilia movement as the brain tissue starts to die.

Using high-resolution differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, an ex vivo observation of the beating of motile ependymal cilia located within the mouse brain ventricles is demonstrated by live-imaging. The technique allows a recording of the unique ciliary beating frequency and beating angle as well as their intracellular calcium oscillation pacing properties.

Immagini dal vivo del ependimale Cilia nei ventricoli laterali del cervello di topo

Multiciliated ependymal cells line the ventricles in the adult brain. Abnormal function or structure of ependymal cilia is associated with various ...

Neuroscienze

Ex vivo Method for High Resolution Imaging of Cilia Motility in Rodent Airway Epithelia

An ex vivo technique for imaging mouse airway epithelia for quantitative analysis of motile cilia function important for insight into mucociliary clearance function has been established. Freshly harvested mouse trachea is cut longitudinally through the trachealis muscle and mounted in a shallow walled chamber on a glass-bottomed dish. The trachea sample is positioned along its long axis to take advantage of the trachealis muscle to curl longitudinally. This allows imaging of ciliary motion in the profile view along the entire tracheal length. Videos at 200 frames/sec are obtained using differential interference contrast microscopy and a high speed digital camera to allow quantitative analysis of cilia beat frequency and ciliary waveform. With the addition of fluorescent beads during imaging, cilia generated fluid flow also can be determined. The protocol time spans approximately 30 min, with 5 min for chamber preparation, 5-10 min for sample mounting, and 10-15 min for videomicroscopy.

Ex vivo Method for High Resolution Imaging of Cilia Motility in Rodent Airway Epithelia

An easy and reliable technique for visualizing and quantifying airway cilia motility and cilia generated flow using mouse trachea is described. This technique can be modified to determine how a wide range of factors influence cilia motility, including pharmacological agents, genetic factors, environmental exposures, and/or mechanical factors such as mucus load.

Metodo ex vivo per l&#39;imaging ad alta risoluzione di Cilia Motilità in roditori Airway epiteli

An ex vivo technique for imaging mouse airway epithelia for quantitative  analysis of motile cilia function important for insight into mucociliary  ...

Biologia

Isolation and Culture of Chick Ciliary Ganglion Neurons

Chick ciliary ganglia (CG) are part of the parasympathetic nervous system and are responsible for the innervation of the muscle tissues present in the eye. This ganglion is constituted by a homogenous population of ciliary and choroidal neurons that innervate striated and smooth muscle fibers, respectively. Each of these neuronal types regulate specific eye structures and functions. Over the years, neuronal cultures of the chick ciliary ganglia were shown to be effective cell models in the study of muscle-nervous system interactions, which communicate through cholinergic synapses. Ciliary ganglion neurons are, in its majority, cholinergic. This cell model has been shown to be useful comparatively to previously used heterogeneous cell models that comprise several neuronal types, besides cholinergic. Anatomically, the ciliary ganglion is localized between the optic nerve (ON) and the choroid fissure (CF). Here, we describe a detailed procedure for the dissection, dissociation and in vitro culture of ciliary ganglia neurons from chick embryos. We provide a step-by-step protocol in order to obtain highly pure and stable cellular cultures of CG neurons, highlighting key steps of the process. These cultures can be maintained in vitro for 15 days and, hereby, we show the normal development of CG cultures. The results also show that these neurons can interact with muscle fibers through neuro-muscular cholinergic synapses.

Chick ciliary ganglia (CG) are part of the parasympathetic nervous system. Neuronal cultures of chick CG neurons were shown to be effective cell models in the study of nerve muscle interactions. We describe a detailed protocol for the dissection, dissociation and in vitro culture of CG neurons from chick embryos.

Isolamento e cultura dei neuroni del Ganglione Ciliario

Chick ciliary ganglia (CG) are part of the parasympathetic nervous system and are responsible for the innervation of the muscle tissues present in the ...

