Dr. K. Yuan was supported by an American Heart Association Scientist Development Grant (15SDG25710448) and the Pulmonary Hypertension Association Proof of Concept Award (SPO121940). Dr. V. de Jesus Perez was supported by a career development award from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, an NIH K08 HL105884-01 award, a Pulmonary Hypertension Association Award, a Biomedical Research Award from the American Lung Association and a Translational Research and Applied Medicine award from Stanford University.

倫理文：動物を対象とする手順は、スタンフォード大学医学部での施設内動物管理使用委員会によって承認されています。 注：動物は、3％の気化イソフルランおよびO 2ガスの3％の供給と麻酔下にあります。目に獣医軟膏の使用は、麻酔下ながら乾燥を防ぐのに役立つかもしれません。 1.細胞の調製<ol><li>適切なメディアの10ミリリットルと100ミリメートルプレートにヒト内皮および周皮細胞培養物を成長させます。細胞が80％コンフルエンスに達するまで3日間 - すべての2新鮮な培地10ミリリットルを交換してください。 <ol><li>会社を補充した完全な内皮細胞培地（ECM）における培養内皮細胞（EC）は、5％ウシ胎児血清（FBS）、10％ペニシリン/ストレプトマイシン及び10％の内皮細胞成長サプリメントを供給しました。 </li><li>会社を補った完全な周皮メディア（PM）における培養周皮細胞は、2％FBS、10％のペニシリン/ストレプトマイシン及び10％周皮細胞成長サプリメントを供給しました。 </li&gt; </ol></li><li>細胞混合物を準備します<ol><li>実験群と対照群のためのセルの必要数を計算します。 注：実験群内の各プラグは百万（1×10 6）が含まれ、人間ECおよび20万（2×10 5）周皮。対照群については、各プラグは120万人の電気部品のみが含まれています。陰性対照群は、マトリックスゲルのみを有しています。各グループには、プラグは、マウスの腰の両側に注入することができるように、2つのマウスを必要とするであろう、少なくとも4つのプラグを含める必要があります。三つのプラグは1に障害が発生した場合に使用することができ、実験と第四のための三連として役立つであろう。ゲルの余分なボリュームを一致させるために25％余分な細胞を準備します。 </li><li>収集し、培養プレートから細胞を数えます。 <ol><li>細胞を剥離するために、メディアを取り出し、室温の1×リン酸緩衝生理食塩水（PBS）で1回洗浄します。 PBSを削除し、1ミリリットル0.25％トリプシン/ 2.21 mMのEDTAを追加し、1分間インキュベートします。 2を追加することによって、プレートから細胞を洗浄mlの培地とを15mlチューブに収集します。 </li><li>製造者の指示に従って血球計数器を用いて細胞を数えます。 </li><li> 5分間400×gでペレットに適切な数の細胞を遠心します。実験群、遠心分離機ECおよびダウン一緒に1ペレットへの周皮細胞の両方について。 </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol> 2.マトリックスゲルの準備<ol><li>均一な溶液を得るために4時間又は一晩4℃で完全にマトリックスゲルを解凍します。いいえ混合は必要ありません。 </li><li> 4°Cで1.5 mlチューブとストア内の一定分量マトリックスゲル。 </li><li>事前チル滅菌1.5ミリリットルチューブ、4℃で28 G 1ccのインスリン注射器。注意：常に氷上マトリックスゲルを保管してください。 </li><li> 1の体積比でbFGFで冷マトリックスゲルミックス：100（bFGFの最終濃度を0.5μg/ mlに=; bFGFのストック溶液=50μg/ mlの）ダウンを数回ピペッティングによりマトリックスゲル溶液を混合した後、氷上でインキュベート60分B - 30ステップ3.1での細胞と混合EFORE。 注：混合前に在庫のbFGFを解凍します。注射のために必要なプラグの数を計算します。例えば、各プラグは200μlのマトリックスゲルが必要です。したがって、25％の余分なゲルを準備します。 </li></ol>細胞3.ミックスマトリックスジェル<ol><li>グループごとに、bFGFを含有マトリックスゲルの計算量で（適切な細胞数を含む）を細胞ペレットを再懸濁します。発泡回避し、マウスは注射用に調製されるまで、氷上で15 mlのチューブに残すように穏やかに混合。 </li></ol> 4.マウスの準備<ol><li> 3％イソフルランプラス誘導室中の3％O 2で5分間1 SCIDマウスを麻酔。一度に、1つの実験群、または2匹のマウスに焦点を当てています。 </li><li>誘導チャンバーからマウスを外しダウン加熱パッド腹側の場所と迅速麟蹄全体に麻酔を供給するために、非再呼吸システムを介してマウスの顔に鼻ノズルを取り付けますction手順。非再呼吸系に導入室からのガスの流れを切り替えて、1.5％イソフルランおよび1.5％O 2ガスの圧力を低下させます。 </li><li>シェーバーや脱毛クリームで（直径1cm前後）両側後肢領域から髪を削除します。 </li><li> 70％のアルコールパッドで皮膚領域を拭いてください。 </li><li>誘導チャンバーにマウスを戻し、リピートは4.2手順 - 4.4を2番目のマウスで。 </li></ol> 5.マトリックスゲル注入<ol><li>非再呼吸システムに付着し、加熱パッド上腹側を下に置くことによって、注射用1マウスを準備します。 </li><li>一度に予備冷却し28 G 1 ccのインスリン注射器1のマウスにマトリックスゲルをロードします。 <ol><li>注射器に2つのプラグ（200プラグあたりμlのプラス25％余分な）のためのマトリックスゲルの完全な500μlのボリュームをロードします。 </li><li> CEを防止するために、シリンジ内に細胞をロードする3分以内にマウスにマトリックスゲルを注入することを確認します注射器の側に沈降し、注射器の内側に固化からマトリックスゲルを防ぐためにからLLS。 </li></ol></li><li>その後、胸郭の背面後部の皮下空間にゆっくりと均等にマトリックスゲルの200μLを注入し、皮下スペースを見つけるために背中の皮膚を持ち上げます。 </li><li>注射部位から漏れるマトリックスゲルを防ぐために注意しながら、ゆっくりと注射針を外します。バンプは、注射部位に形成されます。アルコールパッドで注射部位を拭きます。 </li><li>その後、熱パッド上にマトリックスゲルのゲル化を可能にするために1分間の背中の上でマウスを残して、マウスの背中の反対側に5.5 - を繰り返し注入が5.2を繰り返します。 </li><li> 14日後にバンプを識別するための恒久的なマーカーを使用して、両方のバンプの概要を説明します。いくつかの髪が戻って成長した後、バンプを見つけることが容易になります。 </li></ol> 6.マトリックスゲルプラグの単離：注射後14日<ol><li>動物を暴露することによって、人道的にマウスを安楽死させます死を確実にするために頸椎脱臼に続く二酸化炭素吸入&gt; 5分秒。 </li><li>マウスの背中からマトリックスゲルプラグを取り外します。 <ol><li>ゆっくりとプラグはステップ4.3を繰り返して配置されている注射部位の周りに再成長の髪を削除します。マーカーラインは、皮膚の下に、元のバンプの大きさを示しています。 </li><li>それぞれ、プラグの上側と下側に取り付け、周囲の皮膚と筋肉層と一緒にプラグを切り出します。 <ol><li>微細手術用はさみを使用して、皮膚に対して垂直であり、プラグの下の筋肉にカットスループラグのマークされた境界に切り込みを入れます。その後、慎重にマークされた境界線に沿ってプラグの周囲にカット。 </li><li>それは、皮膚と筋肉の層の間に挟ま保ち、プラグを取り外します。すぐに余分な血液を洗い流すために、1×PBSを入れた小さなビーカーにすすいでください。プラグは（次のステップ、6.3）修正する準備ができました。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> PLUを修正しました。4％パラホルムアルデヒドでグラム。 <ol><li>揺動せずに室温で24時間、4％パラホルムアルデヒド25mlで50mlチューブに、皮膚と筋肉の層を含む全体のプラグを置きます。次の日は、パラフィン包埋の前に別の24時間の70％エタノール25ミリリットルにプラグを移します。 注：慎重にパラホルムアルデヒドを処理します。手袋を着用してください。 </li></ol></li></ol> 7.パラフィンプロセスマトリックスゲルプラグ<ol><li>パラフィン包埋のためにプラグを準備します。 <ol><li> 図1aに示すように、プラグを方向付けます。プラグの側が上を向いているとの両方の皮膚や筋肉の層が切片の間に第1切断される組織ブロックの表面全体に表示されるように、組織カセットにプラグインを配置します。 </li></ol></li><li>パラフィンは、標準的なパラフィン包埋プロトコール13に従ってプラグを埋め込みます。 </li><li>顕微鏡は、アコーをスライド上に組織ブロックのオフに10μmの厚さの切片およびマウント - 8をカット標準的なパラフィン切片プロトコル13丁。 </li><li>染色のための準備ができるまで室温で涼しく乾燥した場所にスライドを保管してください。 </li></ol>ヘマトキシリンおよびエオシン染色（H＆E）13 8.ステインセクション<ol><li>二回、100％エタノール、95％エタノール、70％エタノールおよび最後に1×PBS 100％キシレンを介してスライドを通過させることによって、室温で5分間、各組織切片を脱パラフィンで処理します。次のステップになるまで1倍PBSでスライドを残します。 </li><li>ピペットで100μlのH＆Eセクションへのソリューションと1のためのインキュベート - 5分、または10倍の倍率で直立光顕微鏡下で観察されるような細胞内の青色の核とピンクの細胞質の間に明確なコントラストがあるまで。任意のH＆Eソリューションは、目的を触れないように注意してください。 </li><li>水道水の大ビーカーでスライドを液体につけることによって、スライドのオフウォッシュH＆Eソリューションは、その後、ビーカー内のラックにスライドを配置し、2分間流水と面一に。 </li><li>モースライドをマウントする9.8ステップにVEの。 </li></ol> 9.ヒトキャピラリと周皮細胞染色する他のスライド<ol><li>二回、100％エタノール、95％エタノール、70％エタノールおよび最後に1×PBS 100％キシレンを介してスライドを通過させることによって、室温で5分間、各組織切片を脱パラフィンで処理します。次のステップになるまで1倍PBSでスライドを残します。 </li><li>抗原回復溶液中のセクションをゆでます。 <ol><li> 2Lのビーカーに、加熱ブロック上で95℃で1×クエン酸緩衝液（pH7.0）を使用して沸騰抗原回復溶液を調製します。 </li><li>沸騰したら、金属ラックにスライドを配置し、20分間沸騰抗原回復溶液中に浸します。 </li><li>慎重にまだ沈めスライドと加熱ブロックからビーカーを取り除き、溶液をゆっくり約30分間室温に戻すことができます。 </li><li>次のステップになるまで1倍PBSでスライドを置きます。 </li></ol></li><li>ブロッキング緩衝液中のセクション（1×PBS、5％ヤギ血清、0をブロック.3％のTriton X-100）。 <ol><li> PAPペンで各セクションのエッジの周りに疎水性の円を描きます。 </li><li>トレイの底に蒸留水で湿度トレイにスライドを配置します。 </li><li>必ずすべての組織を作るのセクションの上にピペットで100μlのブロッキングバッファーを流体によって覆われている（以上100μlのが必要な場合があります）。 </li><li> 1時間、ブロッキングバッファーを持つセクションをインキュベートします。 </li></ol></li><li>一次抗体を持つセクションをインキュベートします。 <ol><li>各CD31（ECS）のためのセクションおよび希釈緩衝液（1×PBS、1％BSA、0.3％トリトンX-100）で希釈した平滑筋アクチン（周皮細胞）を精査するために、2つの一次抗体で1溶液を調製します。 注記：ここでは、抗CD31濃度1:50であり、抗平滑筋アクチン濃度は1：300。 </li><li>蒸留水を含む湿度トレイに100μlの一次抗体と4℃で一晩のセクションをインキュベートします。 </li></ol></li><li> 1×PBST（1×PBS + 0.1％TWEでスライドを3回洗浄各5分洗浄用EN20）。 </li><li>二次抗体を持つセクションをインキュベートします。 <ol><li>希釈緩衝液中に希釈した抗CD31ウサギ抗体を認識し、フルオロフォアコンジュゲートヤギ抗ウサギ二次抗体を含む溶液を調製します。 <ol><li>注：平滑筋アクチン一次抗体は、すでにCY3フルオロフォアとコンジュゲートされているので、二次抗体染色は必要ありません。 250：ヤギ抗ウサギ二次抗体濃度は1です。 </li></ol></li><li>蒸留水を含む湿度トレイに100μlの二次抗体と1時間のセクションをインキュベートします。 </li></ol></li><li>各洗浄5分間、1×PBSTでスライドを3回洗浄します。 </li><li>スライドをマウントします。 <ol><li>各セクションへのDAPI核染色と退色防止マウントソリューションの - （60μL〜40） - ピペット2 3滴。 </li><li>優しくなしを配置し​​ます。 1.5カバーセクションの上にスリップし、マウントソリューション、流体はセクションに広がるすることを可能にするとの縁へカバースリップ。ゆっくりセクションの上に配置することができる気泡を押し出すために指を使用しています。 </li><li>スライドを取り扱う前に、少なくとも1時間乾燥させます。 </li></ol></li></ol> 10.定量化毛細血管密度と構造14 <ol><li> H＆E染色切片における毛細血管の数をカウントし、＃/ mm 2のように表します。 <ol><li> 40Xの倍率で直立光顕微鏡上の4つの異なるフィールドの写真を取得します。 注：キャピラリーは赤血球で満たされた管として識別されます。 </li><li>あるいは、代わりに手動で計数キャピラリーの使用画像解析ソフトウェア（ 例えば、Wimasis画像解析）は、血管数、平均血管長及び直径、および分岐点のような種々の血管形成のパラメータを定量化します。 </li></ol></li><li>免疫蛍光染色した切片に毛細管構造を分析します。 <ol><li>倒立蛍光顕微鏡上の4つの異なるフィールドの写真を買収FITCとTxRedフィルターキューブを持ちます。 <ol><li> 488 nmの波長で励起することにより、画像のECへのFITCキューブを使用し、594 nmの波長で励起することにより、画像の周皮細胞へのTxRedキューブを使用しています。 <style type="text/css">p.p1 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; 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D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+blood+vessels,+endothelial+cells,+and+vascular+pericytes+in+insulin+secretion+and+peripheral+insulin+action.">The role of blood vessels, endothelial cells, and vascular pericytes in insulin secretion and peripheral insulin action.</a> Endocr Rev. 31 (3), 343-363 (2010).</li><li>Ricard, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+pericyte+coverage+mediated+by+endothelial-derived+fibroblast+growth+factor-2+and+interleukin-6+is+a+source+of+smooth+muscle-like+cells+in+pulmonary+hypertension.">Increased pericyte coverage mediated by endothelial-derived fibroblast growth factor-2 and interleukin-6 is a source of smooth muscle-like cells in pulmonary hypertension.</a> Circulation. 129 (15), 1586-1597 (2014).</li><li>Buchwalow, I. B., Bocker, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Immunohistochemistry: Basics and Methods. , 1-153 (2010).</li><li>Tata, D. A., Anderson, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+method+for+the+investigation+of+capillary+structure.">A new method for the investigation of capillary structure.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 113 (2), 199-206 (2002).</li></ol>

