<p class="jove_content"&gt;本研究は、国立心臓、肺、血液研究所グラントR01 - HL0921、R01 - DK083385とHK Eltzschig、T. Eckleへ1K08HL102267 - 01、およびT. Eckleに麻酔教育研究助成財団へR01HL098294でサポートされています。とM.ケッペンのHK Eltzschig、およびT. EckleとHK Eltzschigに米国心臓協会グラントとドイツ学術振興協会（DFG）研究フェローシップ。</p

総論： すべての操作は、直立解剖顕微鏡（オリンパス、STU2スタンドブームスタンドとZ軸のクランクポストとのSZX10）の下と外科凝固剤（11）を使用して実行する必要があります。実験群は、結果の比較可能性を確保するため最善のように年齢と体重で可能な限り一致させる必要があります。温度、血圧、麻酔と輸液は終始安定している必要があります。 1。麻酔と気管の準備<ol><li>少なくとも10週齢C57BL / 6マウスを使用し、22から25 gのボディを持っている投与量は70mg / kg体重のIP（6）のペントバルビタールナトリウムを使用して麻酔を誘発する。約ペントバルビタール10 mg / kgの/ hのナトリウムで麻酔を維持する。これは著しく血圧を下げる可能性がありますので過剰摂取に注意する。ペントバルビタールの再投与 - であっても後の血漿中レベルの深刻な増加につながる時間は、できます。 </li><li>麻酔導入後に、テープと足首に固定縫合糸を使用してテーブルに取り付けられた上下肢と仰臥位での安全なマウス。歯を使って、ヘッドも同じことを行います。十分な差し止めが成功挿管とよく管理された手術のために重要です。手術前に、マウスの毛のアレルギーのリスクを減らすためにミネラルオイルを使用してマウスをカバー。体温が市販の食品包装でマウスをカバーする安定したままであることを保証するために。 </li><li> 37℃で体温を維持するためにサーマルフィードバックコントローラに接続されている直腸温度計のプローブを用いた温度制御加熱テーブル（RT、Effenberg、ミュンヘン、ドイツ）℃の上に置いてマウス</li><li>外科的気管を公開。結合組織と2つ配置3.0絹縫合糸（ハーバード装置、米国）気管の下に長い各10cmの気管の側面と背側面を詳細に分析します。縫合糸は離れて約1cmにする必要があります。 </li><li>マクファーソン- Vannasハサミを（;世界の精密機器、アメリカ8 cmのストレート刃）使用して、2つの円形の軟骨の間に喉頭下4ミリメートル - 慎重に気管3を切開する。これは、結果パラメータを混乱させる可能性があるため、出血を引き起こすことがないことを確認してください。 </li><li>鈍ポリエチレンカニューレ（Insyte 22グラム、ベックトンディッキンソン、米国）を用いて気管挿管を行います。気管内に85度の角度でポリエチレンカニューレの先端を挿入します。それは気管内腔に沿っているので、その後、カニューレを傾けます。カニューレの先端が胸部の開口部で消失するまでゆっくりとさらに気管ダウンチューブを進める。気管の背側に置か2つの手術絹縫合糸でこの位置にチューブを固定（1.4参照）。 </li></ol> 2。人工呼吸器誘発肺傷害のテクニック<ol><li>人工呼吸器にチューブを接続します。肺損傷を誘発するために我々は、 シーメンス （DRE獣医、米国）からサ ​​ーボ、900℃を使用することにより、圧力制御換気技術を使用してください。動物を45ミリバール、80呼吸/分とFIO 2 = 1.0と0から3ミリバールの呼気終末陽圧の周波数の最大吸気圧を用いて換気されます。有効期限の比率にインスピレーションを1:1としてください。サーボ900℃が人間のための人工呼吸器として構築されているという事実にもかかわらず、圧力制御された人工呼吸器の設定での使用は、マウスの換気のために優秀作品。 </li><li> ECG（例えばヒューレットパッカード、B blingen、ドイツ）と心拍数を監視します。心拍数が400以下に低下しないことを確認してください。一つは、機械的な換気が胸腔内圧の上昇に続いて増加した肺動脈圧の符号として制定されたときに、右に心臓の軸のシフトが表示されるはずです。マウスが徐脈を発症した場合、温度と麻酔用量/濃度を確認してください。 Xylacin /ケタミン麻酔は250 /分の心臓の心を誘導し、したがって、推奨されません。 </li><li>適切な水分補給を適用します。動脈または静脈カテーテルを介して通常の生理食塩水は0.1ml /時間で注入が十分な静脈の提出を確保するために前に換気するために実行されるべきです。平均動脈圧の重要な低下につながる可能性のある心臓への静脈還流が損なわれる高い換気圧、に起因する。また、500μlの生理食塩水ボーラスは、術前にIP提供されていました。 </li><li>血圧（27）の連続記録のための頸動脈にカテーテルを置きます。あなたが動脈の解剖を開始する前に本体にアームを取り付けます。頸動脈は、気管の筋肉の鈍的切開を介して公開されます。さらなる暴露とあらゆる組織の外傷（迷走神経の特定）を慎重に回避に続いて、カテーテルは、2つの縫合糸と小さなクランプ（37）を使用して容器に挿入されます。これは動脈のより長いセグメントを公開します。頸動脈の非常に最後に合字を置きます。緊張や凝視する目を取得するために縫合糸の端に大きなクランプを取り付けますテープを使用してテーブルへの電子の縫合。動脈の周囲に別の縫合糸を配置し、非常に先端部に動脈を細かく分析。ここでは、小さなクランプを配置。動脈に小さな斜めの開口部をカットするマイクロはさみを使用してください。微細な鉗子（デュモン、WPI）に開口部をホールドし、あなたの手/鉗子で適切なサイズのカテーテルを進める。 2番目の縫合糸で結び目を作り、動脈を確保する。クランプを緩め、さらにカテーテルを進める。いくつかの結び目とテープでカテーテルを固定します。また頸動脈カテーテルは、血液ガス分析のために動脈の血液サンプルを収集する実験の終端に置きますすることができます。 </li></ol> 3。組織サンプルの回収機械的換気の3時間後、サンプルは肺損傷の程度を評価するために収集されます。我々はbrochnoalveolar肺胞洗浄液（BAL）、動脈血および肺組織を収集することをお勧めします。 <ol><li>実験終了時にBAL液を入手。麻酔の深化した後、1mlのリン酸と気管チューブを洗浄緩衝食塩水（PBS）。それが接続されているシリンジを介して回収される前に流体が3秒間気管/肺のままにしてください。 BALは液体窒素で瞬間凍結されているので、それ以上の分析のために-80℃で保存。回復量が1ミリリットルを大幅に下回る可能性があることに注意してください。 </li><li>実験終了時に血液ガス分析を行います。これを行うためには、切開は右胸骨の下になされるべきである。鉗子と範囲胸郭に沿って切開して胸骨を保持する。次に、振動板はエッジで切開し、肋骨から切り出しています。今胸部の下側開口部に開いているビューがあります。鉗子で胸骨を持ち上げて、完全な前胸部の壁が、病棟に上がっているので、右側と左側の長いカット（できるだけ横）で胸部を開きます。実験動物はまだ機械的に換気されている間にも、行われる必要があります。左心室は27を使用して穿刺さ½ G針と動脈血の分析は、i - STATシステム（アボット、米国）を使用して実行されます。動脈血ガス分析を実行する必要がある場合、これは結果に重要な交絡因子となるので、BALは、得ることができない。 </li><li>上記の方法に代わり、動脈血のサンプルは頸動脈カテーテルを介して収集することができます。 BALが得られる前に、しかし、この処理を行います。 </li><li>心を引き上げると気管を切断して消費税肺はen -ブロック。血液を吸収する準備ができて組織片を持って、手術部位が見えるように。腹部の方向に心を引いて、慎重にすべての胸部器官を動員するために背骨に沿ってカット。大動脈を切断、胸部の臓器を取り出して、きれいな手術台の上に置きます。 </li><li>心臓と組織サンプルの主要な血管を切り取る。まだ肺にアタッチさ胸腺組織がないことを確認してください。個々のチューブとスナップ凍結のはさみと場所によって肺を区切ります。さらなる分析のために-80 ° Cで保存。 </li></ol> 4。肺損傷の測定我々は、肺損傷の程度を評価するために、以下の結果のパラメータを使用することをお勧めします。バリア機能障害の程度と炎症の量を評価するためにアルブミンELISA（Bethyl研究所、米国）とミエロペルオキシダーゼ（MPO）ELISA（Hycultバイオテクノロジー、米国）を実行するBAL液中の細胞。 MPO ELISAを実行すると、肺組織を形成する。ウェットからドライ比が測定される場合に我々は、BAL液を取得していないと肺循環は、（3.3を参照）フラッシュされません。切除後に肺の重量を測定する。その後、肺は48時間凍結乾燥され、肺組織が再び測定されます。その後、ウェットからドライ比は、乾いたティッシュmg当たりの水（5）のmgで測定されます。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2525/2525fig1.jpg" alt="図1" /> 図1。VILI。マウスに対応してBAL中のタンパク質含有量は、ペントバルビタールで麻酔し、機械的な換気が制定され、マウスは、圧力制御の設定を（45ミリバールの吸気圧、正のエンドexspiratory圧力3ミリバール、インスピレーションを100パーセント使用して換気を行った酸素濃度）。 0、1、2、換気BALの3時間後に回収され、蛋白質含量は、ビシンコニン酸アッセイ（BCAアッセイ）を用いて定量した。タンパク質含有量の相対的な変化は換気の0時間に正規化表示されている（n = 4のグループごとに、*はp &lt;0.05は対照と比較して示し、平均± SEM）

