Single-Cell RNA Sequencing of Mutant Whole Mouse Embryos: From the Epiblast to the End of Gastrulation

Summary

This paper establishes a pipeline for high-quality single-cell and nuclei suspensions of gastrulating mouse embryos for sequencing of single cells and nuclei.

Abstract

Over the last decade, single-cell approaches have become the gold standard for studying gene expression dynamics, cell heterogeneity, and cell states within samples. Before single-cell advances, the feasibility of capturing the dynamic cellular landscape and rapid cell transitions during early development was limited. In this paper, a robust pipeline was designed to perform single-cell and nuclei analysis on mouse embryos from embryonic day E6.5 to E8, corresponding to the onset and completion of gastrulation. Gastrulation is a fundamental process during development that establishes the three germinal layers: mesoderm, ectoderm, and endoderm, which are essential for organogenesis. Extensive literature is available on single-cell omics applied to wild-type perigastrulating embryos. However, single-cell analysis of mutant embryos is still scarce and often limited to FACS-sorted populations. This is partially due to the technical constraints associated with the need for genotyping, timed pregnancies, the count of embryos with desired genotypes per pregnancy, and the number of cells per embryo at these stages. Here, a methodology is presented designed to overcome these limitations. This method establishes breeding and timed pregnancy guidelines to achieve a higher chance of synchronized pregnancies with desired genotypes. Optimization steps in the embryo isolation process coupled with a same-day genotyping protocol (3 h) allow for microdroplet-based single-cell to be performed on the same day, ensuring the high viability of cells and robust results. This method further includes guidelines for optimal nuclei isolations from embryos. Thus, these approaches increase the feasibility of single-cell approaches of mutant embryos at the gastrulation stage. We anticipate that this method will facilitate the analysis of how mutations shape the cellular landscape of the gastrula.

Introduction

Gastrulation is a fundamental process required for normal development. This rapid and dynamic process occurs when pluripotent cells transition into lineage-specific precursors that define how organs form. For years, gastrulation was long defined as the formation of three largely homogeneous populations: mesoderm, ectoderm, and endoderm. However, high-resolution technologies and an emerging number of embryonic stem cell models^1,2 unveil unprecedented heterogeneity among the early germ layers^3,4. This suggests that much more remains to be uncovered about....

Protocol

This protocol and all animal experiments described were formally approved and in accordance with institutional guidelines established by the Temple University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, which follows the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care international guidelines. All mice described were on the C57/BL6N background strain. No animal health concerns were observed in these studies.

1. Breeding colony and timed pregnancies

Discussion

A robust pipeline is presented in this paper for obtaining high-quality single-cell and nuclei suspensions from gastrulating mouse embryos, specifically designed to facilitate studies on mechanisms of cell-fate specification in early development. This method addresses a crucial gap in the field of gastrulation by optimizing the analysis of embryos requiring genotypes, such as sex or somatic genes. By utilizing genetic mutation mouse models and employing high-resolution single-cell sequencing on whole mouse embryos, this .......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
10 cm Petri dish	Genesee Scientific	25-202
1000 µL Reach Barrier Tip	Genesee Scientific	23-430
20 µL Reach Barrier Tip	Genesee Scientific	24-404
300 µL Reach Barrier Tip	Genesee Scientific	24-415
37 µm Reversible Strainer, small	Stem Cell	27215
6 cm Petri dish	Genesee Scientific	25-260
8-strip PCR tubes	Genesee Scientific	27-125U
Agarose	Apex Bioresearch Product	20-102
Benchmark Scientific BSH300 MyBlock Mini Dry Bath	Genesee	31-437
Benchmark Scientific Z216-MK Z216MK Hermle Refrigerated Microcentrifuge	Genesee	33-759R
Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)	Sigma-Aldrich	A2153
Chromium Controller	10X	PN-1000127
Chromium Next GEM Single Cell 3' Reagent Kits v3.1	10X	PN-1000269
Countess 3 Automated Cell Counter	Invitrogen	AMQAX2000
Countess Cell Couning Chamber Slides	Invitrogen	C10283
D1000 Reagents	Agilent	5067-5583
D1000 ScreenTape	Agilent	5067-5582
Digitonin	ThermoFisher Scientific	BN2006
DirectPCR yolk sac	Viagen	201-Y
Dithiothreitol (DTT)	ThermoFisher Scientific	R0861
DNA LoBind Tube 1.5 mL	Eppendorf	22431021
Dubecco's Modificiation of Eagle's Medium (DMEM, 1x)	CORNING	10-013-CV
Dulbecco's PBS	GenClone	25-508
Dumont #5 Fine Forceps	Fine Science Tools	11254-20
Dumont #5SF Forceps	Fine Science Tools	11252-00
Ethanol	Koptec	V1401
EVOS M7000 Imaging System	Invitrogen	AMF7000
Fine Scissors - Sharp	Fine Science Tools	14060-11
GoTaq G2 Green Master Mix	Promega	M7823
Graefe Forceps	Fine Science Tools	11049-10
MgCl2	ThermoFisher Scientific	AC223211000
MiniAmp Thermal Cycler	Applied Biosystems	A37834
NaCl	Fisher Chemical	S271-500
NextSeq 1000/2000 P2 Reagents (100 Cycles) v3	Illumina	20046811
NextSeq2000	Illumina
Nikon SMZ 1000 Stereo Microscope	Nikon
Nondiedt P40	Sigma-Aldrich	74385
Nuclease-free Water	GenClone	25-511
Optical Tube 8x Strip (401428)	Agilent	401428
Optical Tube Cap 8x Strip (401425)	Agilent	401425
Poseidon 31-511, HS24 Microcentrifuge, with 24 x 1.5/2.0 mL rotor, 1 Centrifuge/Unit	Genesee	31-511
Proteinase K	Sigma-Aldrich	P6556
Qubit dsDNA Quantification Assay Kits	Invitrogen	Q32851
Qubit Flex 3	Invitrogen
RNase inhibitor	Fisher Scientific	12-141-368
Standard Pattern Forceps	Fine Science Tools	11000-12
Tape Station Loading tips	Agilent	5067-5598
Tapestation 4150	Agilent	G2992AA
Tris-HCL (Ph7)	Quality Biological	351-007-101
Trypan Blue Stain 0.4%	Theromo Fisher Scientific	T10282
Tryple Express	Gibco	12604-021
Tween-20	Bio-Rad	1662404
Vortex mixer IKA MS3 with 96-well sample plate adapter	IKA	3617000