<p class="jove_content"&gt; En el presente estudio son apoyados por National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Grant R01-HL0921, R01-DK083385 y R01HL098294 a HK Eltzschig, el 1K08HL102267-01 a T. Eckle, y la Fundación para la Educación Anestesia y becas de investigación a T. Eckle y HK Eltzschig, y la American Heart Association Grant T. Eckle y Eltzschig HK y Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) beca de investigación de M. Koeppen.</p

Observaciones generales: Todas las operaciones deberán realizarse bajo un microscopio de disección en posición vertical (Olympus, SZX10 con Post manivela del eje Z con STU2 codo ya pie) y utilizando un coagulador quirúrgico (11). Los grupos experimentales deberían ir acompañados de la mejor manera posible en la edad y el peso para asegurar la comparabilidad de los resultados. Administración de la temperatura, la presión arterial, la anestesia y el líquido debe ser estable a lo largo. 1. Anestesia y preparación tráquea <ol><li> Use los ratones C57BL / 6 que son al menos 10 semanas de edad y tener un cuerpo de 22 a 25 g. Inducir la anestesia con pentobarbital sódico a una dosis de 70 mg / kg peso corporal ip (6). Mantenimiento de la anestesia, aproximadamente, con 10 mg / kg / h de sodio pentobarbital. Tenga cuidado con la sobredosis ya que esto podría reducir significativamente la presión arterial. Volver a la dosis de pentobarbital - incluso después de horas-puede conducir a un aumento severo en los niveles plasmáticos. </li><li> Después de la inducción de anestesia, los ratones seguro en una posición supina con las extremidades superiores e inferiores unido a la mesa con una cinta y una sutura sujeta a los tobillos. Haga lo mismo con la cabeza con los dientes. Restricción suficiente es importante para una intubación exitosa y una cirugía bien controlados. Antes de la cirugía, la cubierta del ratón con aceite mineral para reducir el riesgo de alergia del ratón de pelo. A fin de garantizar que la temperatura corporal se mantiene estable cubrir los ratones con una envoltura de los alimentos disponibles en el mercado. </li><li> Ratones a cabo sobre una mesa se calienta a temperatura controlada (RT, Effenberg, Munich, Alemania) con una sonda del termómetro rectal conectado a un controlador de retroalimentación térmica para mantener la temperatura corporal a 37 º C. </li><li> Exponer la tráquea mediante cirugía. Diseccionar los laterales y dorsal de la tráquea del tejido conectivo y el lugar dos 3.0 sutura de seda quirúrgica (Harvard aparato, EE.UU.), cada 10 cm de largo por debajo de la tráquea. Las suturas deben ser de aproximadamente 1 cm de distancia. </li><li> Cuidadosamente la incisión en la tráquea 3-4 mm por debajo de la laringe entre los dos cartílagos circular con una tijera McPherson-Vannas (8 cm, hoja recta, instrumentos de precisión del mundo, EE.UU.). Asegúrese de no causar un sangrado, ya que esto podría confundir a los parámetros de resultado. </li><li> Realizar una intubación traqueal con un objeto contundente de polietileno de cánulas (Insyte 22g, Beckton Dickinson, EE.UU.). Inserte la punta de la cánula de polietileno en un ángulo de 85 grados en la tráquea. A continuación, la inclinación de la cánula por lo que está en consonancia con la luz traqueal. Poco a poco avanzar el tubo más abajo en la tráquea hasta la punta de la cánula ha desaparecido en la apertura del tórax. Se fija el tubo en esta posición con la sutura de seda quirúrgica colocado dos dorsal de la tráquea (ver 1.4). </li></ol> 2. Técnica de la lesión pulmonar inducida por el ventilador <ol><li> Conecte el tubo a un ventilador. Para inducir la lesión pulmonar se utiliza una técnica de ventilación con presión controlada mediante el uso de un Servo 900 C de Siemens (DRE Veterinaria, EE.UU.). Los animales serán ventilados con presión inspiratoria máxima de 45 mbar, la frecuencia de 80 respiraciones / min y una presión espiratoria final positiva de 0-3 mbar con una FiO 2 = 1,0. La inspiración de relación de caducidad debe ser de 1:1. A pesar del hecho de que el Servo 900 C es construido como ventilador para los seres humanos, su uso en un entorno de presión del ventilador controlado excelentes trabajos para la ventilación de los ratones. </li><li> Monitor de ritmo cardíaco con un electrocardiograma (por ejemplo, Hewlett Packard, B blingen, Alemania). Asegúrese de que la frecuencia cardiaca no baja por debajo de 400. Uno debe ver un cambio del eje de corazón a la derecha, cuando la ventilación mecánica se instituye como un signo de aumento de la presión arterial pulmonar posterior a un aumento de la presión intratorácica. Si el ratón desarrolla bradicardia, comprobar la temperatura y la dosis de anestesia / concentración. Xylacin / ketamina induce anestesia el corazón del corazón de 250 / min y por lo tanto no se recomienda. </li><li> Aplicar una adecuada reposición de líquidos. Una infusión de solución salina normal 0,1 ml / hora a través de un catéter arterial o venosa debe realizarse antes de la ventilación para asegurar una presentación venosa suficiente. Debido a las altas presiones de ventilación se deteriora el retorno venoso al corazón, lo que podría conducir a una disminución crítica de la presión arterial media. Además, un bolo de solución salina de 500 l se podría dar ip antes de la cirugía. </li><li> Colocar un catéter en la arteria carótida para la grabación continua de la presión arterial (27). Fije el brazo al cuerpo antes de comenzar la disección de la arteria. La arteria carótida se expone a través de una disección roma de los músculos paratraqueales. Después de la exposición y evitar más cuidadosa de cualquier trauma tisular (en particular del nervio vago), se inserta un catéter en el vaso con dos puntos de sutura y una pequeña abrazadera (37). Esto expondrá un segmento más largo de la arteria. Colocar una ligadura en el extremo de la arteria carótida. Coloque una pinza más grande hasta el final de la sutura para obtener ª tensión o se fijene sutura a la mesa con cinta adhesiva. En otro lugar de sutura alrededor de la arteria y la disección de la arteria hasta el final distal. Aquí, el lugar una pequeña abrazadera. Use las tijeras micro a un pequeño corte diagonal en la arteria. Mantener la apertura con una pinza fina (Dumont, IPM) y el catéter de tamaño adecuado con las manos / pinzas. Hacer un nudo con su segunda sutura y seguro de la arteria. Afloje la abrazadera y el catéter más. Asegure el catéter con varios nudos y cinta adhesiva. Alternativamente, el catéter en la arteria carótida se puede colocar al final del experimento para recoger muestras de sangre arterial para análisis de gases en sangre. </li></ol> 3. Recuperación de muestras de tejido Después de 3 horas de ventilación mecánica, se recogen muestras para evaluar el grado de lesión pulmonar. Se recomienda recoger el líquido de lavado brochnoalveolar (BAL), la sangre arterial y el tejido pulmonar. <ol><li> Obtener el líquido de BAL en el final del experimento. Después de la profundización de la anestesia, a ras del tubo traqueal con fosfato de 1 ml de solución salina (PBS). El líquido debe permanecer en la tráquea / pulmón durante tres segundos antes de que sea a través de la recuperación de la jeringa conectada. El BAL es snap-congelado en nitrógeno líquido y se almacenan a -80 ° C para su posterior análisis. Tenga en cuenta que el volumen recuperado puede ser significativamente inferior a 1 ml. </li><li> Realizar un análisis de gases en sangre al final del experimento. Con el fin de hacer eso, una incisión debe ser justo debajo del esternón. Mantenga el esternón con las pinzas y la extensión de la incisión a lo largo de la caja torácica. A continuación, el diafragma se incide en los bordes y se corta de las costillas. Ahora hay una bella vista en la abertura inferior del tórax. Levantar el esternón con fórceps y abrir el tórax por los recortes de largo en el lado derecho e izquierdo (como lateral como sea posible) para que toda la pared torácica anterior está activado, las salas. Esto se debe hacer, mientras que el animal de experimentación sigue siendo ventilados mecánicamente. El ventrículo izquierdo se pincha con una aguja de 27 G ½ y el análisis de la sangre arterial se realiza mediante el Sistema i-STAT (Abbott, EE.UU.). Si el análisis de gases en sangre arterial se debe realizar, una BAL no se puede obtener, ya que éste será un factor de confusión importante en los resultados. </li><li> Como alternativa al método anterior, las muestras de sangre arterial pueden ser recogidos a través del catéter en la arteria carótida. Sin embargo, esto debe hacerse antes de la BAL se obtiene. </li><li> Sobre consumos específicos de los pulmones en bloque tirando hacia arriba el corazón y cortar la tráquea. Tiene un pedazo de tejido preparado para absorber la sangre, por lo que el lugar de la cirugía es visible. Tire el corazón en la dirección del abdomen y corte con cuidado a lo largo de la columna vertebral para movilizar a todos los órganos torácicos. Cortar la aorta, extraer los órganos torácicos y colocarlos en una mesa de cirugía limpia. </li><li> Cortar el corazón y el vaso principal de la muestra de tejido. Asegúrese de que no hay tejido del timo todavía conectado a los pulmones. Aparte de los pulmones con una tijera y colocar en tubos individuales y complemento de congelación. Almacenar a -80 ° C para su posterior análisis. </li></ol> 4. Medición de la lesión pulmonar Se recomienda utilizar los parámetros siguientes resultados para evaluar el grado de lesión pulmonar: Realizar una albúmina ELISA (Bethyl Laboratories, EE.UU.) y mieloperoxidasa (MPO) ELISA (Hycult Biotecnología, EE.UU.) para evaluar el grado de disfunción de la barrera y la cantidad de inflamación las células en el líquido de BAL. Realizar una MPO ELISA también forman el tejido pulmonar. Si está mojado a seco relación se va a medir no se obtiene el líquido de BAL y la circulación pulmonar no se lava (ver 3.3). Medir el peso de los pulmones después de la escisión. A continuación, los pulmones son liofilizadas durante 48 horas y el tejido pulmonar se mide de nuevo. Entonces la relación de húmedo a seco se mide como mg de agua por mg de tejido seco (5). <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2525/2525fig1.jpg" alt="Figura 1" /> Figura 1. El contenido de proteína en el BAL, en respuesta a la IVL. Ratones fueron anestesiados con pentobarbital, la ventilación mecánica fue instituido y ratones fueron ventilados con presión controlada-settings (presión inspiratoria de 45 mbar, positiva al final de la presión exspiratory 3 mbar, 100% inspiración concentración de oxígeno). Después de 0, 1 hora, 2 y 3 de la ventilación BAL fue cosechada y el contenido de proteína se cuantificó mediante un ensayo de ácido bicinconínico (BCA). El cambio relativo del contenido de proteínas se muestra normalizada a 0 horas de ventilación (n = 4 por grupo, * indica p &lt;0.05 en comparación con el control, la media ± SEM)