Microsurgical Dissection and Tissue Clearing for High Resolution Intact Whole Retina and Vitreous Imaging

Neuronal and vascular structures of the retina in physiologic and pathologic conditions can be better visualized and characterized by using intact whole retina imaging techniques compared to conventional retinal flat mount preparations and sections. However, immunofluorescent imaging of intact whole retina is hindered by the opaque coatings of the eyeball, i.e., sclera, choroid, and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the light scattering properties of retinal layers that prevent full thickness high resolution optical imaging. Chemical bleaching of the pigmented layers and tissue clearing protocols have been described to address these obstacles; however, currently described methods are not suitable for imaging endogenous fluorescent molecules such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) in intact whole retina. Other approaches bypassed this limitation by surgical removal of pigmented layers and the anterior segment of the eyeball allowing intact eye imaging, though the peripheral retina and hyaloid structures were disrupted. Presented here is an intact whole retina and vitreous immunofluorescent imaging protocol that combines surgical dissection of the sclera/choroid/retina pigment epithelium (RPE) layers with a modified tissue clearing method and light sheet fluorescent microscopy (LSFM). The new approach offers an unprecedented view of&#160;unperturbed vascular and neuronal elements of the retina as well as the vitreous and hyaloid vascular system in pathologic conditions.

Presented here is a protocol for intact whole retina imaging in which the outer opaque/pigmented layers of the eyeball are surgically removed, and optical clearing is applied to render retina transparent enabling the visualization of the peripheral retina and hyaloid vasculature in intact retina using light sheet fluorescent microscopy.

Neuronal and vascular structures of the retina in physiologic and pathologic conditions can be better visualized and characterized by using intact whole ...

Full-Circle Cauterization of Limbal Vascular Plexus for Surgically Induced Glaucoma in Rodents

Glaucoma, the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, is a heterogeneous group of ocular disorders characterized by structural damage to the optic nerve and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration, resulting in visual dysfunction by interrupting the transmission of visual information from the eye to the brain. Elevated intraocular pressure is the most important risk factor; thus, several models of ocular hypertension have been developed in rodents by either genetic or experimental approaches to investigate the causes and effects of the disease. Among those, some limitations have been reported such as surgical invasiveness, inadequate functional assessment, requirement of extensive training, and highly variable extension of retinal damage. The present work characterizes a simple, low-cost, and efficient method to induce ocular hypertension in rodents, based on low-temperature, full-circle cauterization of the limbal vascular plexus, a major component of aqueous humor drainage. The new model provides a technically easy, noninvasive, and reproducible subacute ocular hypertension, associated with progressive RGC and optic nerve degeneration, and a unique post-operative clinical recovery rate that allows in vivo functional studies by both electrophysiological and behavioral methods.

The goal of this protocol is to characterize a novel model of glaucomatous neurodegeneration based on 360&#176; thermic cauterization of limbal vascular plexus, inducing subacute ocular hypertension.

Cauterizzazione a cerchio completo del plesso vascolare limbare per il glaucoma indotto chirurgicamente nei roditori

Glaucoma, the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, is a heterogeneous group of ocular disorders characterized by structural damage to the optic ...

Microdissection and Whole Mount Scanning Electron Microscopy Visualization of Mouse Choroid Plexus

The choroid plexus (CP), a highly vascularized structure protruding into the ventricles of the brain, is one of the most understudied tissues in neuroscience. As it is becoming increasingly clear that this tiny structure plays a crucial role in health and disease of the central nervous system (CNS), it is of utmost importance to properly dissect the CP out of the brain ventricles in a way that allows downstream processing, ranging from functional to structural analysis. Here, isolation of the lateral and fourth brain ventricle mouse CP without the need for specialized tools or equipment is described. This isolation technique preserves the viability, function, and structure of cells within the CP. On account of its high vascularization, the CP can be visualized floating inside the ventricular cavities of the brain using a binocular microscope. However, transcardial perfusion required for downstream analysis can complicate the identification of the CP tissue. Depending on the further processing steps (e.g., RNA and protein analysis), this can be solved by visualizing the CP via transcardial perfusion with bromophenol blue. After isolation, the CP can be processed using several techniques, including RNA, protein, or single cell analysis, to gain further understanding on the function of this special brain structure. Here, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on whole mount CP is used to get an overall view of the structure.

