ホワイトヘッド研究所フェローファンド

パート1：RNAからcDNA合成<ol><li>アンビオンアミノアリルMessageAmp IIキットを使用する前に、洗浄バッファーに100％エタノールの推奨量を追加します。 </li><li> PCR反応チューブに、100ngの間にT7オリゴ（dT）プライマーのトータルRNAと1μlのの5μgに追加します。ヌクレアーゼフリー水で12μlにボリュームを起動します。 </li><li> 70でサンプルをインキュベート℃でサーマルサイクラーで10分間。 </li><li> ° Cと遠心簡単に70からRNAサンプルを削除します。氷の上に置きます。 </li><li>第1ストランド合成のマスターミックスを調製し、（エラーをピペッティングするための10％超過付き）、室温でおいてください。（表1） </li><li>ミックスして、手短に遠心して静かにピペットでマスターミックスまたはフリックします。 </li><li>各RNAサンプルにマスターミックスの8μlを転送する。 3〜4回上下にピペッティングして混ぜる。 </li><li>サーマルサイクラーで2時間、42℃でインキュベートする。 </li><li>氷上で遠心サンプルの短時間と場所。すぐに二本鎖DNAの合成の次のステップに進みます。 </li><li>氷上で2 回目のストランドの合成マスターミックス（エラーをピペッティングするための10％超過と）。（表2）を準備</li><li>ミックスして、手短に遠心して静かにピペットでマスターミックスまたはフリックします。 </li><li>各サンプルに80μlを移し、軽く3,4回上下にピペッティングして混ぜる。 </li><li>サーマルサイクラーで2時間16℃でインキュベートする。 </li><li> 2時間のインキュベーションの後、cDNAを、クリーンアップ手順を続行または-20℃で直ちに凍結する</li></ol>パート2：二本鎖cDNAをクリーンアップ<ol><li>冷蔵庫からcDNAピュアを取り外して、使用前に30分間室温に平衡化することができます。完全に使用前に磁気のcDNA結合ビーズを再懸濁するためにボトルを振る。 </li><li> 1.5mlチューブ50〜60℃でインキュベートC前の2時間インキュベーション中に少なくとも10分間に分注しヌクレアーゼフリー水。 </li><li>各サンプルのcDNAの純粋の180μlを追加し、徹底的に上下にピペッティングにより混合する。 96ウェル丸底プレートにサンプルを移す。 </li><li>静かに少なくとも2分間オービタルシェーカー上でプレートを振とうしてサンプルをミックスし続ける。 </li><li>磁気ビーズを捕捉する磁気スタンドにプレートを移動します。約6分間、または混合物が透明になり、結合ビーズをペレット化されるまで、スタンドにプレートを残す。 </li><li>慎重に磁気ビーズを乱すことなく真空アスピレーターで上清を吸引除去する。また、注意深くピペットで上清を除去し、上清を捨てる。 </li><li>磁気スタンドからプレートを取り外します。 </li><li>各ウェルに150μLcDNAを洗浄バッファーを追加し、適度なスピードでオービタルシェーカー上で1分間プレートを振る。ビーズは、洗浄緩衝液の低い表面張力により、このステップで分散されません。 </li><li>磁気ビーズを捕捉する磁気スタンドにプレートを移動します。 </li><li>慎重に磁気ビーズを乱すことなく真空アスピレーターで上清を吸引除去する。また、注意深くピペットで上清を除去し、上清を捨てる。 </li><li>磁気スタンドからプレートを取り外します。 </li><li> 150μLcDNAを洗浄バッファーで洗浄2回目のタイムを繰り返します。 </li><li>第2回洗浄した後、最高速度でオービタルシェーカーで2分間プレートを振とうしてビーズを乾燥させる。