<ol>
	<li>Eckle, T., Faigle, M., Grenz, A., Laucher, S., Thompson, L. F., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A2B+adenosine+receptor+dampens+hypoxia-induced+vascular+leak.">A2B adenosine receptor dampens hypoxia-induced vascular leak.</a> Blood. 111, 2024-2035 (2008).</li><li>Eckle, T., Fullbier, L. G. r. e. n. z., A, ., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Usefulness+of+pressure-controlled+ventilation+at+high+inspiratory+pressures+to+induce+acute+lung+injury+in+mice.">Usefulness of pressure-controlled ventilation at high inspiratory pressures to induce acute lung injury in mice.</a> Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 295, 718-724 (2008).</li><li>Eckle, T., Fullbier, L., Wehrmann, M., Khoury, J., Mittelbronn, M., Ibla, J., Rosenberger, P., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+ectonucleotidases+CD39+and+CD73+in+innate+protection+during+acute+lung+injury.">Identification of ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 in innate protection during acute lung injury.</a> J Immunol. 178, 8127-8137 (2007).</li><li>Eckle, T., Grenz, A., Kohler, D., Redel, A., Falk, M., Rolauffs, B., Osswald, H., Kehl, F., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematic+evaluation+of+a+novel+model+for+cardiac+ischemic+preconditioning+in+mice.">Systematic evaluation of a novel model for cardiac ischemic preconditioning in mice.</a> Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 291, 2533-2540 (2006).</li><li>Eckle, T., Grenz, A., Laucher, S., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A2B+adenosine+receptor+signaling+attenuates+acute+lung+injury+by+enhancing+alveolar+fluid+clearance+in+mice.">A2B adenosine receptor signaling attenuates acute lung injury by enhancing alveolar fluid clearance in mice.</a> J Clin Invest. 118, 3301-3315 (2008).</li><li>Eckle, T., Krahn, T., Grenz, A., Kohler, D., Mittelbronn, M., Ledent, C., Jacobson, M. A., Osswald, H., Thompson, L. F., Unertl, K., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardioprotection+by+ecto-5'-nucleotidase+(CD73)+and+A2B+adenosine+receptors.">Cardioprotection by ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) and A2B adenosine receptors.</a> Circulation. 115, 1581-1590 (2007).</li><li>Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adenosine:+an+old+drug+newly+discovered.">Adenosine: an old drug newly discovered.</a> Anesthesiology. 111, 904-915 (2009).</li><li>Eltzschig, H. K., Eckle, T., Mager, A., Kuper, N., Karcher, C., Weissmuller, T., Boengler, K., Schulz, R., Robson, S. C., Colgan, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ATP+release+from+activated+neutrophils+occurs+via+connexin+43+and+modulates+adenosine-dependent+endothelial+cell+function.">ATP release from activated neutrophils occurs via connexin 43 and modulates adenosine-dependent endothelial cell function.</a> Circ Res. 99, 1100-1108 (2006).</li><li>Eltzschig, H. K., Ibla, J. C., Furuta, G. T., Leonard, M. O., Jacobson, K. A., Enjyoji, K., Robson, S. C., Colgan, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coordinated+adenine+nucleotide+phosphohydrolysis+and+nucleoside+signaling+in+posthypoxic+endothelium:+role+of+ectonucleotidases+and+adenosine+A2B+receptors.">Coordinated adenine nucleotide phosphohydrolysis and nucleoside signaling in posthypoxic endothelium: role of ectonucleotidases and adenosine A2B receptors.</a> J Exp Med. 198, 783-796 (2003).</li><li>Eltzschig, H. K., Kohler, D., Eckle, T., Kong, T., Robson, S. C., Colgan, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Central+role+of+Sp1-regulated+CD39+in+hypoxia/ischemia+protection.">Central role of Sp1-regulated CD39 in hypoxia/ischemia protection.</a> Blood. 113, 224-232 (2009).</li><li>Frick, J. S., MacManus, C. F., Scully, M., Glover, L. E., Eltzschig, H. K., Colgan, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contribution+of+adenosine+A2B+receptors+to+inflammatory+parameters+of+experimental+colitis.">Contribution of adenosine A2B receptors to inflammatory parameters of experimental colitis.</a> J Immunol. 182, 4957-4964 (2009).</li><li>Grenz, A., Eckle, T., Zhang, H., Huang, D. Y., Wehrmann, M., Kohle, C., Unertl, K., Osswald, H., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+a+hanging-weight+system+for+isolated+renal+artery+occlusion+during+ischemic+preconditioning+in+mice.">Use of a hanging-weight system for isolated renal artery occlusion during ischemic preconditioning in mice.</a> Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 292, 475-485 (2007).</li><li>Grenz, A., Osswald, H., Eckle, T., Yang, D., Zhang, H., Tran, Z. V., Klingel, K., Ravid, K., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Reno-Vascular+A2B+Adenosine+Receptor+Protects+the+Kidney+from+Ischemia.">The Reno-Vascular A2B Adenosine Receptor Protects the Kidney from Ischemia.</a> PLoS Medicine. 5, e137-e137 (2008).</li><li>Grenz, A., Zhang, H., Eckle, T., Mittelbronn, M., Wehrmann, M., Kohle, C., Kloor, D., Thompson, L. F., Osswald, H., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protective+role+of+ecto-5'-nucleotidase+(CD73)+in+renal+ischemia.">Protective role of ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) in renal ischemia.</a> J Am Soc Nephrol. 18, 833-845 (2007).</li><li>Grenz, A., Zhang, H., Hermes, M., Eckle, T., Klingel, K., Huang, D. Y., Muller, C. E., Robson, S. C., Osswald, H., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contribution+of+E-NTPDase1+(CD39)+to+renal+protection+from+ischemia-reperfusion+injury.">Contribution of E-NTPDase1 (CD39) to renal protection from ischemia-reperfusion injury.</a> FASEB J. 21, 2863-2873 (2007).</li><li>Grenz, A., Zhang, H., Weingart, J., von Wietersheim, S., Eckle, T., Schnermann, J. B., Kohle, C., Kloor, D., Gleiter, C. H., Vallon, V., Eltzschig, H. K., Osswald, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lack+of+effect+of+extracellular+adenosine+generation+and+signalling+on+renal+erythropoietin+secretion+during+hypoxia.">Lack of effect of extracellular adenosine generation and signalling on renal erythropoietin secretion during hypoxia.</a> Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. , (2007).</li><li>Haeberle, H. A., Durrstein, C., Rosenberger, P., Hosakote, Y. M., Kuhlicke, J., Kempf, V. A., Garofalo, R. P., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxygen-independent+stabilization+of+hypoxia+inducible+factor+(HIF)-1+during+RSV+infection.">Oxygen-independent stabilization of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1 during RSV infection.</a> PLoS ONE. 3, e3352-e3352 (2008).</li><li>Hart, M. L., Gorzolla, I. C., Schittenhelm, J., Robson, S. C., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SP1-dependent+induction+of+CD39+facilitates+hepatic+ischemic+preconditioning.">SP1-dependent induction of CD39 facilitates hepatic ischemic preconditioning.</a> J Immunol. 184, 4017-4024 (2010).