The choroid plexus (CP), an understudied tissue in neuroscience, plays a key role in health and disease of the central nervous system. This protocol describes a microdissection technique for isolating the CP and the use of scanning electron microscopy to obtain an overall view of its cellular structure.

Visualizzazione della microscopia elettronica a scansione di microdissezione e montaggio intero del plesso coroideo del topo

The choroid plexus (CP), a highly vascularized structure protruding into the ventricles of the brain, is one of the most understudied tissues in ...

An Ex Vivo Choroid Sprouting Assay of Ocular Microvascular Angiogenesis

Pathological choroidal angiogenesis, a salient feature of age-related macular degeneration, leads to vision impairment and blindness. Endothelial cell (EC) proliferation assays using human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) or isolated primary retinal ECs are widely used in vitro models to study retinal angiogenesis. However, isolating pure murine retinal endothelial cells is technically challenging and retinal ECs may have different proliferation responses than choroidal endothelial cells and different cell/cell interactions. A highly reproducible ex vivo choroidal sprouting assay as a model of choroidal microvascular proliferation was developed. This model includes the interaction between choroid vasculature (EC, macrophages, pericytes) and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Mouse RPE/choroid/scleral explants are isolated and incubated in growth-factor-reduced basal membrane extract (BME) (day 0). Medium is changed every other day and choroid sprouting is quantified at day 6. The images of individual choroid explant are taken with an inverted phase microscope and the sprouting area is quantified using a semi-automated macro plug-in to the ImageJ software developed in this lab. This reproducible ex vivo choroidal sprouting assay can be used to assess compounds for potential treatment and for microvascular disease research to assess pathways involved in choroidal micro vessel proliferation using wild type and genetically modified mouse tissue.

This protocol presents choroid sprouting assay, an ex vivo model of microvascular proliferation. This assay can be used to assess pathways involved in proliferating choroidal micro vessels and assess drug treatments using wild type and genetically modified mouse tissue.

Un test di germinazione coroide ex vivo di angiogenesi microvascolare oculare

Pathological choroidal angiogenesis, a salient feature of age-related macular degeneration, leads to vision impairment and blindness. Endothelial cell ...

Choroid Sprouting Assay to Study Ocular Microvascular Proliferation Ex Vivo

Source: Tomita, Y., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/61677">An Ex Vivo Choroid Sprouting Assay of Ocular Microvascular Angiogenesis.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2020)
This video demonstrates the development of an ex vivo model of choroidal sprouting to study ocular microvascular angiogenesis. The assay involves culturing mouse eye explants containing the choroid tissue attached to the sclera and retinal pigment epithelium under specific conditions that promote choroidal microvascular sprouting.

Saggio di germinazione delle coroidi per studiare la proliferazione microvascolare oculare ex vivo

Source: Tomita, Y., et al. An Ex Vivo Choroid Sprouting Assay of Ocular Microvascular Angiogenesis. J. Vis. Exp. (2020)
This video demonstrates the ...

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Cell-based assays

Isolating Immune Cells from Mouse Choroid Plexuses

Source: Dominguez-Belloso, et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/63487">Isolation and Characterization of the Immune Cells from Micro-dissected Mouse Choroid Plexuses.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2022)
This video demonstrates the procedure of isolating immune cells from mouse choroid plexuses. This procedure is used in neuroimmunology research to understand how immune cells in the choroid plexuses impact brain health and various neurological diseases.

Isolamento delle cellule immunitarie dai plessi coroidi di topo

All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board. 
1. ...

L'osservazione del movimento ciliare delle cellule epiteliali del plesso coroide

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