乾燥し過ぎたしないでください！ </li><li>各サンプルに予熱のNuclease - Free Water18μlを加えることによりビーズからcDNAを溶出させる。 </li><li>精力的にオービタルシェーカー上で3分間プレートを横に振ると、磁性ビーズが十分に分散されている確認してください。されていない場合は、揺れ続ける。 </li><li>磁気ビーズが完全に分散した後、磁気ビーズを捕捉する磁気スタンドにプレートを移動します。 </li><li>慎重に（〜16μl）溶出したcDNAは、新たなPCRプレート（またはPCRチューブ）に移す。 </li><li>次の手順に直接進む、または-20℃にてcDNAを凍結する</li></ol>パート3：in vitro転写 （IVT） <ol><li>室温でIVTマスターミックスを調製する。（表3） </li><li>穏やかに混合し、手短に遠心してマスターミックスや映画をピペット。 </li><li>各サンプルに24μl追加し、軽く3,4回上下にピペッティングして混ぜる。 </li><li>サーマルサイクラーで14時間、37℃でインキュベートし、その後次のステップのため° Cまでの準備4で保持する。 </li></ol>パート4：aRNAのクリーンアップIVTの後に<ol><li>簡単に渦RNA結合ビーズを使用前であっても混合物を得ること。 </li><li>室温でaRNAの結合ミックスを準備する（表4）これは、事前に行うことができます- 。プリペアド結合ミックスは、最大1週間まで室温で保存することができます。 </li><li>ボルテックスでよく混ぜる。 </li><li>少なくとも10分間、50〜60℃で1.5mlチューブとインキュベートに分注しaRNAの溶出バッファー。 </li><li> aRNAの結合ミックスの70μlを追加各サンプルにして3,4回上下にピペッティングしてよく混ぜる。 </li><li> PCRプレートから96ウェル丸底プレートにサンプルを移す。 </li><li>各サンプルに100％イソプロパノール50μlのを追加し、3,4回上下にピペッティングしてよく混ぜる。 </li><li>やさしく徹底的にサンプルを混ぜるために、少なくとも2分間オービタルシェーカー上でプレートを振る。 </li><li>磁気ビーズを捕捉する磁気スタンドにプレートを移動します。混合物が透明になり、結合ビーズをペレット化されるまで、スタンドにプレートを残す。 </li><li>慎重に磁気ビーズを乱すことなく真空アスピレーターで上清を吸引除去する。また、注意深くピペットで上清を除去し、上清を捨てる。 </li><li>磁気スタンドからプレートを取り外します。 </li><li>各ウェルに100μlのaRNAの洗浄液を追加し、適度なスピードでオービタルシェーカー上で1分間プレートを振る。ビーズは、完全にこの段階では分散されないことがあります。 </li><li>磁気ビーズを捕捉する磁気スタンドにプレートを移動します。 </li><li>慎重に磁気ビーズを乱すことなく真空アスピレーターで上清を吸引除去する。また、注意深くピペットで上清を除去し、上清を捨てる。 </li><li>磁気スタンドからプレートを取り外します。 </li><li> 100μlのaRNAの洗浄溶液で洗浄2回目のタイムを繰り返します。 </li><li>第2回洗浄した後、最高速度でオービタルシェーカー上で1分間プレートを振とうしてビーズを乾燥させる。サンプルを乾燥し過ぎたしないでください！ </li><li>各サンプルに40μlの予熱aRNAの溶出バッファーを添加することによりビーズからaRNAのを溶出する。 </li><li>精力的に3分間オービタルシェーカー上でプレートを横に振ると、磁性ビーズが十分に分散されている確認してください。