</li><li>Hart, M. L., Henn, M., Kohler, D., Kloor, D., Mittelbronn, M., Gorzolla, I. C., Stahl, G. L., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+extracellular+nucleotide+phosphohydrolysis+in+intestinal+ischemia-reperfusion+injury.">Role of extracellular nucleotide phosphohydrolysis in intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury.</a> FASEB J. 22, 2784-2797 (2008).</li><li>Hart, M. L., Jacobi, B., Schittenhelm, J., Henn, M., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cutting+Edge:+A2B+Adenosine+receptor+signaling+provides+potent+protection+during+intestinal+ischemia/reperfusion+injury.">Cutting Edge: A2B Adenosine receptor signaling provides potent protection during intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury.</a> J Immunol. 182, 3965-3968 (2009).</li><li>Hart, M. L., Kohler, D., Eckle, T., Kloor, D., Stahl, G. L., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+treatment+of+mouse+or+human+blood+with+soluble+5'-nucleotidase+inhibits+platelet+aggregation.">Direct treatment of mouse or human blood with soluble 5'-nucleotidase inhibits platelet aggregation.</a> Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 28, 1477-1483 (2008).</li><li>Hart, M. L., Much, C., Gorzolla, I. C., Schittenhelm, J., Kloor, D., Stahl, G. L., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+adenosine+production+by+ecto-5'-nucleotidase+protects+during+murine+hepatic+ischemic+preconditioning.">Extracellular adenosine production by ecto-5'-nucleotidase protects during murine hepatic ischemic preconditioning.</a> Gastroenterology. 135, 1739-1750 (2008).</li><li>Hart, M. L., Much, C., Kohler, D., Schittenhelm, J., Gorzolla, I. C., Stahl, G. L., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+a+hanging-weight+system+for+liver+ischemic+preconditioning+in+mice.">Use of a hanging-weight system for liver ischemic preconditioning in mice.</a> Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 294, 1431-1440 (2008).</li><li>Hartmann, H., Eltzschig, H. K., Wurz, H., Hantke, K., Rakin, A., Yazdi, A. S., Matteoli, G., Bohn, E., Autenrieth, I. B., Karhausen, J., Neumann, D., Colgan, S. P., Kempf, V. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia-independent+activation+of+HIF-1+by+enterobacteriaceae+and+their+siderophores.">Hypoxia-independent activation of HIF-1 by enterobacteriaceae and their siderophores.</a> Gastroenterology. 134, 756-767 (2008).</li><li>Heinzelmann, F., Jendrossek, V., Lauber, K., Nowak, K., Eldh, T., Boras, R., Handrick, R., Henkel, M., Martin, C., Uhlig, S., Kohler, D., Eltzschig, H. K., Wehrmann, M., Budach, W., Belka, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Irradiation-induced+pneumonitis+mediated+by+the+CD95/CD95-ligand+system.">Irradiation-induced pneumonitis mediated by the CD95/CD95-ligand system.</a> J Natl Cancer Inst. 98, 1248-1251 (2006).</li><li>Koeppen, M., Eckle, T., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+deletion+of+the+A1+adenosine+receptor+abolishes+heart-rate+slowing+effects+of+intravascular+adenosine+in+vivo.">Selective deletion of the A1 adenosine receptor abolishes heart-rate slowing effects of intravascular adenosine in vivo.</a> PLoS One. 4, e6784-e6784 (2009).</li><li>Kohler, D., Eckle, T., Faigle, M., Grenz, A., Mittelbronn, M., Laucher, S., Hart, M. L., Robson, S. C., Muller, C. E., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD39/ectonucleoside+triphosphate+diphosphohydrolase+1+provides+myocardial+protection+during+cardiac+ischemia/reperfusion+injury.">CD39/ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 provides myocardial protection during cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury.</a> Circulation. 116, 1784-1794 (2007).</li><li>Kuhlicke, J., Frick, J. S., Morote-Garcia, J. C., Rosenberger, P., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia+Inducible+Factor+(HIF)-1+Coordinates+Induction+of+Toll-Like+Receptors+TLR2+and+TLR6+during+Hypoxia.">Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF)-1 Coordinates Induction of Toll-Like Receptors TLR2 and TLR6 during Hypoxia.</a> PLoS ONE. 2, e1364-e1364 (2007).</li><li>Morote-Garcia, J. C., Rosenberger, P., Kuhlicke, J., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIF-1-dependent+repression+of+adenosine+kinase+attenuates+hypoxia-induced+vascular+leak.">HIF-1-dependent repression of adenosine kinase attenuates hypoxia-induced vascular leak.</a> Blood. 111, 5571-5580 (2008).</li><li>Morote-Garcia, J. C., Rosenberger, P., Nivillac, N. M., Coe, I. R., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia-inducible+factor-dependent+repression+of+equilibrative+nucleoside+transporter+2+attenuates+mucosal+inflammation+during+intestinal+hypoxia.">Hypoxia-inducible factor-dependent repression of equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2 attenuates mucosal inflammation during intestinal hypoxia.</a> Gastroenterology. 136, 607-618 (2009).</li><li>Reutershan, J., Vollmer, I., Stark, S., Wagner, R., Ngamsri, K. C., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adenosine+and+inflammation:+CD39+and+CD73+are+critical+mediators+in+LPS-induced+PMN+trafficking+into+the+lungs.">Adenosine and inflammation: CD39 and CD73 are critical mediators in LPS-induced PMN trafficking into the lungs.</a> FASEB J. 23, 473-482 (2009).</li><li>Schingnitz, U., Hartmann, K., Macmanus, C. F., Eckle, T., Zug, S., Colgan, S. P., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Signaling+through+the+A2B+adenosine+receptor+dampens+endotoxin-induced+acute+lung+injury.">Signaling through the A2B adenosine receptor dampens endotoxin-induced acute lung injury.</a> J Immunol. 184, 5271-5279 (2010).</li><li>Thompson, L. F., Eltzschig, H. K., Ibla, J. C., Van De Wiele, C. J., Resta, R., Morote-Garcia, J. C., Colgan, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Crucial+role+for+ecto-5'-nucleotidase+(CD73)+in+vascular+leakage+during+hypoxia.">Crucial role for ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) in vascular leakage during hypoxia.</a> J. Exp. Med. 200, 1395-1405 (2004).</li><li>Aherne, C. M., Kewley, E. M., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+resurgence+of+A2B+adenosine+receptor+signaling.">The resurgence of A2B adenosine receptor signaling.</a> Biochim Biophys Acta. , (2010).</li><li>Eckle, T., Koeppen, M., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+extracellular+adenosine+in+acute+lung+injury.">Role of extracellular adenosine in acute lung injury.</a> Physiology (Bethesda). 24, 298-306 (2009).</li><li>Koeppen, M., Feil, R., Siegl, D., Feil, S., Hofmann, F., Pohl, U., de Wit, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=cGMP-dependent+protein+kinase+mediates+NO-+but+not+acetylcholine-induced+dilations+in+resistance+vessels+in+vivo.">cGMP-dependent protein kinase mediates NO- but not acetylcholine-induced dilations in resistance vessels in vivo.</a> Hypertension. 44, 952-955 (2004).</li></ol>