<ol>
	<li>Eckle, T., Faigle, M., Grenz, A., Laucher, S., Thompson, L. F., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A2B+adenosine+receptor+dampens+hypoxia-induced+vascular+leak.">A2B adenosine receptor dampens hypoxia-induced vascular leak.</a> Blood. 111, 2024-2035 (2008).</li><li>Eckle, T., Fullbier, L. G. r. e. n. z., A, ., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Usefulness+of+pressure-controlled+ventilation+at+high+inspiratory+pressures+to+induce+acute+lung+injury+in+mice.">Usefulness of pressure-controlled ventilation at high inspiratory pressures to induce acute lung injury in mice.</a> Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 295, 718-724 (2008).</li><li>Eckle, T., Fullbier, L., Wehrmann, M., Khoury, J., Mittelbronn, M., Ibla, J., Rosenberger, P., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+ectonucleotidases+CD39+and+CD73+in+innate+protection+during+acute+lung+injury.">Identification of ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 in innate protection during acute lung injury.</a> J Immunol. 178, 8127-8137 (2007).</li><li>Eckle, T., Grenz, A., Kohler, D., Redel, A., Falk, M., Rolauffs, B., Osswald, H., Kehl, F., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematic+evaluation+of+a+novel+model+for+cardiac+ischemic+preconditioning+in+mice.">Systematic evaluation of a novel model for cardiac ischemic preconditioning in mice.</a> Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 291, 2533-2540 (2006).</li><li>Eckle, T., Grenz, A., Laucher, S., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A2B+adenosine+receptor+signaling+attenuates+acute+lung+injury+by+enhancing+alveolar+fluid+clearance+in+mice.">A2B adenosine receptor signaling attenuates acute lung injury by enhancing alveolar fluid clearance in mice.</a> J Clin Invest. 118, 3301-3315 (2008).</li><li>Eckle, T., Krahn, T., Grenz, A., Kohler, D., Mittelbronn, M., Ledent, C., Jacobson, M. A., Osswald, H., Thompson, L. F., Unertl, K., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardioprotection+by+ecto-5'-nucleotidase+(CD73)+and+A2B+adenosine+receptors.">Cardioprotection by ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) and A2B adenosine receptors.</a> Circulation. 115, 1581-1590 (2007).</li><li>Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adenosine:+an+old+drug+newly+discovered.">Adenosine: an old drug newly discovered.</a> Anesthesiology. 111, 904-915 (2009).</li><li>Eltzschig, H. K., Eckle, T., Mager, A., Kuper, N., Karcher, C., Weissmuller, T., Boengler, K., Schulz, R., Robson, S. C., Colgan, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ATP+release+from+activated+neutrophils+occurs+via+connexin+43+and+modulates+adenosine-dependent+endothelial+cell+function.">ATP release from activated neutrophils occurs via connexin 43 and modulates adenosine-dependent endothelial cell function.</a> Circ Res. 99, 1100-1108 (2006).</li><li>Eltzschig, H. K., Ibla, J. C., Furuta, G. T., Leonard, M. O., Jacobson, K. A., Enjyoji, K., Robson, S. C., Colgan, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coordinated+adenine+nucleotide+phosphohydrolysis+and+nucleoside+signaling+in+posthypoxic+endothelium:+role+of+ectonucleotidases+and+adenosine+A2B+receptors.">Coordinated adenine nucleotide phosphohydrolysis and nucleoside signaling in posthypoxic endothelium: role of ectonucleotidases and adenosine A2B receptors.</a> J Exp Med. 198, 783-796 (2003).</li><li>Eltzschig, H. K., Kohler, D., Eckle, T., Kong, T., Robson, S. C., Colgan, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Central+role+of+Sp1-regulated+CD39+in+hypoxia/ischemia+protection.">Central role of Sp1-regulated CD39 in hypoxia/ischemia protection.</a> Blood. 113, 224-232 (2009).</li><li>Frick, J. S., MacManus, C. F., Scully, M., Glover, L. E., Eltzschig, H. K., Colgan, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contribution+of+adenosine+A2B+receptors+to+inflammatory+parameters+of+experimental+colitis.">Contribution of adenosine A2B receptors to inflammatory parameters of experimental colitis.</a> J Immunol. 182, 4957-4964 (2009).</li><li>Grenz, A., Eckle, T., Zhang, H., Huang, D. Y., Wehrmann, M., Kohle, C., Unertl, K., Osswald, H., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+a+hanging-weight+system+for+isolated+renal+artery+occlusion+during+ischemic+preconditioning+in+mice.">Use of a hanging-weight system for isolated renal artery occlusion during ischemic preconditioning in mice.</a> Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 292, 475-485 (2007).</li><li>Grenz, A., Osswald, H., Eckle, T., Yang, D., Zhang, H., Tran, Z. V., Klingel, K., Ravid, K., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Reno-Vascular+A2B+Adenosine+Receptor+Protects+the+Kidney+from+Ischemia.">The Reno-Vascular A2B Adenosine Receptor Protects the Kidney from Ischemia.</a> PLoS Medicine. 5, e137-e137 (2008).</li><li>Grenz, A., Zhang, H., Eckle, T., Mittelbronn, M., Wehrmann, M., Kohle, C., Kloor, D., Thompson, L. F., Osswald, H., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protective+role+of+ecto-5'-nucleotidase+(CD73)+in+renal+ischemia.">Protective role of ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) in renal ischemia.</a> J Am Soc Nephrol. 18, 833-845 (2007).</li><li>Grenz, A., Zhang, H., Hermes, M., Eckle, T., Klingel, K., Huang, D. Y., Muller, C. E., Robson, S. C., Osswald, H., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contribution+of+E-NTPDase1+(CD39)+to+renal+protection+from+ischemia-reperfusion+injury.">Contribution of E-NTPDase1 (CD39) to renal protection from ischemia-reperfusion injury.</a> FASEB J. 21, 2863-2873 (2007).</li><li>Grenz, A., Zhang, H., Weingart, J., von Wietersheim, S., Eckle, T., Schnermann, J. B., Kohle, C., Kloor, D., Gleiter, C. H., Vallon, V., Eltzschig, H. K., Osswald, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lack+of+effect+of+extracellular+adenosine+generation+and+signalling+on+renal+erythropoietin+secretion+during+hypoxia.">Lack of effect of extracellular adenosine generation and signalling on renal erythropoietin secretion during hypoxia.</a> Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. , (2007).</li><li>Haeberle, H. A., Durrstein, C., Rosenberger, P., Hosakote, Y. M., Kuhlicke, J., Kempf, V. A., Garofalo, R. P., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxygen-independent+stabilization+of+hypoxia+inducible+factor+(HIF)-1+during+RSV+infection.">Oxygen-independent stabilization of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1 during RSV infection.</a> PLoS ONE. 3, e3352-e3352 (2008).</li><li>Hart, M. L., Gorzolla, I. C., Schittenhelm, J., Robson, S. C., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SP1-dependent+induction+of+CD39+facilitates+hepatic+ischemic+preconditioning.">SP1-dependent induction of CD39 facilitates hepatic ischemic preconditioning.</a> J Immunol. 184, 4017-4024 (2010).