されていない場合は、揺れ続ける。 </li><li>磁気ビーズが完全に分散した後、磁気ビーズを捕捉する磁気スタンドにプレートを移動します。上清は、取り込まれたaRNAのがクリーンアップされたアミノアリルが含まれています。 </li><li>慎重に新たなPCRプレート（またはPCRチューブ）に溶出されたaRNAを転送します。 </li><li> （オプションの手順）は、光度計分光光度計に1.5μlずつを測定することにより、サンプルのRNAの濃度を確認してください。 </li><li>すぐに次のステップに引き続き、または-80 aRNAの℃にて保存してください。 </li></ol>表1：cDNAの第1のストランドの合成マスターミックス<table border="1" cellpadding="8"><tbody><tr><td> 試薬 </td><td> 1反応量 </td></tr><tr><td> 10Xファーストストランドバッファー</td><td> 2μlの</td></tr><tr><td> dNTPミックス</td><td> 4μlの</td></tr><tr><td>リボヌクレアーゼ阻害剤</td><td> 1μL </td></tr><tr><td>配列スクリプト</td><td> 1μL </td></tr></tbody></table>表2：cDNAの第2鎖合成のマスターミックス<table border="1" cellpadding="8"><tbody><tr><td> 試薬 </td><td> 1反応量 </td></tr><tr><td>ヌクレアーゼフリー水</td><td> 63μlの</td></tr><tr><td> 10Xセカンドストランドバッファー</td><td> 10μlの</td></tr><tr><td> dNTPミックス</td><td> 4μlの</td></tr><tr><td> DNAポリメラーゼ</td><td> 2μlの</td></tr><tr><td> RNase H活性</td><td> 1μL </td></tr></tbody></table>表3：IVTマスターミックス<table border="1" cellpadding="8"><tbody><tr><td> 試薬 </td><td> 1反応量 </td></tr><tr><td> aaUTP溶液（75mMの） </td><td> 2μlの</td></tr><tr><td> ATP、CTP、GTPミックス（25 mM）を</td><td> 12μlの</td></tr><tr><td> T7 UTPソリューション（75 mM）を</td><td> 2μlの</td></tr><tr><td> T7 10X反応バッファー</td><td> 4μlの</td></tr><tr><td> T7酵素ミックス</td><td> 4μlの</td></tr></tbody></table>表4：aRNAのバインディングミックス<table border="1" cellpadding="8"><tbody><tr><td> 試薬 </td><td> 1反応量 </td></tr><tr><td> RNA結合ビーズ* </td><td> 10μlの</td></tr><tr><td>ビーズの再懸濁ソリューション* </td><td> 4μlの</td></tr><tr><td> 100％イソプロパノール** </td><td> 6μlの</td></tr><tr><td> aRNAの結合バッファー濃縮液</td><td> 50μlの</td></tr></tbody></table> *最初のビーズ懸濁液でRNA結合ビーズをミックス。 **イソプロパノールを追加し、aRNAの結合バッファー濃縮液を添加する前によく混ぜる。