No competing financial interests enclosed.

マトリックスゲルプラグアッセイは、血管形成、in vivoでの血管新生および抗血管新生化合物における遺伝子調節を評価するため、およびインビトロ試験を補完するために便利で強力な方法であることが証明されています。ここでは、詳細には血管形成中の内皮細胞と周皮細胞との間の相互作用を調べ、ヒト血管新生の新規マトリックスゲルプラグアッセイを記述する。 <p clas...

血管新生は、新しい血管が既存の血管ネットワーク1から形成されるプロセスであり、正常な発達、疾患の範囲の多くの地域を横切って進行中の研究の焦点です。この動的なプロセスは、酸素や栄養素デリバリー2を必要とするサイトに向けられている血管の管を構築するために、内皮細胞（EC）および周皮細胞の動員の増殖および移動を伴います。このプロセスを研究するためには、管形成の3次元性を再現することができます1、最も重要なのは、同じように動的分析を必要とします。 in vitroでの3Dマトリックスアッセイは、この必要性に対処するために開発されており、研究者は、血管新生が生じ3、4、5、6をとる空間および時間における個別のステップを定義することができるように十分に取り組んできました。しかし、これらのインビトロ 3Dマトリックスモデルは、非灌流血管研究に限られていますdは、したがって、血管新生プロセスに関連する重要なコンポーネントが不足している（ 例えば、血管床を横切って成長と阻害因子、不自然なテンション/力を循環させる）と、生きている組織に存在する複雑な環境をシミュレートすることができません。この制限に対処するために、いくつかのin vivoでの血管新生アッセイは、当社の報告書8、9の焦点になるマトリックスゲルプラグアッセイを含む、7を開発されてきました。 マトリックスゲルプラグアッセイは、血管新生に異なる細胞や物質の役割をテストするための堅牢なプラットフォームを提供するので、研究者にアピールする十分に確立されたin vivoでの血管新生アッセイです。マトリックスゲルは、37℃でゲル状物質に固化エンゲル-Holm-Swarm（EHS）マウス肉腫細胞株によって分泌される市販の基底膜溶液です。マトリックスゲルは、細胞および/またはそのような成長因子、および麟蹄などの物質と混合することができますマウスに皮下CTED。ホストのECは、14日間にわたってプラグに侵入血管網を形成し、宿主の血液で灌流になります。現在までに、マトリックスゲルプラグアッセイこのアッセイは、に共培養内皮細胞および周皮細胞を使用することができるかどうかを決定するために努力がまだ行われていない我々の知る限り、しかし、血管形成中の内皮細胞の挙動の研究にのみ焦点を当てていますこれら2つの細胞型は、血管新生の間にどのように相互作用するかを研究します。具体的には、ECおよび周皮細胞との間の関係を理解することは、血管の損失は微小血管虚血および末梢血管疾患10、11、12を含む、病理学的である疾患を研究するための貴重なものです。 ここでは、ヒトECおよび線維芽細胞成長因子（bFGF）と共にマトリックスゲル混合物にヒト由来周皮細胞を導入するプロトコルを記載しています。次いで、この混合物を皮下I注射することができますnはSCIDマウスの背は、完全に機能的な、周皮細胞被覆され、ハイブリッド血管の形成を可能にします。私たちのプロトコルが持つまたはSCIDマウスとどのように重要な血管新生エンドポイントの組織切片を分析するために人間の周皮細胞、配置があってもなくても、人間のECを含むマトリックスゲルプラグを準備する方法について説明します。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="806">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">PBS (Phosphate buffered saline)</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">21-031-CV</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">0.25% Trypsin/0.53mM EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25-053-CI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">Endothelial Cell Media (ECM) kit</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Sciencell</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1001</td>
			<td>includes media, EC growth supplement, and penicillin/streptomycin, each supplied at the appropriate volume for easy mixing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">Pericyte Media (PM) kit</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Sciencell</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1201</td>
			<td>includes media, Pericyte growth supplement, and penicillin/streptomycin, each supplied at the appropriate volume for easy mixing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:405px;">primary human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Pulmonary Hypertension Breakthrough Initiative</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>this cell type is also available commercially. Cells used at passage 1-4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:405px;">primary human pulmonary pericytes</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Pulmonary Hypertension Breakthrough Initiative</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>this cell type is not available commercially, but brain paricytes are.&#160; Cells used at passage 1-4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">bFGF (basic Fibroblast Growth Factor)</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">100-18B</td>
			<td>stock solution is 50ug/ml in 0.1% BSA in PBS, aliquots at 50 uL and stored at -20 degrees</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">Matrigel Basement Membrane Matrix</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">356237</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">28G 1cc Insluin Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">329410</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:405px;">SCID (Severe Combined Immune Deficiency) mice</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">The Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>5557</td>
			<td>NOD.SCID IL2R gamma knockout strain is the best strain; 4-6 weeks of age</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:405px;">1.5mL microcentrifuge tubes, sterile</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">05-408-129</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">15 mL screw top tubes, sterile</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">352096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:405px;">PAP pen</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">8899</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:405px;">hemocytometer</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">02-671-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">Nair hair removal cream</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Walmart</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:405px;">anti-human CD31 primary antibody</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">LifeSpan Biosciences</td>
			<td>LS-B4737</td>
			<td>working solution is 1:50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">anti-human Smooth Muscle actin CY3 primary fluorescent antibody</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>C6198</td>
			<td>working solution is 1:300</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody; 488/green</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A-11008</td>
			<td>working solution is 1:250</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">Prolong Gold DAPI solution</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Cell Signaling</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">8961S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">microscope slides</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">48300-047</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:405px;">no. 1.5 cover slips</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12-544-D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">citrate buffer 10x</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">21545</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:405px;">extra fine surgical scissors</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14084-08</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:405px;">Formalin (paraformaldehyde)</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">245-685</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">Tissue cassettes</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Simport</td>
			<td>M492-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">goat serum</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Dako</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">X0907</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vivo study of human endothelial-pericyte interaction using the matrix gel plug assay in mouse