</li><li>Hart, M. L., Henn, M., Kohler, D., Kloor, D., Mittelbronn, M., Gorzolla, I. C., Stahl, G. L., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+extracellular+nucleotide+phosphohydrolysis+in+intestinal+ischemia-reperfusion+injury.">Role of extracellular nucleotide phosphohydrolysis in intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury.</a> FASEB J. 22, 2784-2797 (2008).</li><li>Hart, M. L., Jacobi, B., Schittenhelm, J., Henn, M., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cutting+Edge:+A2B+Adenosine+receptor+signaling+provides+potent+protection+during+intestinal+ischemia/reperfusion+injury.">Cutting Edge: A2B Adenosine receptor signaling provides potent protection during intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury.</a> J Immunol. 182, 3965-3968 (2009).</li><li>Hart, M. L., Kohler, D., Eckle, T., Kloor, D., Stahl, G. L., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+treatment+of+mouse+or+human+blood+with+soluble+5'-nucleotidase+inhibits+platelet+aggregation.">Direct treatment of mouse or human blood with soluble 5'-nucleotidase inhibits platelet aggregation.</a> Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 28, 1477-1483 (2008).</li><li>Hart, M. L., Much, C., Gorzolla, I. C., Schittenhelm, J., Kloor, D., Stahl, G. L., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+adenosine+production+by+ecto-5'-nucleotidase+protects+during+murine+hepatic+ischemic+preconditioning.">Extracellular adenosine production by ecto-5'-nucleotidase protects during murine hepatic ischemic preconditioning.</a> Gastroenterology. 135, 1739-1750 (2008).</li><li>Hart, M. L., Much, C., Kohler, D., Schittenhelm, J., Gorzolla, I. C., Stahl, G. L., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+a+hanging-weight+system+for+liver+ischemic+preconditioning+in+mice.">Use of a hanging-weight system for liver ischemic preconditioning in mice.</a> Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 294, 1431-1440 (2008).</li><li>Hartmann, H., Eltzschig, H. K., Wurz, H., Hantke, K., Rakin, A., Yazdi, A. S., Matteoli, G., Bohn, E., Autenrieth, I. B., Karhausen, J., Neumann, D., Colgan, S. P., Kempf, V. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia-independent+activation+of+HIF-1+by+enterobacteriaceae+and+their+siderophores.">Hypoxia-independent activation of HIF-1 by enterobacteriaceae and their siderophores.</a> Gastroenterology. 134, 756-767 (2008).</li><li>Heinzelmann, F., Jendrossek, V., Lauber, K., Nowak, K., Eldh, T., Boras, R., Handrick, R., Henkel, M., Martin, C., Uhlig, S., Kohler, D., Eltzschig, H. K., Wehrmann, M., Budach, W., Belka, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Irradiation-induced+pneumonitis+mediated+by+the+CD95/CD95-ligand+system.">Irradiation-induced pneumonitis mediated by the CD95/CD95-ligand system.</a> J Natl Cancer Inst. 98, 1248-1251 (2006).</li><li>Koeppen, M., Eckle, T., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+deletion+of+the+A1+adenosine+receptor+abolishes+heart-rate+slowing+effects+of+intravascular+adenosine+in+vivo.">Selective deletion of the A1 adenosine receptor abolishes heart-rate slowing effects of intravascular adenosine in vivo.</a> PLoS One. 4, e6784-e6784 (2009).</li><li>Kohler, D., Eckle, T., Faigle, M., Grenz, A., Mittelbronn, M., Laucher, S., Hart, M. L., Robson, S. C., Muller, C. E., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD39/ectonucleoside+triphosphate+diphosphohydrolase+1+provides+myocardial+protection+during+cardiac+ischemia/reperfusion+injury.">CD39/ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 provides myocardial protection during cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury.</a> Circulation. 116, 1784-1794 (2007).</li><li>Kuhlicke, J., Frick, J. S., Morote-Garcia, J. C., Rosenberger, P., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia+Inducible+Factor+(HIF)-1+Coordinates+Induction+of+Toll-Like+Receptors+TLR2+and+TLR6+during+Hypoxia.">Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF)-1 Coordinates Induction of Toll-Like Receptors TLR2 and TLR6 during Hypoxia.</a> PLoS ONE. 2, e1364-e1364 (2007).</li><li>Morote-Garcia, J. C., Rosenberger, P., Kuhlicke, J., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIF-1-dependent+repression+of+adenosine+kinase+attenuates+hypoxia-induced+vascular+leak.">HIF-1-dependent repression of adenosine kinase attenuates hypoxia-induced vascular leak.</a> Blood. 111, 5571-5580 (2008).</li><li>Morote-Garcia, J. C., Rosenberger, P., Nivillac, N. M., Coe, I. R., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia-inducible+factor-dependent+repression+of+equilibrative+nucleoside+transporter+2+attenuates+mucosal+inflammation+during+intestinal+hypoxia.">Hypoxia-inducible factor-dependent repression of equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2 attenuates mucosal inflammation during intestinal hypoxia.</a> Gastroenterology. 136, 607-618 (2009).</li><li>Reutershan, J., Vollmer, I., Stark, S., Wagner, R., Ngamsri, K. C., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adenosine+and+inflammation:+CD39+and+CD73+are+critical+mediators+in+LPS-induced+PMN+trafficking+into+the+lungs.">Adenosine and inflammation: CD39 and CD73 are critical mediators in LPS-induced PMN trafficking into the lungs.</a> FASEB J. 23, 473-482 (2009).</li><li>Schingnitz, U., Hartmann, K., Macmanus, C. F., Eckle, T., Zug, S., Colgan, S. P., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Signaling+through+the+A2B+adenosine+receptor+dampens+endotoxin-induced+acute+lung+injury.">Signaling through the A2B adenosine receptor dampens endotoxin-induced acute lung injury.</a> J Immunol. 184, 5271-5279 (2010).</li><li>Thompson, L. F., Eltzschig, H. K., Ibla, J. C., Van De Wiele, C. J., Resta, R., Morote-Garcia, J. C., Colgan, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Crucial+role+for+ecto-5'-nucleotidase+(CD73)+in+vascular+leakage+during+hypoxia.">Crucial role for ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) in vascular leakage during hypoxia.</a> J. Exp. Med. 200, 1395-1405 (2004).</li><li>Aherne, C. M., Kewley, E. M., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+resurgence+of+A2B+adenosine+receptor+signaling.">The resurgence of A2B adenosine receptor signaling.</a> Biochim Biophys Acta. , (2010).</li><li>Eckle, T., Koeppen, M., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+extracellular+adenosine+in+acute+lung+injury.">Role of extracellular adenosine in acute lung injury.</a> Physiology (Bethesda). 24, 298-306 (2009).</li><li>Koeppen, M., Feil, R., Siegl, D., Feil, S., Hofmann, F., Pohl, U., de Wit, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=cGMP-dependent+protein+kinase+mediates+NO-+but+not+acetylcholine-induced+dilations+in+resistance+vessels+in+vivo.">cGMP-dependent protein kinase mediates NO- but not acetylcholine-induced dilations in resistance vessels in vivo.</a> Hypertension. 44, 952-955 (2004).</li></ol>