El presente estudio describe una técnica de llevar a cabo la ventilación lesión pulmonar inducida en ratones. Este modelo demuestra una lesión altamente reproducible debido a la ventilación de alta presión. Los investigadores que consideran que el estudio de la lesión pulmonar aguda en ratones se pueden beneficiar de este modelo.

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><th> Nombre del reactivo </th><th> Empresa </th><th> Número de catálogo </th><th> Comentarios (opcional) </th></tr><tr><td> Pentobarbital sódico (Fatal Plus) </td><td> Ls Vortech Farmacéutica, SA, </td><td> VPL 9372 </td><td> 4mg/mL en solución salina </td></tr><tr><td> Insyte 22 G </td><td> Beckton Dickinson </td><td> n / a </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Sutura de seda 4.0 </td><td> Harvard Apparatus </td><td> 517698 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Sutura de Prolene 8.0 </td><td> Ethicon, EE.UU. </td><td> M8739 </td><td> reutilizables </td></tr><tr><td> Siemens 900 ° C </td><td> DRE Veterinaria, EE.UU. </td><td> # 336 </td><td> reformado </td></tr><tr><td> microscopio de disección (SZX10) </td><td> Olimpo </td><td> n / a </td><td> considerar la distancia amplia zona de trabajo </td></tr><tr><td> Calefacción Mesa </td><td> Rt, Effenberger, Alemania </td><td> n / a </td><td> único proveedor y una sola </td></tr><tr><td> Dispositivo de presión de la sangre </td><td> El sentido cibernético, Inc </td><td> BPM02 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Yo STAT </td><td> Abbott </td><td> n / a </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

