This work was supported by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH/DHHS. This work was also supported, in part, by the Wayne State University Perinatal Initiative in Maternal, Perinatal and Child Health. &#160;We gratefully acknowledge Maureen McGerty (Wayne State University) for her critical readings of the manuscript.

This protocol is appropriate for leukocyte isolation from the decidua basalis and decidua parietalis in preparation for immunophenotyping by flow cytometry. Furthermore, the isolated cells can be used for cell sorting, cell culture, RNA isolation, and cytology. Before working with the samples mentioned in this protocol, human ethical approval must be obtained from the Local Research Ethics Committee and Institutional Review Boards. The collection and utilization of human samples for research purposes were approved by the...

Characterization of the functional and phenotypic properties of infiltrating leukocytes at the human maternal-fetal interface is essential to the understanding of the immune mechanisms that lead to&#160;pregnancy disorders. Several techniques have been described in order to isolate leukocytes from the human maternal-fetal interface throughout pregnancy 10,14,25,28,37,42,43. However, each of these techniques is distinct, uses different enzymes or enzyme combinations, requires different dissociation times, does ...

Pregnancy &#160;is characterized by three distinct immunological phases: 1) implantation and early placentation associated with a pro-inflammatory response (i.e., implantation resembles an &#8216;open wound&#8217;); 2) the second trimester and most of the third trimester of pregnancy when immune homeostasis is achieved through a predominantly anti-inflammatory state at the maternal-fetal interface; and 3) parturition, a pro-inflammatory state1-7. Immune cells play an important role in the regulation of the inflammatory response at the maternal-fetal interface where their abundance and localization change throughout pregnancy6-9.
In humans, the maternal-fetal interface represents an area of direct contact between maternal (decidua) and fetal (chorion or trophoblast) tissues. This interface includes: 1) the decidua parietalis that lines the uterine cavity not covered by the placenta and is in juxtaposition to the chorion laeve; and 2) the decidua basalis, located in the basal plate of the placenta where it is invaded by interstitial trophoblasts10 (Figure 1). The intimacy of these areas of contact creates conditions for fetal antigenic exposure to the maternal immune system11-13. Not surprisingly, leukocytes comprise up to 30-40% of the decidual cells8,9,14,15 in addition to typical stromal-type cells and glandular cells8,14,16. The role of leukocytes at the maternal-fetal interface encompasses multiple processes that include the limitation of trophoblast invasion17, remodeling of spiral arteries18,19, maintenance of maternal tolerance12,20, and initiation of labor21-26. Leukocytes of both the adaptive and innate limbs of the immune system, i.e., T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, B cells, dendritic cells, and NK cells, have been identified in the decidual tissues, and their proportions and activation status have been shown to vary spatially and temporally throughout gestation6-10,12,14,24,27-30. Perturbations in the leukocyte population and/or function are associated with&#160;spontaneous abortion31, preeclampsia32, intrauterine growth restriction32,33, and preterm labor7,24. Therefore, the study of the phenotypic characteristics and functionality of leukocytes at the human maternal-fetal interface will facilitate the elucidation of the immunological pathways dysregulated in pregnancy disorders.
One of the most powerful tools used to determine the phenotype and functional properties of leukocytes is flow cytometry, technology that allows the quantitative analysis of multiple parameters simultaneously34-36. To analyze leukocytes by flow cytometry, isolation of the leukocytes in a single-cell suspension is required. Therefore, a method to separate infiltrating leukocytes from the maternal-fetal interface is needed to study their phenotypic and functional properties.
Several methods have been described to isolate leukocytes from the human maternal-fetal interface10,14,25,27,37-39. While some apply mechanical disaggregation10,25,27,38, others use enzymatic digestion37,40 for tissue dissociation. Because mechanical disaggregation produces a lower yield and reduced viability41, and enzymatic dissociation can affect viability and cell surface marker retention42, the method described herein combines gentle mechanical dissociation with enzymatic pre-treatment to increase the yield of isolated leukocytes without compromising&#160;cell viability. A similar combination of methods has been demonstrated to be effective in the isolation of leukocytes from the decidual tissues at the maternal-fetal interface39. Therefore, the protocol described herein involves mechanical disaggregation with an automatic tissue dissociator that increases consistency while saving time and labor when compared to traditional mincing with opposing scalpels, razor blades, or surgical scissors10,28. The enzyme chosen for tissue dissociation was Accutase. Unlike commonly used collagenase43, dispase44, and trypsin45, Accutase (a cell detachment solution) combines both general proteolytic and collagenolytic activities that contribute to efficient yet gentle dissociation46,47. After dissociation, the leukocytes are enriched from the total population of the decidual cells by density gradient centrifugation. Various density gradient media have been previously utilized, the most common of which are Percoll (a suspension of colloidal silica particles)48 and Ficoll (a polymer of sucrose with a high synthetic molecular weight)49. The superior efficiency of isolation by the sucrose polymer has been previously shown50, and the protocol described herein further proves that this density gradient media produces a sufficiently high purity of mononuclear leukocytes.
Hence, the protocol described herein combines the mechanical tissue disaggregation with an automatic tissue dissociator, enzymatic digestion with a cell detachment solution, and leukocyte separation with a density gradient media (1.077 + 0.001 g/ml) to isolate leukocytes from human decidual tissues. This protocol has been proven to preserve cell surface antigens along with cell viability. The isolated leukocytes can be used for multiple applications that include immunophenotyping with flow cytometry and functional studies in vitro.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile dissection tools: surgical scissors, forceps, and fine-tip tweezers&#160;</td>