本研究は、マウスの人工呼吸器誘発肺傷害を行う手法を説明します。このモデルでは、高圧の換気のために、再現性の高い傷害を示しています。マウスにおける急性肺損傷を研究する検討調査官は、このモデルの恩恵を受ける可能性があります。

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><th>試薬の名前</th><th>会社</th><th>カタログ番号</th><th>コメント（省略可能） </th></tr><tr><td>ペントバルビタールナトリウム（致命的プラス） </td><td> Vortech製薬Lsと、株式会社、 </td><td> VPL 9372 </td><td>生理食塩水で4mg/mL </td></tr><tr><td> Insyte 22 G </td><td>ベックトンディッキンソン</td><td> N / A </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>縫合糸、絹4.0 </td><td>ハーバード装置</td><td> 517698 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>縫合糸、Prolene 8.0 </td><td>エチコン、米国</td><td> M8739 </td><td>再利用できる</td></tr><tr><td>シーメンス900℃ </td><td> DRE獣医、米国</td><td> ＃336 </td><td>改装</td></tr><tr><td>解剖顕微鏡（SZX10） </td><td>オリンポス</td><td> N / A </td><td>寛大な作動距離を考慮する</td></tr><tr><td>暖房表</td><td> RT、エッフェンベルガー、ドイツ</td><td> N / A </td><td>のみと単一のプロバイダ</td></tr><tr><td>血圧装置</td><td>サイバーセンス株式会社</td><td> BPM02 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>私STAT </td><td>アボット</td><td> N / A </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