<ol>
	<li>Rubins, K. H., Hensley, L. E., Bell, G. W., Wang, C., Lefkowitz, E. J., Brown, P. O., Relman, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+analysis+of+viral+gene+expression+programs+during+poxvirus+infection:+a+transcriptional+map+of+the+vaccinia+and+monkeypox+genomes.">Comparative analysis of viral gene expression programs during poxvirus infection: a transcriptional map of the vaccinia and monkeypox genomes.</a> PLoS ONE. 3 (7), e2628-e2628 (2008).</li><li>Assarsson, E., Greenbaum, J. A., Sundstr&#246;m, M., Schaffer, L., Hammond, J. A., Pasquetto, V., Oseroff, C., Hendrickson, R. C., Lefkowitz, E. J., Tscharke, D. C., Sidney, J., Grey, H. M., Head, S. R., Peters, B., Sette, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinetic+analysis+of+a+complete+poxvirus+transcriptome+reveals+an+immediate-early+class+of+genes.">Kinetic analysis of a complete poxvirus transcriptome reveals an immediate-early class of genes.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 105 (6), 2140-2145 (2008).</li><li>Satheshkumar, P. S., Moss, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Poxvirus+transcriptome+analysis.">Poxvirus transcriptome analysis.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105, E62-E62 (2008).</li><li>Assarsson, E., Greenbaum, J. A., Sundstr&#246;m, M., Schaffer, L., Hammond, J. A., Pasquetto, V., Oseroff, C., Hendrickson, R. C., Lefkowitz, E. J., Tscharke, D. C., Sidney, J., Grey, H. M., Head, S. R., Peters, B., Sette, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A.+Reply+to+Satheshkumar+and+Moss:+Poxvirus+transcriptome+analysis.">A. Reply to Satheshkumar and Moss: Poxvirus transcriptome analysis.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105, E63-E64 (2008).</li><li>Guerra, S., L&#243;pez-Fern&#225;ndez, L. A., Pascual-Montano, A., Mu&#241;oz, M., Harshman, K., Esteban, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+gene+expression+survey+of+vaccinia+virus+infection+of+human+HeLa+cells.">Cellular gene expression survey of vaccinia virus infection of human HeLa cells.</a> J Virol. 77 (11), 6493-6506 (2003).</li><li>Guerra, S., L&#243;pez-Fern&#225;ndez, L. A., Conde, R., Pascual-Montano, A., Harshman, K., Esteban, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microarray+analysis+reveals+characteristic+changes+of+host+cell+gene+expression+in+response+to+attenuated+modified+vaccinia+virus+Ankara+infection+of+human+HeLa+cells.">Microarray analysis reveals characteristic changes of host cell gene expression in response to attenuated modified vaccinia virus Ankara infection of human HeLa cells.</a> J Virol. 78 (11), 5820-5824 (2004).</li><li>Guerra, S., L&#243;pez-Fern&#225;ndez, L. A., Pascual-Montano, A., N&#225;jera, J. L., Zaballos, A., Esteban, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Host+response+to+the+attenuated+poxvirus+vector+NYVAC:+upregulation+of+apoptotic+genes+and+NF-kappaB-responsive+genes+in+infected+HeLa+cells.">Host response to the attenuated poxvirus vector NYVAC: upregulation of apoptotic genes and NF-kappaB-responsive genes in infected HeLa cells.</a> J Virol. 80 (2), 985-998 (2006).</li><li>Guerra, S., N&#225;jera, J. L., Gonz&#225;lez, J. M., L&#243;pez-Fern&#225;ndez, L. A., Climent, N., Gatell, J. M., Gallart, T., Esteban, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinct+gene+expression+profiling+after+infection+of+immature+human+monocyte-derived+dendritic+cells+by+the+attenuated+poxvirus+vectors+MVA+and+NYVAC.">Distinct gene expression profiling after infection of immature human monocyte-derived dendritic cells by the attenuated poxvirus vectors MVA and NYVAC.</a> 81 (16), 8707-8721 (2007).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