			<td>Any vendor</td>
			<td>20012-027</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1X phosphate buffered saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>(1X PBS)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Large and small Petri dishes</td>
			<td>Any vendor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dissociation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Accutase</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A11105-01</td>
			<td>(cell detachment solution)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile 2 mL safe-lock conical tubes</td>
			<td>Any vendor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL conical centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Any vendor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 &#181;m cell strainers</td>
			<td>FALCON/Corning</td>
			<td>352360</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL round bottom polystyrene test tubes</td>
			<td>Any vendor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transfer pipettes</td>
			<td>Any vendor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C tubes</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-093-237</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Cell Culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI culture medium 1640&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>22400-089</td>
			<td>(1X) (10% FBS and 1% P/S)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic chamber slides</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>177437</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific Corporation</td>
			<td>HEPA Class 100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water bath</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>ISOTEMP 110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell counter</td>
			<td>Nexelcom</td>
			<td>Cellometer Auto2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>Olympus CKX41</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Cell Separation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MS columns</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-042-201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell separator</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-042-109</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>30&#956;m pre-separation filters</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-041-40</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multistand</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-042-303</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15mL safe-lock conical tubes</td>
			<td>Any Vendor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MACS buffer&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>(0.5% bovine serum albumin, 2mM EDTA and 1X PBS)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FcR Blocking</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-059-901</td>
			<td>(Fc Block)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-human cell surface antigen antibodies&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>(Table 1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A7906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LIVE/DEAD viability dye</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>564406</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lyse/Fix buffer&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>346202</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACS buffer&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>(1% BSA, 0.5% Sodium Azide, and 1X PBS)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Staining buffer&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>554656</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan Blue solution 0.4%</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15250-011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ficoll</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>17-1440-02</td>
			<td>20% density gradient media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Additional Instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator with shaker</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>MAXQ 4450</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flow cytometer</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>LSR-Fortessa</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge&#160;</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>SpinChron DLX</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum system</td>
			<td>Any vendor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Automatic tissue dissociator&#160;</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>gentleMACS Dissociator</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation of leukocytes from the human maternal-fetal interface

Pregnancy is characterized by the infiltration of leukocytes in the reproductive tissues and at the maternal-fetal interface (decidua basalis and decidua parietalis). This interface is the anatomical site of contact between maternal and fetal tissues; therefore, it is an immunological site of action during pregnancy. Infiltrating leukocytes at the maternal-fetal interface play a central role in implantation, pregnancy maintenance, and timing of delivery. Therefore, phenotypic and functional characterizations of these leukocytes will provide insight into the mechanisms that lead to&#160;pregnancy disorders. Several protocols have been described in order to isolate infiltrating leukocytes from the decidua basalis and decidua parietalis; however, the lack of consistency in the reagents, enzymes, and times of incubation makes it difficult to compare these results. Described herein is&#160;a novel approach that combines the use of gentle mechanical and enzymatic dissociation techniques to preserve the viability and integrity of extracellular and intracellular markers in leukocytes isolated from the human tissues at the maternal-fetal interface. Aside from immunophenotyping, cell culture, and cell sorting, the future applications of this protocol are numerous and varied. Following this protocol, the isolated leukocytes can be used to determine DNA methylation, expression of target genes, in vitro leukocyte functionality (i.e., phagocytosis, cytotoxicity, T-cell proliferation, and plasticity, etc.), and the production of reactive oxygen species at the maternal-fetal interface. Additionally, using the described protocol, this laboratory has been able to describe new and rare leukocytes at the maternal-fetal interface.