pressure controlled ventilation to induce acute lung injury in mice

マウスモデルは、広くさまざまな器官系（1-34）の急性損傷を調査するために使用されます。長時間の機械的な換気で発生する急性肺損傷（ALI）は、罹患率や重症疾患の死亡率に寄与し、そして新たな遺伝的または薬理学的標的に関する研究は、強烈な調査の地域（1-3、5、8、26、30、33です。 -36）。 ALIは、非心臓性肺水腫と肺ガス交換（36）のその後の障害につながる疾患、急性発症で定義されます。我々は、人工呼吸器誘発性肺障害（2）を誘導する圧力制御換気を使用してALIのマウスモデルを開発した。この目的のために、C57BL / 6マウスは麻酔し、気管切開は、機械的換気を経由してALIの誘導に続いて実行されます。 3時間 - マウスは、1で45ミリバールの吸気ピーク圧力と圧力制御の設定で換気されています。アウトカムパラメーターに、肺水腫（ウェットからドライ比）として、気管支肺胞洗浄液アルブミン含有量、気管支肺胞洗浄液および肺組織のミエロペルオキシダーゼ量と肺ガス交換は、（2）評価される。このテクニックを使用して我々はそれが十分に急性肺の炎症を誘発し、異なる治療群または遺伝子型（1-3、5）とを区別できることを示している可能性があります。したがって、この手法は、遺伝子標的欠失を有するマウスの遺伝学的アプローチを使用してALIに関与する分子機構を追求する研究者にとって役に立つ場合があります。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pressure Controlled Ventilation to Induce Acute Lung Injury in Mice at JoVE.com

Pressure Controlled Ventilation to Induce Acute Lung Injury in Mice

人工呼吸器誘発肺障害モデルマウスは、急性肺損傷を研究する重要なツールです。<em&gt; in vivoで</em&gt;。ここで、我々は簡単に適用を報告する<em&gt;その場で</em肺の急性障害を誘導するために高圧人工呼吸を使用して急性肺損傷のための&gt;モデル。