重要なステップ配列データにバイアスが観察されているとして、増幅の第二ラウンドはお勧めできません。それぞれの酵素のステップのインキュベーションが適切な温度になるように各酵素段階（第1回および第2鎖cDNA合成、IVT）で慎重に混合することは、良好な増幅収量を得るために重要です。さらに偏差を空気のハイブリダイゼーションオーブンまたは?...

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Amino Allyl MessageAmp II aRNA amplification kit</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
<td>AM1753</td>
<td>For 20 reactions</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Amino Allyl MessageAmp II aRNA amplification kit</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
<td>AM1821</td>
<td>For 100 reactions, in a 96-well format</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>NanoDrop ND-1000 UV-VIS spectrophotometer</td>
<td>Other</td>
<td>NanoDrop</td>
<td>ND-1000</td>
<td>Or equivalent spectrophotometer</td>
</tr>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

vaccinia virus infection &amp; temporal analysis of virus gene expression: part 2

家族の<em&gt;ポックスウイルス科</em&gt;感染細胞の細胞質中に独占的に複製するウイルスを含む大規模な二重鎖DNAで構成されています。のメンバー<em&gt;オルトポックス</em&gt;属インクルード天然痘、人間の天然痘、サル痘、およびワクシニア（VAC）の原因物質、ウイルスの家族の原型の一員。比較的大きな（〜200 KB）ワクシニアゲノムの中で、遺伝子の3つのクラスは、エンコードされています：初期、中間、および遅い。すべての3つのクラスがウイルスによりコードされたRNAポリメラーゼによって転写されていますが、各クラスには、ウイルスのライフサイクルの異なる機能を果たします。ポックスウイルスは感染時に宿主細胞環境の変調のための複数の戦略を利用する。両方のホストとウイルスの遺伝子発現の調節を理解するために、我々は、ウイルスと宿主細胞の両方から転写産物量を分析するためにゲノムワイドなアプローチを利用してきた。ここで、我々は、いくつかの時点感染後におけるワクシニアウイルスとサンプリングのRNAとHeLa細胞の経時的感染を示す。両方のホストとウイルスの全RNAを単離し、遺伝子発現の解析用マイクロアレイへのハイブリダイゼーションのために増幅されます。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Vaccinia Virus Infection & Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 2 at JoVE.com

Vaccinia Virus Infection &amp; Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 2

HeLa細胞と宿主とウイルスの遺伝子発現の解析のワクシニア感染のためのプロトコル。 3パート2。

ワクシニアウイルス感染とウイルスの遺伝子発現の時間的解析：その2

The family Poxviridae consists of large double-stranded DNA containing viruses that replicate exclusively in the cytoplasm of infected cells.  Members of ...

vaccinia-virus-infection-temporal-analysis-virus-gene-expression-part

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

7.9K ビュー.  MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology. HeLa細胞と宿主とウイルスの遺伝子発現の解析のワクシニア感染のためのプロトコル。 3パート2。

ビデオ: Vaccinia Virus Infection & Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 2

Bacterial Gene Expression Analysis Using Microarrays

マイクロアレイを用いた細菌の遺伝子発現解析

生物学

The Preparation of Primary Hematopoietic Cell Cultures From Murine Bone Marrow for Electroporation

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell  electroporation system and Gene Pulser  electroporation buffer were specifically developed to transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells.This video demonstrates how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow, and then prepare them for electroporation in the MXcell system. We begin by isolating femur and tibia. Bone marrow from both femur and tibia are then harvested and cultures are established. Cultured bone marrow cells are then transfected and analyzed.

This procedure describes how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow and is followed by transfection using the Gene Pulser MXCell electroporation system.

エレクトロポレーションのためのマウス骨髄からの一次造血細胞培養の準備

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser ...

Vaccinia Virus Infection &amp; Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 1

The family Poxviridae consists of large double-stranded DNA containing viruses that replicate exclusively in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Members of the orthopox genus include variola, the causative agent of human small pox, monkeypox, and vaccinia (VAC), the prototypic member of the virus family. Within the relatively large (~ 200 kb) vaccinia genome, three classes of genes are encoded: early, intermediate, and late. While all three classes are transcribed by virally-encoded RNA polymerases, each class serves a different function in the life cycle of the virus. Poxviruses utilize multiple strategies for modulation of the host cellular environment during infection. In order to understand regulation of both host and virus gene expression, we have utilized genome-wide approaches to analyze transcript abundance from both virus and host cells. Here, we demonstrate time course infections of HeLa cells with Vaccinia virus and sampling RNA at several time points post-infection. Both host and viral total RNA is isolated and amplified for hybridization to microarrays for analysis of gene expression.

Protocol for Vaccinia infection of HeLa cells and analysis of host and viral gene expression. Part 1 of 3.

ワクシニアウイルス感染とウイルスの遺伝子発現の時間的解析：その1

Vaccinia Virus Infection &amp; Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 3

Protocol for Vaccinia infection of HeLa cells and analysis of host and viral gene expression. Part 3 describes the process of fluorescently labeling the amplified RNA from both host and viral samples by amino allyl coupling of dyes. Part 3 of 3.