The dissection of human tissues at the maternal-fetal interface (decidua basalis and decidua parietalis) is shown in Figure 1. This procedure includes the dissection of the basal plate, which includes the decidua basalis (Figure 1A-D). The decidua basalis is obtained by removing the placental villi (fetal side) from the basal plate (Figure 1C). The decidua parietalis is collected by gently scraping the chorionic membrane (Figure 1E-<stro...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Leukocytes from the Human Maternal-fetal Interface at JoVE.com

Isolation of Leukocytes from the Human Maternal-fetal Interface

Described herein is a protocol to isolate and further study the infiltrating leukocytes of the decidua basalis and decidua parietalis - the human maternal-fetal interface. This protocol maintains the integrity of cell surface markers and yields enough viable cells for downstream applications as proven by flow cytometry analysis.

Pregnancy is characterized by the infiltration of leukocytes in the reproductive tissues and at the maternal-fetal interface (decidua basalis and decidua ...

isolation-of-leukocytes-from-the-human-maternal-fetal-interface

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JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

15.8K ビュー.  NICHD/NIH/DHHS. Described herein is a protocol to isolate and further study the infiltrating leukocytes of the decidua basalis and decidua parietalis - the human maternal-fetal interface. This protocol maintains the integrity of cell surface markers and yields enough viable cells for downstream applications as proven by flow cytometry analysis. 

ビデオ: Isolation of Leukocytes from the Human Maternal-fetal Interface

Described herein is a protocol to isolate and further study the infiltrating leukocytes of the decidua basalis and decidua parietalis - the human maternal-fetal interface. This protocol maintains the integrity of cell surface markers and yields enough viable cells for downstream applications as proven by flow cytometry analysis.

isolation of primary human decidual cells from the fetal membranes of term placentae

Isolation of Primary Human Decidual Cells from the Fetal Membranes of Term Placentae

This protocol demonstrates a method for the isolation of primary human decidual cells collected from the fetal membranes of term placentae which can be used for a variety of applications (i.e. immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, etc.) aiming to study the role of different cell populations in pregnancy...

isolation of leukocytes from the murine tissues at the maternal-fetal interface

Isolation of Leukocytes from the Murine Tissues at the Maternal-Fetal Interface

Described herein is a protocol to isolate and analyze the infiltrating leukocytes of tissues at the maternal-fetal interface (uterus, decidua, and placenta) of mice. This protocol maintains the integrity of most cell surface markers and yields enough viable cells for downstream applications including flow cytometry analysis.

human placental and decidual organ cultures to study infections at the maternal-fetal interface

Human Placental and Decidual Organ Cultures to Study Infections at the Maternal-fetal Interface

A simple method to establish primary human placental (villous) and decidual organ cultures is described. Villous and decidual organ cultures are invaluable tools for studying pathogenesis at the human maternal-fetal interface. Infection with the facultative intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is...

establishing villous and decidual organ cultures as ex vivo models of human maternal-fetal interface

This video demonstrates the establishment of primary human placental villous and decidual organ cultures in ex vivo conditions. These models are well-suited for studying pathogenesis at the human maternal-fetal...

Establishing Villous and Decidual Organ Cultures as Ex Vivo Models of Human Maternal-Fetal Interface

Next, place transwell inserts with 0.4-micron pores into individual wells of a 6-well tissue culture plate and coat each insert with 100 microliters of the extracellular matrix suspension. Place the plate on ice, and rinse the specimens 2 times in collection medium, transferring the tissue to a sterile petri dish under a dissecting microscope after the second...

the isolation and culture of primary epicardial cells derived from human adult and fetal heart specimens

The Isolation and Culture of Primary Epicardial Cells Derived from Human Adult and Fetal Heart Specimens

The epicardium plays a crucial role in the development and repair of the heart by providing cells and growth factors to the myocardial wall. Here, we describe a method to culture human primary epicardial cells that enables the study and comparison of their developmental and adult...