pressure controlled ventilation to induce acute lung injury in mice

Modelos murinos son ampliamente utilizados para investigar las lesiones agudas de los sistemas de los diferentes órganos (1-34). La lesión pulmonar aguda (LPA), que ocurre con la ventilación mecánica prolongada, contribuye a la morbilidad y la mortalidad de la enfermedad crítica, y estudios sobre nuevas dianas genéticas o farmacológicas son zonas de intensa investigación (1-3, 5, 8, 26, 30, 33 -36). ALI se define por la aparición aguda de la enfermedad, lo que lleva a no cardiaca y edema pulmonar consiguiente alteración del intercambio pulmonar de gases (36). Hemos desarrollado un modelo murino de ALI mediante el uso de un sistema de ventilación con presión controlada para inducir el ventilador de la lesión pulmonar inducida (2). Para ello, los ratones C57BL / 6 son anestesiados y una traqueotomía se realiza seguida por la inducción de la LPA a través de la ventilación mecánica. Los ratones son ventilados en un entorno controlado por presión con una presión inspiratoria máxima de 45 mbar durante 1 a 3 horas. Como parámetros de resultado, edema pulmonar (húmedo a seco ratio), el contenido de fluido de albúmina broncoalveolar, líquido broncoalveolar y el contenido de tejido pulmonar mieloperoxidasa y el intercambio de gases pulmonares se evalúan (2). Usando esta técnica podemos demostrar que lo suficientemente induce la inflamación pulmonar aguda y puede distinguir entre los diferentes grupos de tratamiento o genotipos (1-3, 5). Por lo tanto, esta técnica puede ser útil para los investigadores que persiguen los mecanismos moleculares implicados en la LPA con un enfoque genético en ratones con genes específicos eliminación.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pressure Controlled Ventilation to Induce Acute Lung Injury in Mice at JoVE.com

Pressure Controlled Ventilation to Induce Acute Lung Injury in Mice

Un modelo murino de lesión pulmonar inducida por ventilador es una herramienta importante para el estudio de una lesión pulmonar aguda<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt;. En este sentido, un informe de fácil aplicación<em&gt; In situ</em&gt; Modelo de lesión pulmonar aguda con alta presión de ventilación mecánica para inducir un fallo agudo del pulmón.