マウスにおける急性肺障害を誘発するために圧力制御された換気

Murine models are extensively used to investigate acute injuries of different organs systems (1-34). Acute lung injury (ALI), which occurs with prolonged ...

pressure-controlled-ventilation-to-induce-acute-lung-injury-in-mice

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

18.2K ビュー.  University of Colorado. 人工呼吸器誘発肺障害モデルマウスは、急性肺損傷を研究する重要なツールです。 in vivoで。ここで、我々は簡単に適用を報告するその場でモデル。

ビデオ: Pressure Controlled Ventilation to Induce Acute Lung Injury in Mice

Controlled Cervical Laceration Injury in Mice

Use of genetically modified mice enhances our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying several neurological disorders such as a spinal cord injury (SCI). Freehand manual control used to produce a laceration model of SCI creates inconsistent injuries often associated with a crush or contusion component and, therefore, a novel technique was developed. Our model of cervical laceration SCI has resolved inherent difficulties with the freehand method by incorporating 1) cervical vertebral stabilization by vertebral facet fixation, 2) enhanced spinal cord exposure, and 3) creation of a reproducible laceration of the spinal cord using an oscillating blade with an accuracy of &plusmn;0.01 mm in depth without associated contusion. Compared to the standard methods of creating a SCI laceration such as freehand use of a scalpel or scissors, our method has produced a consistent lesion. This method is useful for studies on axonal regeneration of corticospinal, rubrospinal, and dorsal ascending tracts.

A novel technique to create a reproducible in vivo model of cervical spinal cord laceration injury in the mouse is described. This technique is based on spine stabilization by fixation of the cervical facets and laceration of the spinal cord using an oscillating blade with an accuracy of &plusmn;0.01 mm.

マウスで制御子宮裂傷の傷害

Use of genetically modified mice enhances our  understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying several neurological disorders  such as a spinal cord ...

医学

Ischemia-reperfusion Model of Acute Kidney Injury and Post Injury Fibrosis in Mice

Ischemia-reperfusion induced acute kidney injury (IR-AKI) is widely used as a model of AKI in mice, but results are often quite variable with high, often unreported mortality rates that may confound analyses. Bilateral renal pedicle clamping is commonly used to induce IR-AKI, but differences between effective clamp pressures and/or renal responses to ischemia between kidneys often lead to more variable results. In addition, shorter clamp times are known to induce more variable tubular injury, and while mice undergoing bilateral injury with longer clamp times develop more consistent tubular injury, they often die within the first 3 days after injury due to severe renal insufficiency. To improve post-injury survival and obtain more consistent and predictable results, we have developed two models of unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury followed by contralateral nephrectomy. Both surgeries are performed using a dorsal approach, reducing surgical stress resulting from ventral laparotomy, commonly used for mouse IR-AKI surgeries. For induction of moderate injury BALB/c mice undergo unilateral clamping of the renal pedicle for 26 min and also undergo simultaneous contralateral nephrectomy. Using this approach, 50-60% of mice develop moderate AKI 24 hr after injury but 90-100% of mice survive. To induce more severe AKI, BALB/c mice undergo renal pedicle clamping for 30 min followed by contralateral nephrectomy 8 days after injury. This allows functional assessment of renal recovery after injury with 90-100% survival. Early post-injury tubular damage as well as post injury fibrosis are highly consistent using this model.

We describe models of moderate and severe ischemia-reperfusion-induced kidney injury in which the mice undergo unilateral renal pedicle clamping followed by simultaneous or delayed contralateral nephrectomy, respectively. These models consistently give rise to renal dysfunction and post-injury fibrosis, but injury severity and survival are dependent on mouse background, age and surgical equipment.

マウスにおける急性腎障害とポスト傷害線維の虚血再灌流モデル

Ischemia-reperfusion induced acute kidney injury (IR-AKI) is widely used as a model of AKI in mice, but results are often quite variable with high, often ...

Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury

Every year over a million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Combined with the incidence of TBIs worldwide, the physical, emotional, social, and economical effects are staggering. Therefore, further research into the effects of TBI and effective treatments is necessary. The controlled cortical impact (CCI) model induces traumatic brain injuries ranging from mild to severe. This method uses a rigid impactor to deliver mechanical energy to an intact dura exposed following a craniectomy. Impact is made under precise parameters at a set velocity to achieve a pre-determined deformation depth. Although other TBI models, such as weight drop and fluid percussion, exist, CCI is more accurate, easier to control, and most importantly, produces traumatic brain injuries similar to those seen in humans. However, no TBI model is currently able to reproduce pathological changes identical to those seen in human patients. The CCI model allows investigation into the short-term and long-term effects of TBI, such as neuronal death, memory deficits, and cerebral edema, as well as potential therapeutic treatments for TBI.

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) remain a serious health problem. Using the controlled cortical impact surgery model, research on the effects of TBI and possible treatment methods may be performed.

外傷性脳損傷のための制御皮質衝撃モデル

Every year over a million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI).  Combined with the incidence of TBIs worldwide, the physical, emotional, ...