isolation of brain-infiltrating leukocytes

Isolation of Brain-infiltrating Leukocytes

A rapid method to obtain infiltrating leukocytes from the murine brain is described. This method utilizes a continuous Percoll gradient and discontinuous Ficoll gradient to select and purify the leukocyte-enriched layer. Isolated leukocytes may then be characterized by flow cytometric measurements.

isolation of leukocytes from human breast milk for use in an antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis assay of hiv targets

Isolation of Leukocytes from Human Breast Milk for Use in an Antibody-dependent Cellular Phagocytosis Assay of HIV Targets

Breast milk transmits human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), though only ~15% of infants breastfed by HIV-infected mothers become infected. Breastfed infants ingest ~105&#8722;108 maternal leukocytes daily, though these cells are understudied. Here we describe the isolation of breast milk leukocytes and an analysis of their phagocytic...

isolation of infiltrating leukocytes from mouse skin using enzymatic digest and gradient separation

Isolation of Infiltrating Leukocytes from Mouse Skin Using Enzymatic Digest and Gradient Separation

This protocol describes enzymatic digestion of mouse skin in nutrient-rich medium followed by gradient separation to isolate leukocytes.  Cells thus derived can be used for diverse downstream applications. This is an effective, economical, and improved alternative to tissue dissociation machines and harsher trypsin and dispase-based tissue digestion protocols.

isolation of marginating hepatic leukocytes from a mouse liver

In this video, we demonstrate the isolation of marginating hepatic leukocytes from mouse liver by forced...

Isolation of Marginating Hepatic Leukocytes from a Mouse Liver

isolation and characterization of mesenchymal stromal cells from human umbilical cord and fetal placenta

Isolation and Characterization of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Human Umbilical Cord and Fetal Placenta

Here, we present a protocol for the dissection of human umbilical cord (UC) and fetal placenta sample into cord lining (CL), Wharton&#39;s jelly (WJ), cord-placenta junction (CPJ), and fetal placenta (FP) for the isolation and characterization of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) using the explant culture...

analyzing the effects of stromal cells on the recruitment of leukocytes from flow

Analyzing the Effects of Stromal Cells on the Recruitment of Leukocytes from Flow

The ability of inflamed endothelium to recruit leukocytes from flow is regulated by mesenchymal stromal cells. We describe two in vitro models incorporating primary human cells that can be used to assess neutrophil recruitment from flow and examine the role that mesenchymal stromal cells play in regulating this...

isolation, culture, and imaging of human fetal pancreatic cell clusters

Isolation, Culture, and Imaging of Human Fetal Pancreatic Cell Clusters

A protocol to isolate, culture, and image islet cell clusters (ICCs) derived from human fetal pancreatic cells is described.&#160; The method details the steps necessary to generate ICCs from tissue, culture as monolayers or in suspension as aggregates, and image for markers of proliferation and pancreatic cell fate...

bioenergetics and the oxidative burst: protocols for the isolation and evaluation of human leukocytes and platelets

Bioenergetics and the Oxidative Burst: Protocols for the Isolation and Evaluation of Human Leukocytes and Platelets

Blood leukocytes and platelets can be used as a marker of overall bioenergetic health of an individual and so have the potential to monitor pathological processes and the impact of treatments. Here&#160;we describe a method to isolate and measure mitochondrial function and the oxidative burst in these...

Clamp a hemostat on the sternum and fold the rib cage rostrally to expose the cardiopulmonary complex. Move the intestines outside of the abdominal cavity to the left of the animal, exposing the portal vein. Then, connect a 30-gauge needle to a peristaltic pump, and insert it into the portal vein, rostral to the splenic...

quantifying the cytotoxicity of staphylococcus aureus against human polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Quantifying the Cytotoxicity of Staphylococcus aureus Against Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

This protocol describes a method for the purification of polymorphonuclear leukocytes from whole human blood and two distinct assays that quantify the cytotoxicity of Staphylococcus aureus against these important innate immune...