ワクシニアウイルス感染とウイルスの遺伝子発現の時間的解析：その3

Virus-induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) in Nicotiana benthamiana and Tomato

RNA interference (RNAi) is a highly specific gene-silencing phenomenon triggered by dsRNA1. This silencing mechanism uses two major classes of RNA regulators: microRNAs, which are produced from non-protein coding genes and short interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Plants use RNAi to control transposons and to exert tight control over developmental processes such as flower organ formation and leaf development2,3,4. Plants also use RNAi to defend themselves against infection by viruses. Consequently, many viruses have evolved suppressors of gene silencing to allow their successful colonization of their host5.
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a method that takes advantage of the plant RNAi-mediated antiviral defense mechanism. In plants infected with unmodified viruses the mechanism is specifically targeted against the viral genome. However, with virus vectors carrying sequences derived from host genes, the process can be additionally targeted against the corresponding host mRNAs. VIGS has been adapted for high-throughput functional genomics in plants by using the plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens to deliver, via its Ti plasmid, a recombinant virus carrying the entire or part of the gene sequence targeted for silencing. Systemic virus spread and the endogenous plant RNAi machinery take care of the rest. dsRNAs corresponding to the target gene are produced and then cleaved by the ribonuclease Dicer into siRNAs of 21 to 24 nucleotides in length. These siRNAs ultimately guide the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) to degrade the target transcript2.
Different vectors have been employed in VIGS and one of the most frequently used is based on tobacco rattle virus (TRV). TRV is a bipartite virus and, as such, two different A. tumefaciens strains are used for VIGS. One carries pTRV1, which encodes the replication and movement viral functions while the other, pTRV2, harbors the coat protein and the sequence used for VIGS6,7. Inoculation of Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato seedlings with a mixture of both strains results in gene silencing. Silencing of the endogenous phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene, which causes photobleaching, is used as a control for VIGS efficiency. It should be noted, however, that silencing in tomato is usually less efficient than in N. benthamiana. RNA transcript abundance of the gene of interest should always be measured to ensure that the target gene has efficiently been down-regulated. Nevertheless, heterologous gene sequences from N. benthamiana can be used to silence their respective orthologs in tomato and vice versa8.

Virus-induced Gene Silencing VIGS in Nicotiana benthamiana and Tomato

Description of a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) method for knock-down of gene expression in Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato.

ウイルス誘導ジーンサイレンシング（VIGS）でタバコbenthamianaとトマト

RNA interference (RNAi) is a highly specific gene-silencing phenomenon triggered by dsRNA1. This silencing mechanism uses two major classes of RNA ...

Using the Gene Pulser MXcell Electroporation System to Transfect Primary Cells with High Efficiency

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system and Gene Pulser electroporation buffer (Bio-Rad) were specifically developed to easily transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells. We will demonstrate how to perform a simple experiment to quickly identify the best electroporation conditions. We will demonstrate how to run several samples through a range of electroporation conditions so that an experiment can be conducted at the same time as optimization is performed. We will also show how optimal conditions identified using 96-well electroporation plates can be used with standard electroporation cuvettes, facilitating the switch from electroporation plates to electroporation cuvettes while maintaining the same electroporation efficiency. In the video, we will also discuss some of the key factors that can lead to the success or failure of electroporation experiments.

This procedure shows how to use the Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system to rapidly and easily identify the best electroporation conditions for mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) or other primary cells. Considerations for troubleshooting are also discussed in the associated video.