La presión de la ventilación controlada para inducir la lesión pulmonar aguda en ratones

Murine models are extensively used to investigate acute injuries of different organs systems (1-34). Acute lung injury (ALI), which occurs with prolonged ...

pressure-controlled-ventilation-to-induce-acute-lung-injury-in-mice

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

18.2K vistas.  University of Colorado. Un modelo murino de lesión pulmonar inducida por ventilador es una herramienta importante para el estudio de una lesión pulmonar aguda In vivo. En este sentido, un informe de fácil aplicación In situ Modelo de lesión pulmonar aguda con alta presión de ventilación mecánica para inducir un fallo agudo del pulmón.

Video: Pressure Controlled Ventilation to Induce Acute Lung Injury in Mice

Controlled Cervical Laceration Injury in Mice

Use of genetically modified mice enhances our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying several neurological disorders such as a spinal cord injury (SCI). Freehand manual control used to produce a laceration model of SCI creates inconsistent injuries often associated with a crush or contusion component and, therefore, a novel technique was developed. Our model of cervical laceration SCI has resolved inherent difficulties with the freehand method by incorporating 1) cervical vertebral stabilization by vertebral facet fixation, 2) enhanced spinal cord exposure, and 3) creation of a reproducible laceration of the spinal cord using an oscillating blade with an accuracy of &plusmn;0.01 mm in depth without associated contusion. Compared to the standard methods of creating a SCI laceration such as freehand use of a scalpel or scissors, our method has produced a consistent lesion. This method is useful for studies on axonal regeneration of corticospinal, rubrospinal, and dorsal ascending tracts.

A novel technique to create a reproducible in vivo model of cervical spinal cord laceration injury in the mouse is described. This technique is based on spine stabilization by fixation of the cervical facets and laceration of the spinal cord using an oscillating blade with an accuracy of &plusmn;0.01 mm.

Controlado lesiones laceración cervical en ratones

Use of genetically modified mice enhances our  understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying several neurological disorders  such as a spinal cord ...

Investigación

Medicina

Ischemia-reperfusion Model of Acute Kidney Injury and Post Injury Fibrosis in Mice

Ischemia-reperfusion induced acute kidney injury (IR-AKI) is widely used as a model of AKI in mice, but results are often quite variable with high, often unreported mortality rates that may confound analyses. Bilateral renal pedicle clamping is commonly used to induce IR-AKI, but differences between effective clamp pressures and/or renal responses to ischemia between kidneys often lead to more variable results. In addition, shorter clamp times are known to induce more variable tubular injury, and while mice undergoing bilateral injury with longer clamp times develop more consistent tubular injury, they often die within the first 3 days after injury due to severe renal insufficiency. To improve post-injury survival and obtain more consistent and predictable results, we have developed two models of unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury followed by contralateral nephrectomy. Both surgeries are performed using a dorsal approach, reducing surgical stress resulting from ventral laparotomy, commonly used for mouse IR-AKI surgeries. For induction of moderate injury BALB/c mice undergo unilateral clamping of the renal pedicle for 26 min and also undergo simultaneous contralateral nephrectomy. Using this approach, 50-60% of mice develop moderate AKI 24 hr after injury but 90-100% of mice survive. To induce more severe AKI, BALB/c mice undergo renal pedicle clamping for 30 min followed by contralateral nephrectomy 8 days after injury. This allows functional assessment of renal recovery after injury with 90-100% survival. Early post-injury tubular damage as well as post injury fibrosis are highly consistent using this model.

We describe models of moderate and severe ischemia-reperfusion-induced kidney injury in which the mice undergo unilateral renal pedicle clamping followed by simultaneous or delayed contralateral nephrectomy, respectively. These models consistently give rise to renal dysfunction and post-injury fibrosis, but injury severity and survival are dependent on mouse background, age and surgical equipment.

La isquemia-reperfusión modelo de lesión renal aguda y post lesión fibrosis en ratones

Ischemia-reperfusion induced acute kidney injury (IR-AKI) is widely used as a model of AKI in mice, but results are often quite variable with high, often ...

Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury

Every year over a million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Combined with the incidence of TBIs worldwide, the physical, emotional, social, and economical effects are staggering. Therefore, further research into the effects of TBI and effective treatments is necessary. The controlled cortical impact (CCI) model induces traumatic brain injuries ranging from mild to severe. This method uses a rigid impactor to deliver mechanical energy to an intact dura exposed following a craniectomy. Impact is made under precise parameters at a set velocity to achieve a pre-determined deformation depth. Although other TBI models, such as weight drop and fluid percussion, exist, CCI is more accurate, easier to control, and most importantly, produces traumatic brain injuries similar to those seen in humans. However, no TBI model is currently able to reproduce pathological changes identical to those seen in human patients. The CCI model allows investigation into the short-term and long-term effects of TBI, such as neuronal death, memory deficits, and cerebral edema, as well as potential therapeutic treatments for TBI.

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) remain a serious health problem. Using the controlled cortical impact surgery model, research on the effects of TBI and possible treatment methods may be performed.

Controlado Modelo de Impacto cortical de la lesión cerebral traumática

Every year over a million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI).  Combined with the incidence of TBIs worldwide, the physical, emotional, ...