Quantifying the Cytotoxicity of Staphylococcus aureus Against Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

assessment of the synaptic interface of primary human t cells from peripheral blood and lymphoid tissue

Assessment of the Synaptic Interface of Primary Human T Cells from Peripheral Blood and Lymphoid Tissue

The protocol describes a technique to study the ability of primary polyclonal human T cells to form synaptic interfaces using planar lipid bilayers. We use this technique to show the differential synapse formation capability of human primary T cells derived from lymph nodes and peripheral...

progenitor-derived oligodendrocyte culture system from human fetal brain

Progenitor-derived Oligodendrocyte Culture System from Human Fetal Brain

Primary, human fetal brain-derived, multipotential progenitor cells proliferate in vitro while maintaining the capacity to differentiate into neurons and astrocytes. This work shows that neural progenitors can be induced to differentiate through stages of the oligodendrocytic lineage by conditioning with select growth...

isolation and analysis of brain-sequestered leukocytes from plasmodium berghei anka-infected mice

Isolation and Analysis of Brain-sequestered Leukocytes from Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected Mice

A method for isolation of adherent inflammatory leukocytes from brain blood vessels of Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected mice is described. The method allows quantification as well as phenotypic characterization of isolated leukocytes after staining with fluorescent antibodies and subsequent analysis by flow...

Isolation and Analysis of Brain-sequestered Leukocytes from Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected Mice

We describe a method for preparing brain infiltrating leukocytes (BILs) from mice. We demonstrate how to infect mice with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) via a rapid intracranial injection technique and how to purify a leukocyte-enriched population of infiltrating cells from whole brain. Briefly, mice are anesthetized with isoflurane in a closed chamber and are free-hand injected with a Hamilton syringe into the frontal cortex. Mice are then killed at various times after infection by isoflurane overdose and whole brains are extracted and homogenized in RPMI with a Tenbroeck tissue grinder. Brain homogenates are centrifuged through a continuous 30% Percoll gradient to remove the myelin and other cell debris. The cell suspension is then strained at 40 &mu;m, washed and centrifuged on a discontinuous Ficoll-Paque Plus gradient to select and purify the leukocytes. The leukocytes are then washed and resuspended in appropriate buffers for immunophenotyping by flow cytometry. Flow cytometry reveals a population of innate immune cells at the early stages of infection in C57BL/6 mice. At 24 hours post infection, multiple subsets of immune cells are present in the BILs, with an enriched population of Gr1+, CD11b+ and F4/80+cells. Therefore, this method is useful in characterizing the immune response to acute infection in the brain.

A rapid method to obtain infiltrating leukocytes from the murine brain is described. This method utilizes a continuous Percoll gradient and discontinuous Ficoll gradient to select and purify the leukocyte-enriched layer. Isolated leukocytes may then be characterized by flow cytometric measurements.

We describe a method for preparing brain infiltrating leukocytes (BILs) from mice. We demonstrate how to infect mice with Theiler's murine ...

We describe a method for isolation and characterization of adherent inflammatory cells from brain blood vessels of P. berghei ANKA-infected mice. Infection of susceptible mouse-strains with this parasite strain results in the induction of experimental cerebral malaria, a neurologic syndrome that recapitulates certain important aspects of Plasmodium falciparum-mediated severe malaria in humans 1,2 . Mature forms of blood-stage malaria express parasitic proteins on the surface of the infected erythrocyte, which allows them to bind to vascular endothelial cells. This process induces obstructions in blood flow, resulting in hypoxia and haemorrhages 3 and also stimulates the recruitment of inflammatory leukocytes to the site of parasite sequestration.
Unlike other infections, i.e neutrotopic viruses4-6, both malaria-parasitized red blood cells (pRBC) as well as associated inflammatory leukocytes remain sequestered within blood vessels rather than infiltrating the brain parenchyma. Thus to avoid contamination of sequestered leukocytes with non-inflammatory circulating cells, extensive intracardial perfusion of infected-mice prior to organ extraction and tissue processing is required in this procedure to remove the blood compartment. After perfusion, brains are harvested and dissected in small pieces. The tissue structure is further disrupted by enzymatic treatment with Collagenase D and DNAse I. The resulting brain homogenate is then centrifuged on a Percoll gradient that allows separation of brain-sequestered leukocytes (BSL) from myelin and other tissue debris. Isolated cells are then washed, counted using a hemocytometer and stained with fluorescent antibodies for subsequent analysis by flow cytometry.
This procedure allows comprehensive phenotypic characterization of inflammatory leukocytes migrating to the brain in response to various stimuli, including stroke as well as viral or parasitic infections. The method also provides a useful tool for assessment of novel anti-inflammatory treatments in pre-clinical animal models.

A method for isolation of adherent inflammatory leukocytes from brain blood vessels of Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected mice is described. The method allows quantification as well as phenotypic characterization of isolated leukocytes after staining with fluorescent antibodies and subsequent analysis by flow cytometry.

