We want to thank David Rodriguez for his assistance with the figure preparation. Sputum samples were run on the BD LSR II at the UT Health San Antonio Flow Cytometry Shared Resource Facility, supported by UT Health, NIH-NCI P30 CA054174-20 (CTRC at UT Health) and UL1 TR001120 (CTSA grant).

All steps of the sputum processing are performed in a biological safety cabinet with appropriate personal protective equipment.
1. Reagent preparation before starting sputum dissociation
<ol>
	<li>Thaw 1% Paraformaldehyde (PFA), 25 mL per sample on ice, and keep cold until use. 
	CAUTION: PFA is toxic by inhalation and skin contact. Prepare the fixative according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions and freeze at -20 &#176;C in 25 mL aliquots until use.</li>
	<li>Approximate the weigh...

All the authors are past or current employees of bioAffinity Technologies.

The cellular content of sputum includes a large variety of wide-ranging cells, often accompanied by a lot of debris37. In addition, sputum analysis requires a quality control that confirms the sample is collected from the lung instead of the oral cavity38. Therefore, it is not as simple to analyze sputum by flow cytometry as it is for blood, for example, which releases a much cleaner and homogeneous cell suspension. This protocol has addressed all these issues: providing in...

Technical advancements in the hardware and software of flow cytometers have made it possible to identify many distinct cell populations simultaneously1,2,3,4. The utilization of the flow cytometer in hematopoietic cell research, for example, has led to a much better understanding of the immune system2 and the cellular hierarchy of the hematopoietic system5, as well as the diagnostic distinction of a multitude of different blood cancers6,7,8. Although most sputum cells are of hematopoietic origin9,10,11, flow cytometry has not been widely applied to sputum analysis for diagnostic purposes. However, several studies suggest that the evaluation of immune cell populations in sputum (the most significant subset of cells) may be of great help in diagnosing and/or monitoring diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)12,13,14,15. Moreover, the existence of epithelial-specific markers that can be used in flow cytometry allows the interrogation of the following most significant subset of cells in sputum, lung epithelial cells.
In addition to the ability to analyze many distinct cell populations of different tissue origins, a flow cytometer can evaluate large numbers of cells in a relatively short period. In comparison, slide-based, cytological types of analyses often require highly specialized personnel and/or equipment. These analyses can be labor-intensive, which leads to only a proportion of the sputum sample being analyzed16.
Three critical issues limit the widespread use of sputum in flow cytometry. The first issue relates to the collection of sputum. Sputum is collected through a huff cough that expels mucus from the lungs into the oral cavity, subsequently spitting into a collection cup. Since the mucus travels through the oral cavity, there is a high chance of SEC contamination. This contamination complicates the specimen analysis, but the problem is easily rectified on a flow cytometric platform, as shown in this study.
Not everyone can produce sputum spontaneously; therefore, several devices have been developed to assist with the sputum collection in a non-invasive manner17. The nebulizer is one such device and has been shown to produce reliable sputum samples18,19,20. Although the nebulizer is a very effective way of non-invasively collecting sputum, its use still requires a setting at a medical facility with specialized personnel21. In contrast, handheld devices such as the lung flute22,23,24 and the acapella16,25 can be used at home since they are very user-friendly. These assist devices are both safe and cost-effective.
For us, the acapella gave consistently better results than the lung flute16, and therefore, the acapella device has been chosen for sputum collections. A 3-day collection sample was decided because the primary purpose for using sputum is to develop a lung cancer detection test16. It has been shown that a 3-day sample increases the likelihood of lung cancer detection compared to a 1- or 2-day sample26,27,28. However, other methods of sputum collection may be preferable for different purposes. If a different sputum collection method is used than the one described here, it is recommended to carefully titrate each antibody or dye used for flow cytometric analysis; very little data is available on how different sputum collection methods affect the targeted proteins for flow cytometry.
The second issue dampening the enthusiasm for using sputum for diagnostics, primarily related to flow cytometry, is cell number. The problem is the collection of sufficient viable cells for a reliable analysis. Two studies demonstrated that sputum samples collected by non-invasive methods, with the help of an assist device, contain enough viable cells that can be utilized in clinical diagnosis or research studies16,24. However, neither of these studies addressed the issue of cell numbers concerning flow cytometry.
For the studies that form the basis for this protocol, sputum samples were collected from participants at high risk for developing lung cancer following approved institutional guidelines for each study site. High-risk participants were defined as between 55-75 years, having smoked 30 pack-years and having not quit smoking within the past 15 years. Patients were shown how to use the acapella device according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions29 and collected sputum for three consecutive days at home. The sample was kept in the refrigerator until the last collection. On the final collection day, the sample was shipped to the laboratory overnight with a frozen cold pack. The samples were processed into a single cell suspension on the day they were received. With this method of sputum collection, more than enough viable cells are obtained for a reliable flow cytometric analysis.
Lastly, and related to the previous cell number issue, is the question of how to release the sputum cells from its mucinous environment. How can the cells be kept viable and create a single cell suspension that does not clog the flow cytometer? Based on initial work by Pizzichini et al.30 and Miller et al.31, this protocol describes an easy and reliable method for sputum processing into a single cell suspension that is suitable for flow cytometric analysis. This method has used well-established guidelines in flow cytometry32,33,34 to develop an efficient antibody labeling strategy to identify hematopoietic and epithelial cells in sputum and provide instrument settings, quality control measures, and analysis guidelines standardizing sputum analysis on a flow cytometric platform.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1% Paraformaldehyde Flow-Fix</td>
			<td>Polysciences</td>
			<td>25037</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 &#181;M nylon cell strainers, Falcon #352360</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>08-771-19</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3 M NaOH</td>
			<td>EMD</td>
			<td>SX0593-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL conical falcon tube</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-432-22</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa488 anti-human CD19</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>302219</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa488 anti-human CD3</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>300415</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa488 anti-human cytokeratin</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>628608</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa488 PanCK, CD3, and CD19 Isotype</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>400129</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BV510 anti-human CD45</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>304036</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD66b FITC isotype</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>555748</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CompBead Plus Compensation Beads</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>560497</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning Polystyrene dispoable sterile bottle 250 mL</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>09-761-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning Polystyrene dispoable sterile bottle 500 mL</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>09-761-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CS&#38;T beads</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>655051</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DTT</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP172-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FITC anti-human CD66b</td>
			<td>GeneTex</td>
			<td>GTX75907</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fixable Viability Stain</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>564406</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FlowCheck</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>A69183</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FlowSet</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>A69184</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HBSS</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-175-095</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NAC</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A9165</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NIST Beads, 05 &#956;M</td>
			<td>Polysciences</td>
			<td>64080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NIST Beads, 20 &#956;M</td>
			<td>Polysciences</td>
			<td>64160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NIST Beads, 30 &#956;M</td>
			<td>Polysciences</td>
			<td>64170</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PE anti-human CD45</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>304039</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PE-CF594 anti-human EpCAM</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>565399</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PE-CF594 CD206/EpCAM Isotype</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>562292</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PE-CR594 anti-human CD206</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>564063</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium citrate dihydrate</td>
			<td>EMD</td>
			<td>SX0445-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan Blue solution, 0.4%</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15250061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