Cardiac Catheterization in Mice to Measure the Pressure Volume Relationship: Investigating the Bowditch Effect

Animal models that mimic human cardiac disorders have been created to test potential therapeutic strategies. A key component to evaluating these strategies is to examine their effects on heart function. There are several techniques to measure in vivo cardiac mechanics (e.g., echocardiography, pressure/volume relations, etc.). Compared to echocardiography, real-time left ventricular (LV) pressure/volume analysis via catheterization is more precise and insightful in assessing LV function. Additionally, LV pressure/volume analysis provides the ability to instantaneously record changes during manipulations of contractility (e.g., &#946;-adrenergic stimulation) and pathological insults (e.g., ischemia/reperfusion injury). In addition to the maximum (+dP/dt) and minimum (-dP/dt) rate of pressure change in the LV, an accurate assessment of LV function via several load-independent indexes (e.g., end systolic pressure volume relationship and preload recruitable stroke work) can be attained. Heart rate has a significant effect on LV contractility such that an increase in the heart rate is the primary mechanism to increase cardiac output (i.e., Bowditch effect). Thus, when comparing hemodynamics between experimental groups, it is necessary to have similar heart rates. Furthermore, a hallmark of many cardiomyopathy models is a decrease in contractile reserve (i.e., decreased Bowditch effect). Consequently, vital information can be obtained by determining the effects of increasing heart rate on contractility. Our and others data has demonstrated that the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS1) knockout mouse has decreased contractility. Here we describe the procedure of measuring LV pressure/volume with increasing heart rates using the NOS1 knockout mouse model.

This article describes the measurement of murine left ventricular function via pressure/volume analysis at different heart rates.

Cateterismo cardíaco en ratones para medir la relación de volumen Presión: Investigar el efecto Bowditch

Animal models that mimic human cardiac disorders have been created to test potential therapeutic strategies. A key component to evaluating these ...

Open Tracheostomy Gastric Acid Aspiration Murine Model of Acute Lung Injury Results in Maximal Acute Nonlethal Lung Injury

Acid pneumonitis is a major cause of sterile acute lung injury (ALI) in humans. Acid pneumonitis spans the clinical spectrum from asymptomatic to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), characterized by neutrophilic alveolitis, and injury to both alveolar epithelium and vascular endothelium. Clinically, ARDS is defined by acute onset of hypoxemia, bilateral patchy pulmonary infiltrates and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Human studies have provided us with valuable information about the physiological and inflammatory changes in the lung caused by ARDS, which has led to various hypotheses about the underling mechanisms. Unfortunately, difficulties determining the etiology of ARDS, as well as a wide range of pathophysiology have resulted in a lack of critical information that could be useful in developing therapeutic strategies.
Translational animal models are valuable when their pathogenesis and pathophysiology accurately reproduce a concept proven in both in vitro and clinical settings. Although large animal models (e.g., sheep) share characteristics of the anatomy of human trachea-bronchial tree, murine models provide a host of other advantages including: low cost; short reproductive cycle lending itself to greater data acquisition; a well understood immunologic system; and a well characterized genome leading to the availability of a variety of gene deletion and transgenic strains. A robust model of low pH induced ARDS requires a murine ALI that targets mainly the alveolar epithelium, secondarily the vascular endothelium, as well as the small airways leading to the alveoli. Furthermore, a reproducible injury with wide differences between different injurious and non-injurious insults is important.
The murine gastric acid aspiration model presented here using hydrochloric acid employs an open tracheostomy and recreates a pathogenic scenario that reproduces the low pH pneumonitis injury in humans. Additionally, this model can be used to examine interaction of a low pH insult with other pulmonary injurious entities (e.g., food particles, pathogenic bacteria).

This protocol induces acute lung injury in a mouse that has close fidelity to the pathogenesis of acid pneumonitis observed in humans. We generate a maximal acute nonlethal low pH lung injury and account for differences in rodent-human anatomic respiratory structure using an open tracheostomy coupled with circumferential pressure release.

La traqueostomía abierta ácido gástrico aspiración modelo murino de lesión pulmonar aguda Resultados en máxima no letal aguda lesión pulmonar

Acid pneumonitis is a major cause of sterile acute lung injury (ALI) in humans. Acid pneumonitis spans the clinical spectrum from asymptomatic to acute ...

Balloon-based Injury to Induce Myointimal Hyperplasia in the Mouse Abdominal Aorta

The use of animal models is essential for a better understanding of MH, one major cause for arterial stenosis.In this article, we demonstrate a murine balloon denudation model, which is comparable with established vessel injury models in large animals. The aorta denudation model with balloon catheters mimics the clinical setting and leads to comparable pathobiological and physiological changes. Briefly, after performing a horizontal incision in the aorta abdominalis, a balloon catheter will be inserted into the vessel, inflated, and introduced retrogradely. Inflation of the balloon will lead to intima injury and overdistension of the vessel. After removing the catheter, the aortic incision will be closed with single stiches. The model shown in this article is reproducible, easy to perform, and can be established quickly and reliably. It is especially suitable for evaluating expensive experimental therapeutic agents, which can be applied in an economical fashion. By using different knockout-mouse strains, the impact of different genes on MH development can be assessed.

This article demonstrates a murine model to study the development of myointimal hyperplasia (MH) after aortic balloon injury.

Lesión basada en globo para inducir la hiperplasia Myointimal de la Aorta Abdominal de ratón

The use of animal models is essential for a better understanding of MH, one major cause for arterial stenosis.In this article, we demonstrate a murine ...