We describe a method for isolation and  characterization of adherent inflammatory cells from brain blood vessels of P. berghei ANKA-infected mice. ...

Isolation of Myeloid Dendritic Cells and Epithelial Cells from Human Thymus

In this protocol we provide a method to isolate dendritic cells (DC) and epithelial cells (TEC) from the human thymus. DC and TEC are the major antigen presenting cell (APC) types found in a normal thymus and it is well established that they play distinct roles during thymic selection. These cells are localized in distinct microenvironments in the thymus and each APC type makes up only a minor population of cells. To further understand the biology of these cell types, characterization of these cell populations is highly desirable but due to their low frequency, isolation of any of these cell types requires an efficient and reproducible procedure. This protocol details a method to obtain cells suitable for characterization of diverse cellular properties. Thymic tissue is mechanically disrupted and after different steps of enzymatic digestion, the resulting cell suspension is enriched using a Percoll density centrifugation step. For isolation of myeloid DC (CD11c+), cells from the low-density fraction (LDF) are immunoselected by magnetic cell sorting. Enrichment of TEC populations (mTEC, cTEC) is achieved by depletion of hematopoietic (CD45hi) cells from the low-density Percoll cell fraction allowing their subsequent isolation via fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) using specific cell markers. The isolated cells can be used for different downstream applications.

This protocol details a method to isolate antigen presenting cells from human thymus via different steps of enzymatic digestion of the tissue followed by density centrifugation of the single cell suspension and finally magnetic and/or FACS sorting of the cell populations of interest.

In this protocol we provide a method to isolate dendritic cells (DC) and epithelial cells (TEC) from the human thymus. DC and TEC are the major antigen ...

Mitochondrial dysfunction is known to play a significant role in a number of pathological conditions such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, septic shock, and neurodegenerative diseases but assessing changes in bioenergetic function in patients is challenging.&#160;Although diseases such as diabetes or atherosclerosis present clinically with specific organ impairment, the systemic components of the pathology, such as hyperglycemia or inflammation, can alter bioenergetic function in circulating leukocytes or platelets. This concept has been recognized for some time but its widespread application has been constrained by the large number of primary cells needed for bioenergetic analysis.&#160;This technical limitation has been overcome by combining the specificity of the magnetic bead isolation techniques, cell adhesion techniques, which allow cells to be attached without activation to microplates, and the sensitivity of new technologies designed for high throughput microplate respirometry.&#160;An example of this equipment is the extracellular flux analyzer. Such instrumentation typically uses oxygen and pH sensitive probes to measure rates of change in these parameters in adherent cells, which can then be related to metabolism. Here we detail the methods for the isolation and plating of monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils and platelets, without activation, from human blood and the analysis of mitochondrial bioenergetic function in these cells. In addition, we demonstrate how the oxidative burst in monocytes and neutrophils can also be measured in the same samples. Since these methods use only 8-20 ml human blood they have potential for monitoring reactive oxygen species generation and bioenergetics in a clinical setting.

Blood leukocytes and platelets can be used as a marker of overall bioenergetic health of an individual and so have the potential to monitor pathological processes and the impact of treatments. Here&#160;we describe a method to isolate and measure mitochondrial function and the oxidative burst in these cells.

Mitochondrial dysfunction is known to play a significant role in a number of pathological conditions such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, septic shock, and ...

Isolation of Human Monocytes by Double Gradient Centrifugation and Their Differentiation to Macrophages in Teflon-coated Cell Culture Bags

Human macrophages are involved in a plethora of pathologic processes ranging from infectious diseases to cancer. Thus they pose a valuable tool to understand the underlying mechanisms of these diseases. We therefore present a straightforward protocol for the isolation of human monocytes from buffy coats, followed by a differentiation procedure which results in high macrophage yields. The technique relies mostly on commonly available lab equipment and thus provides a cost and time effective way to obtain large quantities of human macrophages. Briefly, buffy coats from healthy blood donors are subjected to a double density gradient centrifugation to harvest monocytes from the peripheral blood. These monocytes are then cultured in fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) Teflon-coated cell culture bags in the presence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). The differentiated macrophages can be easily harvested and used for subsequent studies and functional assays. Important methods for quality control and validation of the isolation and differentiation steps will be highlighted within the protocol. In summary, the protocol described here enables scientists to routinely and reproducibly isolate human macrophages without the need for cost intensive tools. Furthermore, disease models can be studied in a syngeneic human system circumventing the use of murine macrophages.