quality-controlled sputum analysis by flow cytometry

Sputum, widely used to study the cellular content and other microenvironmental features to understand the health of the lung, is traditionally analyzed using cytology-based methodologies. Its utility is limited because reading the slides is time-consuming and requires highly specialized personnel. Moreover, extensive debris and the presence of too many squamous epithelial cells (SECs), or cheek cells, often renders a sample inadequate for diagnosis. In contrast, flow cytometry allows for high-throughput phenotyping of cellular populations while simultaneously excluding debris and SECs.
The protocol presented here describes an efficient method to dissociate sputum into a single cell suspension, antibody stain and fix cellular populations, and acquire samples on a flow cytometric platform. A gating strategy that describes the exclusion of debris, dead cells (including SECs) and cell doublets is presented here. Further, this work also explains how to analyze viable, single sputum cells based on a cluster of differentiation (CD)45 positive and negative populations to characterize hematopoietic and epithelial lineage subsets. A quality control measure is also provided by identifying lung-specific macrophages as evidence that a sample is derived from the lung and is not saliva. Finally, it has been demonstrated that this method can be applied to different cytometric platforms by providing sputum profiles from the same patient analyzed on three flow cytometers; Navios EX, LSR II, and Lyric. Furthermore, this protocol can be modified to include additional cellular markers of interest. A method to analyze an entire sputum sample on a flow cytometric platform is presented here that makes sputum amenable for developing high-throughput diagnostics of lung disease.

This protocol was developed with a clinical laboratory setting in mind. The focus during the development of the protocol was on simplicity, efficiency, and reproducibility. It was found that the most time-consuming step in the processing of sputum was counting the cells. Therefore, the protocol is set up in such a way that sputum processing and cell labeling can be performed independently from cell counting without loss of time. An accurate cell count, which is still necessary to dilute the sample appropriately for an un...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quality-Controlled Sputum Analysis by Flow Cytometry at JoVE.com

Quality-Controlled Sputum Analysis by Flow Cytometry

This protocol describes an efficient method for dissociating sputum into a single cell suspension and the subsequent characterization of cellular subsets on standard flow cytometric platforms.

Sputum, widely used to study the cellular content and other microenvironmental features to understand the health of the lung, is traditionally analyzed ...

quality-controlled-sputum-analysis-by-flow-cytometry

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4.8K ビュー.  bioAffinity Technologies. このプロトコルは、従来、高スループットの臨床診断目的でフローサイトメトリーで使用することが困難になった喀痰処理で経験した一般的な課題を解決します。このプロトコルは、痰の重量を使用して抗体と染色染色量を決定することで時間を節約するように設計されています。染色インキュベーションの間、下流工程に対して細胞数を行うことができる。フロ?...