A Closed-chest Model to Induce Transverse Aortic Constriction in Mice

Research on cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure is frequently based on pressure overload mouse models induced by TAC. The standard procedure is to perform a partial thoracotomy to visualize the transverse aortic arch. However, the surgical trauma caused by the thoracotomy in open-chest models changes the respiratory physiology as the ribs are dissected and left unattached after chest closure. To prevent this, we established a minimally invasive, closed chest approach via lateral thoracotomy. Herein we approach the aortic arch via the 2nd intercostal space without entering the chest cavities, leaving the mouse with a less traumatic injury to recover from. We perform this operation using standard laboratory settings for open chest TAC procedures with equal survival rates. Apart from maintaining physiological breathing patterns due to the closed chest approach, the mice seem to benefit by showing rapid recovery, as the less invasive technique appears to facilitate a fast healing process and to reduce immune response after trauma.

Here, we present a protocol of Transverse Aortic constriction (TAC) via a lateral thoracotomy. This technique is a minimally invasive, closed chest surgical procedure aiming to simulate pressure overload and heart failure in mice utilizing standard TAC laboratory settings.

Un modelo del cerrado-pecho para inducir constricción aórtica transversal en ratones

Research on cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure is frequently based on pressure overload mouse models induced by TAC. The standard procedure is to ...

Real-time Pressure-volume Analysis of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Mice

Acute myocardial infarction can lead to acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock. The evaluation of hemodynamics is critical for the evaluation of any potential therapeutic approach directed against acute left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. Current imaging modalities (e.g., echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging) have several limitations since data on LV pressure cannot directly be measured. LV catheterization in mice undergoing coronary artery occlusion could serve as a novel method for a real-time evaluation of LV function.
At the beginning of the procedure, mice were anesthetized followed by endotracheal intubation. For LV catheterization, the right carotid artery was exposed via middle-neck incision. The catheter was introduced and placed into the LV cavity. Left thoracotomy was conducted and the left main coronary artery (LCA) was ligated. To induce reperfusion, the suture was released after 45 min. Pressure-volume data was recorded at all times.
Ligation of the LCA caused a decrease in LV systolic function as evidenced by a 30% reduction in stroke volume, LV ejection fraction (EF), and cardiac output. Maximum dP/dt as a parameter for LV contractility was also significantly reduced and diastolic function was severely impaired (minimum dP/dt -40%). Reperfusion over a period of 20 min did not lead to a complete recovery of LV function.
Real-time pressure-volume analysis served as a valid procedure for monitoring cardiac function during acute myocardial infarction in mice. Maintaining stable anesthesia and a standardized surgical approach was crucial to ensure valid results. As the early phase of acute myocardial infarction is critical for morbidity and mortality, the delineated method could be beneficial for preclinical evaluation of new strategies for cardioprotection.

Acute myocardial infarction in mice induces acute but incompletely characterized changes in left ventricular (LV) function. LV catheterization in mice undergoing coronary artery occlusion serves as a novel method for a real-time evaluation of LV function.

Análisis en tiempo real de presión-volumen del infarto agudo de miocardio en ratones

Acute myocardial infarction can lead to acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock. The evaluation of hemodynamics is critical for the evaluation of any ...

Lung Fixation under Constant Pressure for Evaluation of Emphysema in Mice

Emphysema is a significant feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Studies involving an emphysematous mouse model require optimal lung fixation to produce reliable histological specimens of the lung. Due to the nature of the lung&rsquo;s structural composition, which consists largely of air and tissue, there is a risk that it collapses or deflates during the fixation process. Various lung fixation methods exist, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages. The lung fixation method presented here utilizes constant pressure to enable optimal tissue evaluation for studies using an emphysematous mouse lung model. The main advantage is that it can fix many lungs with the same condition at one time. Lung specimens are obtained from chronic cigarette smoke-exposed mice. Lung fixation is performed using specialized equipment that enables the production of constant pressure. This constant pressure maintains the lung in a reasonably inflated state. Thus, this method generates a histological specimen of the lung that is suitable to evaluate cigarette smoke-induced mild emphysema.

Presented here is a useful protocol for lung fixation that creates a stable condition for histological evaluate of lung specimens from a mouse model of emphysema. The main advantage of this model is that it can fix many lungs with the same constant pressure without lung collapse or deflation.

Fijación pulmonar bajo presión constante para la evaluación del enfisema en ratones

Emphysema is a significant feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Studies involving an emphysematous mouse model require optimal lung ...

Inducing Acute Lung Injury in Mice by Direct Intratracheal Lipopolysaccharide Instillation

Airway administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a common way to study pulmonary inflammation and acute lung injury (ALI) in small animal models. Various approaches have been described, such as the inhalation of aerosolized LPS as well as nasal or intratracheal instillation. The presented protocol describes a detailed step-by-step procedure to induce ALI in mice by direct intratracheal LPS instillation and perform FACS analysis of blood samples, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and lung tissue. After intraperitoneal sedation, the trachea is exposed and LPS is administered via a 22 G venous catheter. A robust and reproducible inflammatory reaction with leukocyte invasion, upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, and disruption of the alveolo-capillary barrier is induced within hours to days, depending on the LPS dosage used. Collection of blood samples, BAL fluid, and lung harvesting, as well as the processing for FACS analysis, are described in detail in the protocol. Although the use of the sterile LPS is not suitable to study pharmacologic interventions in infectious diseases, the described approach offers minimal invasiveness, simple handling, and good reproducibility to answer mechanistic immunological questions. Furthermore, dose titration as well as the use of alternative LPS preparations or mouse strains allow modulation of the clinical effects, which can exhibit different degrees of ALI severity or early vs. late onset of disease symptoms.

Presented here is a step-by-step procedure to induce acute lung injury in mice by direct intratracheal lipopolysaccharide instillation and to perform FACS analysis of blood samples, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and lung tissue. Minimal invasiveness, simple handling, good reproducibility, and titration of disease severity are advantages of this approach.

Inducir lesión pulmonar aguda en ratones por instilación directa de lipopolisacárido intratraal

Airway administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a common way to study pulmonary inflammation and acute lung injury (ALI) in small animal models. ...