Angiogenesis is the process by which new blood vessels are formed from existing vessels. New vessel growth requires coordinated endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and alignment to form tubular structures followed by recruitment of pericytes to provide mural support and facilitate vessel maturation. Current in vitro cell culture approaches cannot fully reproduce the complex biological environment where endothelial cells and pericytes interact to produce functional vessels. We present a novel application of the in vivo matrix gel plug assay to study endothelial-pericyte interactions and formation of functional blood vessels using severe combined immune deficiency mutation (SCID) mice. Briefly, matrix gel is mixed with a solution containing endothelial cells with or without pericytes followed by injection into the back of anesthetized SCID mice. After 14 days, the matrix gel plugs are removed, fixed and sectioned for histological analysis. The length, number, size and extent of pericyte coverage of mature vessels (defined by the presence of red blood cells in the lumen) can be quantified and compared between experimental groups using commercial statistical platforms. Beyond its use as an angiogenesis assay, this matrix gel plug assay can be used to conduct genetic studies and as a platform for drug discovery. In conclusion, this protocol will allow researchers to complement available in vitro assays for the study of endothelial-pericyte interactions and their relevance to either systemic or pulmonary angiogenesis.

マトリックスゲルプラグ部は、図に示されているのECおよび周皮細胞の両方を含むプラグが、いくつかの灌流を表示するのに対し、代表的H＆Eおよび免疫蛍光染色は、ECからの2セクションは唯一のプラグは、主に血液で灌流されていないいくつかの船（左図2トップ、黒矢印）を表示しますCD31陽性のECのすぐ隣に正のSMA染色により?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vivo Study of Human Endothelial-Pericyte Interaction Using the Matrix Gel Plug Assay in Mouse at JoVE.com

In Vivo Study of Human Endothelial-Pericyte Interaction Using the Matrix Gel Plug Assay in Mouse

私たちは、マトリックスゲルプラグ血管新生アッセイの変動を用いて、マウスにおけるヒト内皮 - 周皮細胞の相互作用を研究するためのプロトコルを提示します。

マウスにおけるマトリックスゲルプラグアッセイを用いたヒト内皮-周皮細胞の相互作用のin vivo研究で

Angiogenesis is the process by which new blood vessels are formed from existing vessels. New vessel growth requires coordinated endothelial cell ...

in-vivo-study-human-endothelial-pericyte-interaction-using-matrix-gel

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

In Vivo Study of Human Endothelial-Pericyte Interaction Using the Matrix Gel Plug Assay in Mouse

9.6K ビュー.  Stanford University. 私たちは、マトリックスゲルプラグ血管新生アッセイの変動を用いて、マウスにおけるヒト内皮 - 周皮細胞の相互作用を研究するためのプロトコルを提示します。 

ビデオ: In Vivo Study of Human Endothelial-Pericyte Interaction Using the Matrix Gel Plug Assay in Mouse

Testing Visual Sensitivity to the Speed and Direction of Motion in Lizards

Testing visual sensitivity in any species provides basic information regarding behaviour, evolution, and ecology. However, testing specific features of the visual system provide more empirical evidence for functional applications. Investigation into the sensory system provides information about the sensory capacity, learning and memory ability, and establishes known baseline behaviour in which to gauge deviations (Burghardt, 1977). However, unlike mammalian or avian systems, testing for learning and memory in a reptile species is difficult. Furthermore, using an operant paradigm as a psychophysical measure of sensory ability is likewise as difficult. Historically, reptilian species have responded poorly to conditioning trials because of issues related to motivation, physiology, metabolism, and basic biological characteristics. Here, I demonstrate an operant paradigm used a novel model lizard species, the Jacky dragon (Amphibolurus muricatus) and describe how to test peripheral sensitivity to salient speed and motion characteristics. This method uses an innovative approach to assessing learning and sensory capacity in lizards. I employ the use of random-dot kinematograms (RDKs) to measure sensitivity to speed, and manipulate the level of signal strength by changing the proportion of dots moving in a coherent direction. RDKs do not represent a biologically meaningful stimulus, engages the visual system, and is a classic psychophysical tool used to measure sensitivity in humans and other animals. Here, RDKs are displayed to lizards using three video playback systems. Lizards are to select the direction (left or right) in which they perceive dots to be moving. Selection of the appropriate direction is reinforced by biologically important prey stimuli, simulated by computer-animated invertebrates.

Testing visual sensitivity in lizards using an operant conditioning paradigm that employs video playback of random-dot kinematograms and computer-generated invertebrates.

トカゲの運動の速度と方向の視覚感度のテスト

Testing visual sensitivity in any species provides basic information regarding behaviour, evolution, and ecology. However, testing specific features of ...

生物学

Optimized Fibrin Gel Bead Assay for the Study of Angiogenesis

Angiogenesis is a complex multi-step process, where, in response to angiogenic stimuli, new vessels are created from the existing vasculature.  These steps include: degradation of the basement membrane, proliferation and migration (sprouting) of endothelial cells (EC) into the extracellular matrix, alignment of EC into cords, branching, lumen formation, anastomosis, and formation of a new basement membrane.  Many in vitro assays have been developed to study this process, but most only mimic certain stages of angiogenesis, and morphologically the vessels within the assays often do not resemble vessels in vivo.  Based on earlier work by Nehls and Drenckhahn, we have optimized an in vitro angiogenesis assay that utilizes human umbilical vein EC and fibroblasts.  This model recapitulates all of the key early stages of angiogenesis and, importantly, the vessels display patent intercellular lumens surrounded by polarized EC. EC are coated onto cytodex microcarriers and embedded into a fibrin gel.  Fibroblasts are layered on top of the gel where they provide necessary soluble factors that promote EC sprouting from the surface of the beads.  After several days, numerous vessels are present that can easily be observed under phase-contrast and time-lapse microscopy. This video demonstrates the key steps in setting up these cultures.

