Live-Cell Imaging of Drosophila melanogaster Third Instar Larval Brains

Summary

Here, we discuss a workflow to prepare, dissect, mount, and image live explant brains from Drosophila melanogaster third instar larvae to observe the cellular and subcellular dynamics under physiological conditions.

Abstract

Drosophila neural stem cells (neuroblasts, NBs hereafter) undergo asymmetric divisions, regenerating the self-renewing neuroblast, while also forming a differentiating ganglion mother cell (GMC), which will undergo one additional division to give rise to two neurons or glia. Studies in NBs have uncovered the molecular mechanisms underlying cell polarity, spindle orientation, neural stem cell self-renewal, and differentiation. These asymmetric cell divisions are readily observable via live-cell imaging, making larval NBs ideally suited for investigating the spatiotemporal dynamics of asymmetric cell division in living tissue. When properly dissected and imaged in nutrient-supplemented medium, NBs in explant brains robustly divide for 12-20 h. Previously described methods are technically difficult and may be challenging to those new to the field. Here, a protocol is described for the preparation, dissection, mounting, and imaging of live third-instar larval brain explants using fat body supplements. Potential problems are also discussed, and examples are provided for how this technique can be used.

Introduction

Asymmetric cell division (ACD) is the process by which subcellular components such as RNA, proteins, and organelles are partitioned unequally between daughter cells^1,2. This process is commonly seen in stem cells, which undergo ACD to give rise to daughter cells with different developmental fates. Drosophila NBs divide asymmetrically to produce one NB, which retains its stemness, and one ganglion mother cell (GMC). The GMC undergoes further divisions to produce differentiating neurons or glia³. Asymmetrically dividing NBs are abundant in the developing brains of third-instar la....

Protocol

NOTE: Figure 1 shows the materials required to perform this study.

1. Considerations and preparations for the experiment

1. Prevent the larvae from overcrowding.
   NOTE: The quality of explant larval brains is directly related to the health and quality of the larvae prior to dissection. Larvae that are malnourished from overcrowding will generally yield lower-quality brains³⁰.
   1. Ensure that no more t.......

Discussion

This protocol outlines one approach for the imaging of live explant brains from Drosophila melanogaster larvae. The protocol described here allows for explant brains to be observed for 12-20 h under the right experimental conditions. Special consideration must be given to the preparation of samples and the design of the desired experiments. As mentioned above, one of the most critical factors that determines the quality of the dissected tissue is the health of the larvae. To achieve the highest quality possible,.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
0.22 µm polyethersulfone (PES) Membrane	Genesee	25-231	Vacuum-driven filters
Agar	Genesee	20-248	granulated agar
Analytical Computer	Dell	NA	Intel Xeon Gold 5222 CPU with two 3.80 GHz processors running Windows 10 on a 64-bit operating system
Bovine Growth Serum	HyClone	SH30541.02
Chambered Imaging Slides	Ibidi	80826
Confocal Microscope	Nikon	NA
Custom-machined metal slide	NA	NA	See Cabernard and Doe 2013 (Ref. 34) for specifications
Dissection Dishes	Fisher Scientific	5024343	3-well porcelain micro spot plate
Dissection Forceps	World Precision Instruments	Dumont #5
Dissection Microscope	Leica	NA
Dissection Scissors	Fine Science Tools (FST)	15003-08
Embryo collection cage	Genesee	59-100
Flypad with access to CO2 to anesthetize adult flies	Genesee	59-172
Gas-permeable membrane	YSI	98095	Gas-permeable membrane
Glass Cover Slides	Electron Microscopy Sciences	72204-03	# 1.5; 22 mm x 40 mm glass coverslips
Imaris	Oxford Instruments	NA	Alternatives: Fiji, Volocity, Aivia
Imaris File Converter	Oxford Instruments	NA
Instant Yeast	Saf-Instant	NA
Molasses	Genesee	62-117
Petri dish	Greiner Bio-One	628161	60 mm x 15 mm Petri dish
Petroleum Jelly	Vaseline	NA
Schneider's Insect Medium with L-glutamine and sodium bicarbonate liquid	Millipore Sigma	S0146
SlideBook acquisition software	3i	NA
Vacuum-Driven Filtration Unit with a 0.22 µµm PES membrane filter	Genesee Scientific, GenClone	25-231