We present a simple and efficient protocol for the generation of human macrophages. Buffy coats are processed by double density gradient centrifugation and isolated monocytes are then differentiated to macrophages in Teflon-coated cell culture bags. This maximizes macrophage yields and facilitates cell harvesting for subsequent experiments.

Human macrophages are involved in a plethora of pathologic processes ranging from infectious diseases to cancer. Thus they pose a valuable tool to ...

Stromal cells regulate the recruitment of circulating leukocytes during inflammation through cross-talk with neighboring endothelial cells. Here we describe two in vitro &#8220;vascular&#8221; models for studying the recruitment of circulating neutrophils from flow by inflamed endothelial cells. A major advantage of these models is the ability to analyze each step in the leukocyte adhesion cascade in order, as would occur in vivo. We also describe how both models can be adapted to study the role of stromal cells, in this case mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), in regulating leukocyte recruitment.
Primary endothelial cells were cultured alone or together with human MSC in direct contact on Ibidi microslides or on opposite sides of a Transwell filter for 24 hr. Cultures were stimulated with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF&#945;) for 4 hr and incorporated into a flow-based adhesion assay. A bolus of neutrophils was perfused over the endothelium for 4 min. The capture of flowing neutrophils and their interactions with the endothelium was visualized by phase-contrast microscopy.
In both models, cytokine-stimulation increased endothelial recruitment of flowing neutrophils in a dose-dependent manner. Analysis of the behavior of recruited neutrophils showed a dose-dependent decrease in rolling and a dose-dependent increase in transmigration through the endothelium. In co-culture, MSC suppressed neutrophil adhesion to TNF&#945;-stimulated endothelium.
Our flow based-adhesion models mimic the initial phases of leukocyte recruitment from the circulation. In addition to leukocytes, they can be used to examine the recruitment of other cell types, such as therapeutically administered MSC or circulating tumor cells. Our multi-layered co-culture models have shown that MSC communicate with endothelium to modify their response to pro-inflammatory cytokines, altering the recruitment of neutrophils. Further research using such models is required to fully understand how stromal cells from different tissues and conditions (inflammatory disorders or cancer) influence the recruitment of leukocytes during inflammation.

The ability of inflamed endothelium to recruit leukocytes from flow is regulated by mesenchymal stromal cells. We describe two in vitro models incorporating primary human cells that can be used to assess neutrophil recruitment from flow and examine the role that mesenchymal stromal cells play in regulating this process.

Stromal cells regulate the recruitment of circulating leukocytes during inflammation through cross-talk with neighboring endothelial cells. Here we ...

Immune tolerance in pregnancy requires that the immune system of the mother undergoes distinctive changes in order to accept and nurture the developing fetus. This tolerance is initiated during coitus, established during fecundation and implantation, and maintained throughout pregnancy. Active cellular and molecular mediators of maternal-fetal tolerance are enriched at the site of contact between fetal and maternal tissues, known as the maternal-fetal interface, which includes the placenta and the uterine and decidual tissues. This interface is comprised of stromal cells and infiltrating leukocytes, and their abundance and phenotypic characteristics change over the course of pregnancy. Infiltrating leukocytes at the maternal-fetal interface include neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, T cells, B cells, NK cells, and NKT cells that together create the local micro-environment that sustains pregnancy. An imbalance among these cells or any inappropriate alteration in their phenotypes is considered a mechanism of disease in pregnancy. Therefore, the study of leukocytes that infiltrate the maternal-fetal interface is essential in order to elucidate the immune mechanisms that lead to pregnancy-related complications. Described herein is a protocol that uses a combination of gentle mechanical dissociation followed by a robust enzymatic disaggregation with a proteolytic and collagenolytic enzymatic cocktail to isolate the infiltrating leukocytes from the murine tissues at the maternal-fetal interface. This protocol allows for the isolation of high numbers of viable leukocytes (&#62;70%) with sufficiently conserved antigenic and functional properties. Isolated leukocytes can then be analyzed by several techniques, including immunophenotyping, cell sorting, imaging, immunoblotting, mRNA expression, cell culture, and in vitro functional assays such as mixed leukocyte reactions, proliferation, or cytotoxicity assays.

