The Large-Scale Cultivation of Nematodes to Study Their Collective Behaviors

Summary

Here, a system is reported for studying the collective behaviors of nematodes by culturing them in bulk using dog food agar medium. This system allows researchers to propagate large numbers of dauer worms and can be applied to Caenorhabditis elegans and other related species.

Abstract

Animals exhibit dynamic collective behaviors, as observed in flocks of birds, schools of fish, and crowds of humans. The collective behaviors of animals have been investigated in the fields of both biology and physics. In the laboratory, researchers have used various model animals such as the fruit fly and zebrafish for approximately a century, but it has remained a major challenge to study large-scale complex collective behavior orchestrated by these genetically tractable model animals. This paper presents a protocol to create an experimental system of collective behaviors in Caenorhabditis elegans. The propagated worms climb on the lid of the Petri plate and show collective swarming behavior. The system also controls worm interactions and behaviors by changing the humidity and light stimulation. This system allows us to examine the mechanisms underlying collective behaviors by changing environmental conditions and examining the effects of individual-level locomotion on collective behaviors using mutants. Thus, the system is useful for future research in both physics and biology.

Introduction

Both nonscientists and scientists are fascinated with animals' collective behaviors, as in flocks of birds and schools of fish. Collective behaviors have been analyzed in a broad range of fields, including physics, biology, mathematics, and robotics. In particular, active matter physics is a growing research field that focuses on systems composed of self-propelled elements, that is, dissipative systems, such as flocks of birds, schools of fish, biofilms of motile bacteria, cytoskeletons composed of active molecules, and groups of self-propelled colloids. The theory of active matter physics maintains that however complex the behaviors of individuals are, the collec....

Protocol

1. Preparation of worms

NOTE: Prepare the wild-type N2 Bristol strain¹² and ZX899 strain (lite-1(ce314); ljIs123[mec-4p::ChR2, unc-122p::RFP])¹³ for the observation of collective behaviors and optogenetic experiments, respectively. Maintain the ZX899 strain under dark conditions.

1. Deposit four well-fed adult worms on a 60 mm plate containing 14 mL of nematode growth medium (NGM) with agar and seeded with E.......

Discussion

In this study, we show a protocol for preparing a system for the large-scale collective behavior of C. elegans in the laboratory. The DFA-based method was originally established with Caenorhabditis japonica¹⁴ and Neoaplectana carpocapsae Weiser¹⁵, both of which are non-model animals. However, this method was not applied to investigate collective behaviors. The C. elegans is a genetically tractable model animal¹¹

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Escherichia coli and C. elegans strains
E. coli OP50	Caenorhabditis Genetics Center	OP50	Food for C. elegans. Uracil auxotroph. E. coli B.
lite-1(ce314); ljIs123[mec-4p::ChR2, unc-122p::RFP]	author	ZX899	lite-1(ce314) mutant carrying the genes expressing ChR2 and RFP under the control of the mec-4 and unc-122 promoter, respectively
N2 Bristrol	Caenorhabditis Genetics Center		Wild-type C. elegans strain
For worm cultivation
Agar purified, powder	Nakarai tesque	01162-15	For preparation of NGM plates
All-trans retinal	Sigma-Aldrich	R2500	For optogenetics
Bacto pepton	Becton Dickinson	211677	For preparation of NGM plates
Calcium chloride	Wako	036-00485	For preparation of NGM plates
Cholesterol	Wako	034-03002	For preparation of NGM plates
di-Photassium hydrogenphosphate	Nakarai tesque	28727-95	For preparation of NGM plates
Dog food	Nihon Pet Food	VITA-ONE	For preparation of dog food agar medium
LB broth, Lennox	Nakarai tesque	20066-95	For culture of E. coli OP50
Magnesium sulfate anhydrous	TGI	M1890	For preparation of NGM plates
Petri dishes (60 mm)	Nunc	150270	For preparation of NGM plates
Potassium Dihydrogenphosphate	Nakarai tesque	28720-65	For preparation of NGM plates
Sodium Chloride	Nakarai tesque	31320-05	For preparation of NGM plates
Observation
Computer	CT solution	CS6229	Windows10 Pro with Intel Xeon Gold 6238R CPU and 768 GB of RAM
CMOS Camera	Hamamatsu photonics	ORCA-Lightning C14120-20P	For data acquisition
CMOS Camera	Olympus	DP74	For data acquisition
Microscope with SZX-MGFP set	Olympus	MVX10	For data acquisition
x2 Objective lens	Olympus	MV PLAPO 2XC	Working distance 20 mm and numerical aperture 0.5
Shutter control
Shutter	OptoSigma	BSH2-RIX	For controlling temporal pattern of  light illumination
Shutter controller	OptoSigma	SSH-C2B-A	For controlling temporal pattern of  light illumination
Temperature control
Peltier temperature controller unit	VICS	WLVPU-30	For controlling humidity inside a Petri plate
UNI-THEMO CONTROLLER	Ampere	UTC-100	For controlling humidity inside a Petri plate
Data acquisition software
HCImage	Hamamatsu photonics		For data acquisition