This video demonstrates the protocol of an in vitro angiogenesis assay that recapitulates several stages of angiogenesis. Time-lapse images of sprouting, lumen formation, branching and anastomosis - key features of angiogenesis - are shown.

血管新生の研究のために最適化されたフィブリンゲルビーズアッセイ

Angiogenesis is a complex multi-step process, where, in response to angiogenic stimuli, new vessels are created from the existing vasculature.  These ...

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models. This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, treatment of cancer via oral delivery of drugs, and monitoring of tumor cell behavior in response to drug treatment in real time using in vivo imaging system. In this orthotopic model, ovarian tumor cells expressing luciferase are applied topically by injecting them directly into the mouse bursa where each ovary is enclosed. Upon injection of D-luciferin, a substrate of firefly luciferase, luciferase-expressing cells generate bioluminescence signals. This signal is detected by the in vivo imaging system and allows for a non-invasive means of monitoring tumor growth, distribution, and regression in individual animals. Drug administration via oral gavage allows for a maximum dosing volume of 10 mL/kg body weight to be delivered directly to the stomach and closely resembles delivery of drugs in clinical treatments. Therefore, techniques described here, development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, oral delivery of drugs, and in vivo imaging, are useful for better understanding of human ovarian cancer and treatment and will improve targeting this disease.

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Orthotopic animal models of ovarian cancer replicate better human disease and therefore enhance our understanding of cancer progression and tumor response to therapy. A mouse model receives an intrabursal injection of luciferase-expressing ovarian tumor cells. Treatment is administered via oral gavage. Tumor growth is monitored by in vivo imaging system.

生体イメージングおよび卵巣癌の同所性マウスモデルにおける治療的処置の

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models.  This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model ...

In vivo and in vitro Studies of Adaptor-clathrin Interaction

A major endocytic pathway initiates with the formation of clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) that transport cargo from the cell surface to endosomes1-6. CCVs are distinguished by a polyhedral lattice of clathrin that coats the vesicle membrane and serves as a mechanical scaffold. Clathrin coats are assembled during vesicle formation from individual clathrin triskelia , the soluble form of clathrin composed of three heavy and three light chain subunits7,8. Because the triskelion does not have the ability to bind to the membrane directly, clathrin-binding adaptors are critical to link the forming clathrin lattice to the membrane through association with lipids and/or membrane proteins9. Adaptors also package transmembrane protein cargo, such as receptors, and can interact with each other and with other components of the CCV formation machinery9.
Over twenty clathrin adaptors have been described, several are involved in clathrin mediated endocytosis and others localize to the trans Golgi network or endosomes9. With the exception of HIP1R (yeast Sla2p), all known clathrin adaptors bind to the N-terminal -propeller domain of the clathrin heavy chain9. Clathrin adaptors are modular proteins consisting of folded domains connected by unstructured flexible linkers. Within these linker regions, short binding motifs mediate interactions with the clathrin N-terminal domain or other components of the vesicle formation machinery9. Two distinct clathrin-binding motifs have been defined: the clathrin-box and the W-box9. The consensus clathrin-box sequence was originally defined as L[L/I][D/E/N][L/F][D/E]10 but variants have been subsequently discovered11. The W-box conforms to the sequence PWxxW (where x is any residue).
Sla1p (Synthetic Lethal with Actin binding protein-1) was originally identified as an actin associated protein and is necessary for normal actin cytoskeleton structure and dynamics at endocytic sites in yeast cells12. Sla1p also binds the NPFxD endocytic sorting signal and is critical for endocytosis of cargo bearing the NPFxD signal13,14. More recently, Sla1p was demonstrated to bind clathrin through a motif similar to the clathrin box, LLDLQ, termed a variant clathrin-box (vCB), and to function as an endocytic clathrin adaptor15. In addition, Sla1p has become a widely used marker for the endocytic coat in live cell fluorescence microscopy studies16. Here we use Sla1p as a model to describe approaches for adaptor-clathrin interaction studies. We focus on live cell fluorescence microscopy, GST-pull down, and co-immunoprecipitation methods.

In vivo and in vitro Studies of Adaptor-clathrin Interaction

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis depends on adaptor proteins that coordinate cargo selection and clathrin coat assembly. Here we describe procedures to study adaptor-clathrin physical interaction and live cell imaging approaches using as a model the yeast endocytic adaptor protein Sla1p.

in vivoおよびアダプター、クラスリンの相互作用のin vitro試験

A major endocytic pathway initiates with the formation of clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) that transport cargo from the cell surface to endosomes1-6. CCVs ...