Described herein is a protocol to isolate and analyze the infiltrating leukocytes of tissues at the maternal-fetal interface (uterus, decidua, and placenta) of mice. This protocol maintains the integrity of most cell surface markers and yields enough viable cells for downstream applications including flow cytometry analysis.

Immune tolerance in pregnancy requires that the immune system of the mother undergoes distinctive changes in order to accept and nurture the developing ...

Dissociating murine skin into a single cell suspension is essential for downstream cellular analysis such as the characterization of infiltrating immune cells in rodent models of skin inflammation. Here, we describe a protocol for the digestion of mouse skin in a nutrient-rich solution with collagenase D, followed by separation of hematopoietic cells using a discontinuous density gradient. Cells thus obtained can be used for in vitro studies, in vivo transfer, and other downstream cellular and molecular analyses including flow cytometry. This protocol is an effective and economical alternative to expensive mechanical dissociators, specialized separation columns, and harsher trypsin- and dispase-based digestion methods, which may compromise cellular viability or density of surface proteins relevant for phenotypic characterization or cellular function. As shown here in our representative data, this protocol produced highly viable cells, contained specific immune cell subsets, and had no effect on integrity of common surface marker proteins used in flow cytometric analysis.

This protocol describes enzymatic digestion of mouse skin in nutrient-rich medium followed by gradient separation to isolate leukocytes. Cells thus derived can be used for diverse downstream applications. This is an effective, economical, and improved alternative to tissue dissociation machines and harsher trypsin and dispase-based tissue digestion protocols.

Dissociating murine skin into a single cell suspension is essential for downstream cellular analysis such as the characterization of infiltrating immune ...

The placenta shows a large degree of interspecies anatomic variability. To best understand biology and pathophysiology of the human placenta, it is imperative to design experiments using human cells and tissues. An advantage of organ culture is maintenance of three-dimensional (3D) structural organization and extracellular matrix. The goal of the method described here is successful establishment of ex vivo human gestational tissue organ cultures and their healthy culture maintenance for 72-96 hr. The protocol details the immediate processing of research-consented, placental and decidual specimens fresh from the operating suite. These are abundant specimens that would otherwise be discarded. Detailed instructions on the sterile collection of these samples, including morphologic details on how to select appropriate tissues to establish 3D organ cultures, is provided. Placental villous and decidual tissues are microdissected into 2-3 mm3 pieces and placed separately on matrix-lined transwell filters and cultured for several days. Villous and decidual organ cultures are well suited for the study of human host-pathogen interaction. As compared to other model organisms, these human cultures are particularly advantageous to examine mechanism of infection for pathogens that demonstrate variable patterns of host specificity. As an example, we demonstrate infection of placental and decidual organ cultures with the clinically relevant, facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes.

A simple method to establish primary human placental (villous) and decidual organ cultures is described. Villous and decidual organ cultures are invaluable tools for studying pathogenesis at the human maternal-fetal interface. Infection with the facultative intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is demonstrated.

The placenta shows a large degree of interspecies anatomic variability. To best understand biology and pathophysiology of the human placenta, it is ...

Isolation of Dendritic Cells from the Human Female Reproductive Tract for Phenotypical and Functional Studies

The characterization of the human dendritic cells (DCs) resident in mucosal tissues is challenging due to the difficulty in obtaining samples, and the low numbers of DCs present per tissue. Yet, as the phenotype and function of DCs is modified by the tissue environment, it is necessary to analyze tissue resident DC populations, since blood derived DCs incompletely reflect the complexities of DCs in tissues. Here we present a protocol to isolate DCs from the human female reproductive tract (FRT) using hysterectomy specimens that allows both phenotypical and functional analyses. The protocol consists of tissue digestion to generate a single cell mixed cell suspension, followed by positive magnetic bead selection. Our tissue digestion protocol does not cleave surface markers, which allows phenotypical and functional analysis of DCs in the steady state, without overnight incubation or cell activation. This protocol can be adapted for the isolation of other immune cell types or isolation of DCs from other tissues.

We describe here a method to isolate and purify dendritic cells from different anatomical compartments in the human female reproductive tract for the evaluation of their phenotypical and functional characteristics. This method can be adapted to isolate other immune cells or dendritic cells from other mucosal tissues.

The characterization of the human dendritic cells (DCs) resident in mucosal tissues is challenging due to the difficulty in obtaining samples, and the low ...