高効率で初代培養細胞をトランスフェクトするためにジーンパルサーMXcellのエレクトロポレーションシステムの使用

Using an Automated Cell Counter to Simplify Gene Expression Studies: siRNA Knockdown of IL-4 Dependent Gene Expression in Namalwa Cells

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only to study the effects of downregulating single genes, but also to interrogate signaling pathways and other complex interaction networks.  These pathway analyses require both the use of relevant cellular models and methods that cause less perturbation to the cellular physiology.  Electroporation is increasingly being used as an effective way to introduce siRNA and other nucleic acids into difficult to transfect cell lines and primary cells without altering the signaling pathway under investigation. There are multiple critical steps to a successful siRNA experiment, and there are ways to simplify the work while improving the data quality at several experimental stages.  To help you get started with your siRNA mediated gene knockdown project, we will demonstrate how to perform a pathway study complete from collecting and counting the cells prior to electroporation through post transfection real-time PCR gene expression analysis.  The following study investigates the role of the transcriptional activator STAT6 in IL-4 dependent gene expression of CCL17 in a Burkitt lymphoma cell line (Namalwa).  The techniques demonstrated are useful for a wide range of siRNA-based experiments on both adherent and suspension cells.  We will also show how to streamline cell counting with the TC10 automated cell counter, how to electroporate multiple samples simultaneously using the MXcell electroporation system, and how to simultaneously assess RNA quality and quantity with the Experion automated electrophoresis system.

This procedure describes a quick and easy workflow to introduce siRNA into difficult to transfect cell lines and follow gene expression by real-time PCR. Use of an automated cell counter, multi-well electroporation plate, and automated electrophoresis station provide quick and reliable results without the need for expensive robotic handling.

ナマルバ細胞におけるIL - 4依存性遺伝子発現のsiRNAのノックダウン：遺伝子発現研究を簡素化する自動化セルカウンターの使い方

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only ...

Agrobacterium-Mediated Virus-Induced Gene Silencing Assay In Cotton

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is one of the most important crops worldwide. Considerable efforts have been made on molecular breeding of new varieties. The large-scale gene functional analysis in cotton has been lagged behind most of the modern plant species, likely due to its large size of genome, gene duplication and polyploidy, long growth cycle and recalcitrance to genetic transformation1. To facilitate high throughput functional genetic/genomic study in cotton, we attempt to develop rapid and efficient transient assays to assess cotton gene functions.
Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) is a powerful technique that was developed based on the host Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) to repress viral proliferation2,3. Agrobacterium-mediated VIGS has been successfully applied in a wide range of dicots species such as Solanaceae, Arabidopsis and legume species, and monocots species including barley, wheat and maize, for various functional genomic studies3,4. As this rapid and efficient approach avoids plant transformation and overcomes functional redundancy, it is particularly attractive and suitable for functional genomic study in crop species like cotton not amenable for transformation.
In this study, we report the detailed protocol of Agrobacterium-mediated VIGS system in cotton. Among the several viral VIGS vectors, the tobacco rattle virus (TRV) invades a wide range of hosts and is able to spread vigorously throughout the entire plant yet produce mild symptoms on the hosts5. To monitor the silencing efficiency, GrCLA1, a homolog gene of Arabidopsis Cloroplastos alterados 1 gene (AtCLA1) in cotton, has been cloned and inserted into the VIGS binary vector pYL156. CLA1 gene is involved in chloroplast development6, and previous studies have shown that loss-of-function of AtCLA1 resulted in an albino phenotype on true leaves7, providing an excellent visual marker for silencing efficiency. At approximately two weeks post Agrobacterium infiltration, the albino phenotype started to appear on the true leaves, with 100% silencing efficiency in all replicated experiments. The silencing of endogenous gene expression was also confirmed by RT-PCR analysis. Significantly, silencing could potently occur in all the cultivars we tested, including various commercially grown varieties in Texas. This rapid and efficient Agrobacterium-mediated VIGS assay provides a very powerful tool for rapid large-scale analysis of gene functions at genome-wide level in cotton.