Clonogenic Assay: Adherent Cells

The clonogenic (or colony forming) assay has been established for more than 50 years; the original paper describing the technique was published in 19561. Apart from documenting the method, the initial landmark study generated the first radiation-dose response curve for X-ray irradiated mammalian (HeLa) cells in culture1. Basically, the clonogenic assay enables an assessment of the differences in reproductive viability (capacity of cells to produce progeny; i.e. a single cell to form a colony of 50 or more cells) between control untreated cells and cells that have undergone various treatments such as exposure to ionising radiation, various chemical compounds (e.g. cytotoxic agents) or in other cases genetic manipulation. The assay has become the most widely accepted technique in radiation biology and has been widely used for evaluating the radiation sensitivity of different cell lines. Further, the clonogenic assay is commonly used for monitoring the efficacy of radiation modifying compounds and for determining the effects of cytotoxic agents and other anti-cancer therapeutics on colony forming ability, in different cell lines. A typical clonogenic survival experiment using adherent cells lines involves three distinct components, 1) treatment of the cell monolayer in tissue culture flasks, 2) preparation of single cell suspensions and plating an appropriate number of cells in petri dishes and 3) fixing and staining colonies following a relevant incubation period, which could range from 1-3 weeks, depending on the cell line. Here we demonstrate the general procedure for performing the clonogenic assay with adherent cell lines with the use of an immortalized human keratinocyte cell line (FEP-1811)2. Also, our aims are to describe common features of clonogenic assays including calculation of the plating efficiency and survival fractions after exposure of cells to radiation, and to exemplify modification of radiation-response with the use of a natural antioxidant formulation.

The applicability of the clonogenic assay for evaluating reproductive viability has been established for more than 50 years. Here we demonstrate the general procedure for performing the clonogenic assay with adherent cells.

クローン原性アッセイ：付着細胞

The clonogenic (or colony forming) assay has been established for more than 50 years; the original paper describing the technique was published in 19561. ...

Do-It-Yourself Device for Recovery of Cryopreserved Samples Accidentally Dropped into Cryogenic Storage Tanks

Liquid nitrogen is colorless, odorless, extremely cold (-196 &deg;C) liquid kept under pressure. It is commonly used as a cryogenic fluid for long term storage of biological materials such as blood, cells and tissues 1,2. The cryogenic nature of liquid nitrogen, while ideal for sample preservation, can cause rapid freezing of live tissues on contact - known as 'cryogenic burn'2, which may lead to severe frostbite in persons closely involved in storage and retrieval of samples from Dewars. Additionally, as liquid nitrogen evaporates it reduces the oxygen concentration in the air and might cause asphyxia, especially in confined spaces2.
In laboratories, biological samples are often stored in cryovials or cryoboxes stacked in stainless steel racks within the Dewar tanks1. These storage racks are provided with a long shaft to prevent boxes from slipping out from the racks and into the bottom of Dewars during routine handling. All too often, however, boxes or vials with precious samples slip out and sink to the bottom of liquid nitrogen filled tank. In such cases, samples could be tediously retrieved after transferring the liquid nitrogen into a spare container or discarding it. The boxes and vials can then be relatively safely recovered from emptied Dewar. However, the cryogenic nature of liquid nitrogen and its expansion rate makes sunken sample retrieval hazardous. It is commonly recommended by Safety Offices that sample retrieval be never carried out by a single person. Another alternative is to use commercially available cool grabbers or tongs to pull out the vials3. However, limited visibility within the dark liquid filled Dewars poses a major limitation in their use.
In this article, we describe the construction of a Cryotolerant DIY retrieval device, which makes sample retrieval from Dewar containing cryogenic fluids both safe and easy.

Here we present a low cost, durable cryotolerant device for sample retrieval from Dewar tanks filled with liquid nitrogen. The ease of construction and modular design of the device makes the process of sample retrieval from cryogenic tanks safe and easy.

凍結保存サンプルの回復のための日曜大工のデバイスが誤って低温貯蔵タンクに落とし

Liquid nitrogen is colorless, odorless, extremely cold (-196 &deg;C) liquid kept under pressure. It is commonly used as a cryogenic fluid for long term ...

In Vivo Modeling of the Morbid Human Genome using Danio rerio

Here, we present methods for the development of assays to query potentially clinically significant nonsynonymous changes using in vivo complementation in zebrafish. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are a useful animal system due to their experimental tractability; embryos are transparent to enable facile viewing, undergo rapid development ex vivo, and can be genetically manipulated.1 These aspects have allowed for significant advances in the analysis of embryogenesis, molecular processes, and morphogenetic signaling. Taken together, the advantages of this vertebrate model make zebrafish highly amenable to modeling the developmental defects in pediatric disease, and in some cases, adult-onset disorders. Because the zebrafish genome is highly conserved with that of humans (~70% orthologous), it is possible to recapitulate human disease states in zebrafish. This is accomplished either through the injection of mutant human mRNA to induce dominant negative or gain of function alleles, or utilization of morpholino (MO) antisense oligonucleotides to suppress genes to mimic loss of function variants. Through complementation of MO-induced phenotypes with capped human mRNA, our approach enables the interpretation of the deleterious effect of mutations on human protein sequence based on the ability of mutant mRNA to rescue a measurable, physiologically relevant phenotype. Modeling of the human disease alleles occurs through microinjection of zebrafish embryos with MO and/or human mRNA at the 1-4 cell stage, and phenotyping up to seven days post fertilization (dpf). This general strategy can be extended to a wide range of disease phenotypes, as demonstrated in the following protocol. We present our established models for morphogenetic signaling, craniofacial, cardiac, vascular integrity, renal function, and skeletal muscle disorder phenotypes, as well as others.

In Vivo Modeling of the Morbid Human Genome using Danio rerio

Here, we present a systematic approach for developing physiologically relevant, sensitive and specific in vivo assays for interpreting variation in human pathology. Transient genetic manipulation via microinjection of WT and mutant human mRNA and morpholino (MO) antisense oligonucleotides harness the tractability of the developing zebrafish embryo to rapidly assay pathogenic mutations, especially, but not exclusively, in the context of human developmental disorders.