Cardiac Catheterization in Mice to Measure the Pressure Volume Relationship: Investigating the Bowditch Effect

Animal models that mimic human cardiac disorders have been created to test potential therapeutic strategies. A key component to evaluating these strategies is to examine their effects on heart function. There are several techniques to measure in vivo cardiac mechanics (e.g., echocardiography, pressure/volume relations, etc.). Compared to echocardiography, real-time left ventricular (LV) pressure/volume analysis via catheterization is more precise and insightful in assessing LV function. Additionally, LV pressure/volume analysis provides the ability to instantaneously record changes during manipulations of contractility (e.g., &#946;-adrenergic stimulation) and pathological insults (e.g., ischemia/reperfusion injury). In addition to the maximum (+dP/dt) and minimum (-dP/dt) rate of pressure change in the LV, an accurate assessment of LV function via several load-independent indexes (e.g., end systolic pressure volume relationship and preload recruitable stroke work) can be attained. Heart rate has a significant effect on LV contractility such that an increase in the heart rate is the primary mechanism to increase cardiac output (i.e., Bowditch effect). Thus, when comparing hemodynamics between experimental groups, it is necessary to have similar heart rates. Furthermore, a hallmark of many cardiomyopathy models is a decrease in contractile reserve (i.e., decreased Bowditch effect). Consequently, vital information can be obtained by determining the effects of increasing heart rate on contractility. Our and others data has demonstrated that the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS1) knockout mouse has decreased contractility. Here we describe the procedure of measuring LV pressure/volume with increasing heart rates using the NOS1 knockout mouse model.

This article describes the measurement of murine left ventricular function via pressure/volume analysis at different heart rates.

ボーディッチ影響を調べる：圧力体積関係を測定するために、マウスにおける心臓カテーテル検査

Animal models that mimic human cardiac disorders have been created to test potential therapeutic strategies. A key component to evaluating these ...

Open Tracheostomy Gastric Acid Aspiration Murine Model of Acute Lung Injury Results in Maximal Acute Nonlethal Lung Injury

Acid pneumonitis is a major cause of sterile acute lung injury (ALI) in humans. Acid pneumonitis spans the clinical spectrum from asymptomatic to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), characterized by neutrophilic alveolitis, and injury to both alveolar epithelium and vascular endothelium. Clinically, ARDS is defined by acute onset of hypoxemia, bilateral patchy pulmonary infiltrates and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Human studies have provided us with valuable information about the physiological and inflammatory changes in the lung caused by ARDS, which has led to various hypotheses about the underling mechanisms. Unfortunately, difficulties determining the etiology of ARDS, as well as a wide range of pathophysiology have resulted in a lack of critical information that could be useful in developing therapeutic strategies.
Translational animal models are valuable when their pathogenesis and pathophysiology accurately reproduce a concept proven in both in vitro and clinical settings. Although large animal models (e.g., sheep) share characteristics of the anatomy of human trachea-bronchial tree, murine models provide a host of other advantages including: low cost; short reproductive cycle lending itself to greater data acquisition; a well understood immunologic system; and a well characterized genome leading to the availability of a variety of gene deletion and transgenic strains. A robust model of low pH induced ARDS requires a murine ALI that targets mainly the alveolar epithelium, secondarily the vascular endothelium, as well as the small airways leading to the alveoli. Furthermore, a reproducible injury with wide differences between different injurious and non-injurious insults is important.
The murine gastric acid aspiration model presented here using hydrochloric acid employs an open tracheostomy and recreates a pathogenic scenario that reproduces the low pH pneumonitis injury in humans. Additionally, this model can be used to examine interaction of a low pH insult with other pulmonary injurious entities (e.g., food particles, pathogenic bacteria).

This protocol induces acute lung injury in a mouse that has close fidelity to the pathogenesis of acid pneumonitis observed in humans. We generate a maximal acute nonlethal low pH lung injury and account for differences in rodent-human anatomic respiratory structure using an open tracheostomy coupled with circumferential pressure release.

最大急性非致死肺損傷における急性肺損傷の結果のオープン気管切開胃酸吸引マウスモデル

Acid pneumonitis is a major cause of sterile acute lung injury (ALI) in humans. Acid pneumonitis spans the clinical spectrum from asymptomatic to acute ...

Balloon-based Injury to Induce Myointimal Hyperplasia in the Mouse Abdominal Aorta

The use of animal models is essential for a better understanding of MH, one major cause for arterial stenosis.In this article, we demonstrate a murine balloon denudation model, which is comparable with established vessel injury models in large animals. The aorta denudation model with balloon catheters mimics the clinical setting and leads to comparable pathobiological and physiological changes. Briefly, after performing a horizontal incision in the aorta abdominalis, a balloon catheter will be inserted into the vessel, inflated, and introduced retrogradely. Inflation of the balloon will lead to intima injury and overdistension of the vessel. After removing the catheter, the aortic incision will be closed with single stiches. The model shown in this article is reproducible, easy to perform, and can be established quickly and reliably. It is especially suitable for evaluating expensive experimental therapeutic agents, which can be applied in an economical fashion. By using different knockout-mouse strains, the impact of different genes on MH development can be assessed.

This article demonstrates a murine model to study the development of myointimal hyperplasia (MH) after aortic balloon injury.

マウスの腹部大動脈 Myointimal 過形成を誘導するために気球を利用した傷害

The use of animal models is essential for a better understanding of MH, one major cause for arterial stenosis.In this article, we demonstrate a murine ...

A Closed-chest Model to Induce Transverse Aortic Constriction in Mice

Research on cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure is frequently based on pressure overload mouse models induced by TAC. The standard procedure is to perform a partial thoracotomy to visualize the transverse aortic arch. However, the surgical trauma caused by the thoracotomy in open-chest models changes the respiratory physiology as the ribs are dissected and left unattached after chest closure. To prevent this, we established a minimally invasive, closed chest approach via lateral thoracotomy. Herein we approach the aortic arch via the 2nd intercostal space without entering the chest cavities, leaving the mouse with a less traumatic injury to recover from. We perform this operation using standard laboratory settings for open chest TAC procedures with equal survival rates. Apart from maintaining physiological breathing patterns due to the closed chest approach, the mice seem to benefit by showing rapid recovery, as the less invasive technique appears to facilitate a fast healing process and to reduce immune response after trauma.