We present the detailed protocol for Agrobacterium-mediated virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) assay in cotton. The tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-derived VIGS vectors were deployed to induce RNA silencing of cotton GrCLA1, Cloroplastos alterados 1 gene. The albino phenotype caused by silencing GrCLA1 was observed at the seedling stage within 2 weeks after inoculation.

コットンでアグロバクテリウムを介したウイルス誘発遺伝子サイレンシングアッセイ

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is one of the most important crops worldwide. Considerable efforts have been made on molecular breeding of new varieties.  The ...

The MultiBac Protein Complex Production Platform at the EMBL

Proteomics research revealed the impressive complexity of eukaryotic proteomes in unprecedented detail. It is now a commonly accepted notion that proteins in cells mostly exist not as isolated entities but exert their biological activity in association with many other proteins, in humans ten or more, forming assembly lines in the cell for most if not all vital functions.1,2 Knowledge of the function and architecture of these multiprotein assemblies requires their provision in superior quality and sufficient quantity for detailed analysis. The paucity of many protein complexes in cells, in particular in eukaryotes, prohibits their extraction from native sources, and necessitates recombinant production. The baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) has proven to be particularly useful for producing eukaryotic proteins, the activity of which often relies on post-translational processing that other commonly used expression systems often cannot support.3 BEVS use a recombinant baculovirus into which the gene of interest was inserted to infect insect cell cultures which in turn produce the protein of choice. MultiBac is a BEVS that has been particularly tailored for the production of eukaryotic protein complexes that contain many subunits.4 A vital prerequisite for efficient production of proteins and their complexes are robust protocols for all steps involved in an expression experiment that ideally can be implemented as standard operating procedures (SOPs) and followed also by non-specialist users with comparative ease. The MultiBac platform at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) uses SOPs for all steps involved in a multiprotein complex expression experiment, starting from insertion of the genes into an engineered baculoviral genome optimized for heterologous protein production properties to small-scale analysis of the protein specimens produced.5-8 The platform is installed in an open-access mode at EMBL Grenoble and has supported many scientists from academia and industry to accelerate protein complex research projects.

Protein complexes catalyze key cellular functions. Detailed functional and structural characterization of many essential complexes requires recombinant production. MultiBac is a baculovirus/insect cell system particularly tailored for expressing eukaryotic proteins and their complexes. MultiBac was implemented as an open-access platform, and standard operating procedures developed to maximize its utility.

EMBLでMultiBacタンパク質複合体生産プラットフォーム

Proteomics  research revealed the impressive complexity of eukaryotic proteomes in  unprecedented detail. It is now a commonly accepted notion that ...

Analysis of Global RNA Synthesis at the Single Cell Level following Hypoxia

Hypoxia or lowering of the oxygen availability is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. At the molecular level, cells initiate a particular transcriptional program in order to mount an appropriate and coordinated cellular response. The cell possesses several oxygen sensor enzymes that require molecular oxygen as cofactor for their activity. These range from prolyl-hydroxylases to histone demethylases. The majority of studies analyzing cellular responses to hypoxia are based on cellular populations and average studies, and as such single cell analysis of hypoxic cells are seldom performed. Here we describe a method of analysis of global RNA synthesis at the single cell level in hypoxia by using Click-iT RNA imaging kits in an oxygen controlled workstation, followed by microscopy analysis and quantification.&nbsp; Using cancer cells exposed to hypoxia for different lengths of time, RNA is labeled and measured in each cell. This analysis allows the visualization of temporal and cell-to-cell changes in global RNA synthesis following hypoxic stress.

We describe a technique for analysis of global RNA synthesis in hypoxia using imaging. Click-chemistry labeling of RNA has not previously been performed under hypoxia and allows visualization of global RNA changes at the single cell level. This approach complements the existing averaged RNA techniques, allowing direct visualization of cell-to-cell changes in global RNA synthesis.

低酸素症後単一細胞レベルでのグローバルのRNA合成の分析

Hypoxia or lowering of the oxygen availability is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. At the molecular level, cells initiate a ...