ゼブラフィッシュを用いた病的ヒトゲノムの in vivoモデルで

Here,  we present methods for the development of assays to query potentially clinically  significant nonsynonymous changes using in  vivo complementation ...

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

The folding and assembly of proteins is essential for protein function, the long-term health of the cell, and longevity of the organism. Historically, the function and regulation of protein folding was studied in vitro, in isolated tissue culture cells and in unicellular organisms. Recent studies have uncovered links between protein homeostasis (proteostasis), metabolism, development, aging, and temperature-sensing. These findings have led to the development of new tools for monitoring protein folding in the model metazoan organism Caenorhabditis elegans. In our laboratory, we combine behavioral assays, imaging and biochemical approaches using temperature-sensitive or naturally occurring metastable proteins as sensors of the folding environment to monitor protein misfolding. Behavioral assays that are associated with the misfolding of a specific protein provide a simple and powerful readout for protein folding, allowing for the fast screening of genes and conditions that modulate folding. Likewise, such misfolding can be associated with protein mislocalization in the cell. Monitoring protein localization can, therefore, highlight changes in cellular folding capacity occurring in different tissues, at various stages of development and in the face of changing conditions. Finally, using biochemical tools ex vivo, we can directly monitor protein stability and conformation. Thus, by combining behavioral assays, imaging and biochemical techniques, we are able to monitor protein misfolding at the resolution of the organism, the cell, and the protein, respectively.

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

To study the relationship between protein homeostasis, stress and aging, we monitored changes in protein folding by following protein dysfunction, protein localization in the cell and protein stability at the organismal, cellular and protein levels, using the genetically tractable metazoan Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system.

The folding and assembly of proteins is essential for protein function, the long-term health of the cell, and longevity of the organism. Historically, the ...

High-resolution Time-lapse Imaging and Automated Analysis of Microtubule Dynamics in Living Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

The physiological process by which new vasculature forms from existing vasculature requires specific signaling events that trigger morphological changes within individual endothelial cells (ECs). These processes are critical for homeostatic maintenance such as wound healing, and are also crucial in promoting tumor growth and metastasis. EC morphology is defined by the organization of the cytoskeleton, a tightly regulated system of actin and microtubule (MT) dynamics that is known to control EC branching, polarity and directional migration, essential components of angiogenesis. To study MT dynamics, we used high-resolution fluorescence microscopy coupled with computational image analysis of fluorescently-labeled MT plus-ends to investigate MT growth dynamics and the regulation of EC branching morphology and directional migration. Time-lapse imaging of living Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) was performed following transfection with fluorescently-labeled MT End Binding protein 3 (EB3) and Mitotic Centromere Associated Kinesin (MCAK)-specific cDNA constructs to evaluate effects on MT dynamics. PlusTipTracker software was used to track EB3-labeled MT plus ends in order to measure MT growth speeds and MT growth lifetimes in time-lapse images. This methodology allows for the study of MT dynamics and the identification of how localized regulation of MT dynamics within sub-cellular regions contributes to the angiogenic processes of EC branching and migration.

Protocols for Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell (HUVEC) culture, transient transfection of fluorescently-labeled markers of microtubule growth, live-cell imaging and automated analysis of interphase microtubule growth dynamics are detailed.

リビングヒト臍帯静脈内皮細胞における高解像度タイムラプスイメージングと微小管ダイナミクスの自動解析

The physiological process by which new vasculature forms from existing vasculature requires specific signaling events that trigger morphological changes ...

Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication: A Functional Biomarker to Assess Adverse Effects of Toxicants and Toxins, and Health Benefits of Natural Products

This protocol describes a scalpel loading-fluorescent dye transfer (SL-DT) technique that measures intercellular communication through gap junction channels, which is a major intercellular process by which tissue homeostasis is maintained. Interruption of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) by toxicants, toxins, drugs, etc. has been linked to numerous adverse health effects. Many genetic-based human diseases have been linked to mutations in gap junction genes. The SL-DT technique is a simple functional assay for the simultaneous assessment of GJIC in a large population of cells. The assay involves pre-loading cells with a fluorescent dye by briefly perturbing the cell membrane with a scalpel blade through a population of cells. The fluorescent dye is then allowed to traverse through gap junction channels to neighboring cells for a designated time. The assay is then terminated by the addition of formalin to the cells. The spread of the fluorescent dye through a population of cells is assessed with an epifluorescence microscope and the images are analyzed with any number of morphometric software packages that are available, including free software packages found on the public domain. This assay has also been adapted for in vivo studies using tissue slices from various organs from treated animals. Overall, the SL-DT assay can serve a broad range of in vitro pharmacological and toxicological needs, and can be potentially adapted for high throughput set-up systems with automated fluorescence microscopy imaging and analysis to elucidate more samples in a shorter time.

This protocol describes a scalpel loading-fluorescent dye transfer technique that measures intercellular communication through gap junction channels. Gap junctional intercellular communication is a major cellular process by which tissue homeostasis is maintained and disruption of this cell signaling has adverse health effects.

ギャップ結合細胞間コミュニケーション：毒物および毒素の有害効果を評価するための機能バイオマーカー、および天然物の健康上の利点

This protocol describes a scalpel loading-fluorescent dye transfer (SL-DT) technique that measures intercellular communication through gap junction ...