Here, we present a protocol of Transverse Aortic constriction (TAC) via a lateral thoracotomy. This technique is a minimally invasive, closed chest surgical procedure aiming to simulate pressure overload and heart failure in mice utilizing standard TAC laboratory settings.

マウスで横方向の大動脈狭窄を誘導するために閉じて胸モデル

Research on cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure is frequently based on pressure overload mouse models induced by TAC. The standard procedure is to ...

Real-time Pressure-volume Analysis of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Mice

Acute myocardial infarction can lead to acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock. The evaluation of hemodynamics is critical for the evaluation of any potential therapeutic approach directed against acute left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. Current imaging modalities (e.g., echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging) have several limitations since data on LV pressure cannot directly be measured. LV catheterization in mice undergoing coronary artery occlusion could serve as a novel method for a real-time evaluation of LV function.
At the beginning of the procedure, mice were anesthetized followed by endotracheal intubation. For LV catheterization, the right carotid artery was exposed via middle-neck incision. The catheter was introduced and placed into the LV cavity. Left thoracotomy was conducted and the left main coronary artery (LCA) was ligated. To induce reperfusion, the suture was released after 45 min. Pressure-volume data was recorded at all times.
Ligation of the LCA caused a decrease in LV systolic function as evidenced by a 30% reduction in stroke volume, LV ejection fraction (EF), and cardiac output. Maximum dP/dt as a parameter for LV contractility was also significantly reduced and diastolic function was severely impaired (minimum dP/dt -40%). Reperfusion over a period of 20 min did not lead to a complete recovery of LV function.
Real-time pressure-volume analysis served as a valid procedure for monitoring cardiac function during acute myocardial infarction in mice. Maintaining stable anesthesia and a standardized surgical approach was crucial to ensure valid results. As the early phase of acute myocardial infarction is critical for morbidity and mortality, the delineated method could be beneficial for preclinical evaluation of new strategies for cardioprotection.

Acute myocardial infarction in mice induces acute but incompletely characterized changes in left ventricular (LV) function. LV catheterization in mice undergoing coronary artery occlusion serves as a novel method for a real-time evaluation of LV function.

マウスにおける急性心筋梗塞のリアルタイム圧解析

Acute myocardial infarction can lead to acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock. The evaluation of hemodynamics is critical for the evaluation of any ...

Lung Fixation under Constant Pressure for Evaluation of Emphysema in Mice

Emphysema is a significant feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Studies involving an emphysematous mouse model require optimal lung fixation to produce reliable histological specimens of the lung. Due to the nature of the lung&rsquo;s structural composition, which consists largely of air and tissue, there is a risk that it collapses or deflates during the fixation process. Various lung fixation methods exist, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages. The lung fixation method presented here utilizes constant pressure to enable optimal tissue evaluation for studies using an emphysematous mouse lung model. The main advantage is that it can fix many lungs with the same condition at one time. Lung specimens are obtained from chronic cigarette smoke-exposed mice. Lung fixation is performed using specialized equipment that enables the production of constant pressure. This constant pressure maintains the lung in a reasonably inflated state. Thus, this method generates a histological specimen of the lung that is suitable to evaluate cigarette smoke-induced mild emphysema.

Presented here is a useful protocol for lung fixation that creates a stable condition for histological evaluate of lung specimens from a mouse model of emphysema. The main advantage of this model is that it can fix many lungs with the same constant pressure without lung collapse or deflation.

マウスにおける気腫の評価に対する一定圧力下での肺固定

Emphysema is a significant feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Studies involving an emphysematous mouse model require optimal lung ...

Inducing Acute Lung Injury in Mice by Direct Intratracheal Lipopolysaccharide Instillation

Airway administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a common way to study pulmonary inflammation and acute lung injury (ALI) in small animal models. Various approaches have been described, such as the inhalation of aerosolized LPS as well as nasal or intratracheal instillation. The presented protocol describes a detailed step-by-step procedure to induce ALI in mice by direct intratracheal LPS instillation and perform FACS analysis of blood samples, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and lung tissue. After intraperitoneal sedation, the trachea is exposed and LPS is administered via a 22 G venous catheter. A robust and reproducible inflammatory reaction with leukocyte invasion, upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, and disruption of the alveolo-capillary barrier is induced within hours to days, depending on the LPS dosage used. Collection of blood samples, BAL fluid, and lung harvesting, as well as the processing for FACS analysis, are described in detail in the protocol. Although the use of the sterile LPS is not suitable to study pharmacologic interventions in infectious diseases, the described approach offers minimal invasiveness, simple handling, and good reproducibility to answer mechanistic immunological questions. Furthermore, dose titration as well as the use of alternative LPS preparations or mouse strains allow modulation of the clinical effects, which can exhibit different degrees of ALI severity or early vs. late onset of disease symptoms.

Presented here is a step-by-step procedure to induce acute lung injury in mice by direct intratracheal lipopolysaccharide instillation and to perform FACS analysis of blood samples, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and lung tissue. Minimal invasiveness, simple handling, good reproducibility, and titration of disease severity are advantages of this approach.

直接気管内リポ多糖刺激によるマウスの急性肺損傷の誘導

Airway administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a common way to study pulmonary inflammation and acute lung injury (ALI) in small animal models. ...