시카고 일리노이 대학뿐만 아니라 아일릿 세포 자원 센터 NIH 그랜트 (RFA - RR 05-003), 크리스토퍼 재단 Efroymson 재단과 Tellabs 재단에서 기금을 지원.

1. 시설 설치 <ol><li> 인간 아일릿 절연은 팀웍과 관련된 시간 민감한 절차이며, 따라서, 넷 개인이 절차를 수행하기 위해 필요합니다. 팀은 dissects과 췌장을 cannulates 외과 의사에 의해 리드입니다. </li><li> 아일릿 절연은 팀이 UIC 아일릿 격리 시설을 입력하는 순간을 시작합니다. 팀 구성원은 필요한 모든 장비는 원심 분리기와 같은 검사입니다 켜져 있는지 확인하십시오. 그들은 또한 모든 후즈과 표면을 살균해야합니다. </li><li> 두 사람은 cannulation 테이블, 슬러쉬 기계, 소화 회로, 재관류 장치, COBE 정화 기계, 및 수술 테이블을 설정합니다. </li><li> 동시에, 다른 두 팀 구성원은 격리하는 동안 필요한 미디어를 준비합니다. </li><li> 다음 세균학 튜브 (병, 튜브, 형태 및 가방), 샘플링 튜브 (세척 사전 가득) 및 평가 튜브와 플레이트는 준비가되어 있습니다. </li><li> 다음과 같이 설정 정화 튜브를 준비 : 제 1 관 빈 150 ML에 표시된 튜브 2-12 인간 알부민 (세척 용액)과 보충 M199 미디어 200 ML 가득 230 ML에 표시하고, 드디어 한 50 ML 원뿔 관 세척 솔루션 50 ML 가득. 일단 이러한 준비 단계 우리가 준비하고 췌장을 perfusing 시작할 준비가 완료됩니다. </li></ol> 2. 췌장 준비 및 재관류 <ol><li> 준비와 췌장의 재관류를 시작하려면 연산자는 멸균 기술을 사용하여 패키지에서 장기를 제거합니다. 의사는 오염 제거 테이블에 췌장을 전송합니다. </li><li> 외과 원래 췌장 보존 솔루션과 준비 &quot;조달&quot;세균학 병을 채우기 위해 그것을 사용합니다 운영자에게 손으로 그것을 하나의 60 ML의 주사기를 작성합니다. </li><li> 장기가 아일릿 절연 (췌장이 조달하는 동안 손상이나 해부학적인 몸의 구조도 비정상적인 경우가 아일릿 절연을 위해 사용할 수 없습니다)에 적합 여부를 확인하는 육안​​ 검사 후, 의사는 collagenase를 준비하는 연산자를 요청합니다. 저 다시 중단 시간이 서로 다른 효소 브랜드와 많은 사이 다릅니다 것을 기억하십시오. </li><li> 외과 의사가 준비되면 오염 제거 테이블 (Betadine, Fungizone / Cefazolin하고 HBSS) 오염 제거 솔루션을 가지고 적절한 용기에 그들을 부어. 외과 의사는 잠시 오염 제거 솔루션의 각 췌장을 세척 췌장의 오염 제거를 수행합니다. 췌장은 다음이 무게 것입있는 작은 멸균 병에 배치됩니다. 무게가 배치 기록에 입력 후, 췌장 일부 보존 솔루션 cannulation의 냄비에 배치됩니다. </li><li> 외과의 노출과 부분적으로 메인 덕트를 절개하고 정맥과 함께 췌장의 각 절반을 cannulate 것입니다. 정맥은 봉합에 의해 보안됩니다. 췌장을 perfuse하려면 먼저 재관류 단위로 이동하고 분지에 효소 솔루션을 부어. 총 재관류 시간은 5 분 동안 180 mmHg에서 다음 5 분 80 mmHg에서 약 10 분 거리에 있습니다. 췌장은 재관류 후 커지는. </li><li> 지방 조직은 신중하게 췌장에서 손질되는 cannulation의 이동 perfused 췌장을 이동합니다. 다음 10-12 조각으로 췌장을 절감하고 소화에 대한 Ricordi 상공 회의소로 전송할 수 있습니다. </li></ol> 3. 췌장의 소화 <ol><li> 소화 단계를 시작하려면, 빈 Ricordi 회의소로 췌장을 전송 화면에 넣어 Pulmozyme 중 하나를 2.5 ML의 약병을 (챔버를 조직 블록의 큰 덩어리를 방지) 추가 챔버를 닫고 시스템을 작성하십시오. </li><li> 5 분 해결책을 펌핑 시작합니다. 부드럽게 골고루 따뜻한 솔루션을 걸쳐 해산하는 곳에는 바위. 5 분 후에, 부드럽게 전체 소화 단계에 대한 챔버를 흔들. 37 온도를 유지 ˚ C. </li><li> 온도가 37 ° 후 챔버를 흔들어에 도달할 때까지 부드럽게 챔버 록. 샘플에게 2 분마다을 받아 무료로 아일 레츠이 범위 아래에서 발견될 경우 감지합니다. 배치 기록의 소화 테이블에 아일릿 평가 정보를 기록합니다. 그들의 50 %가 솔루션에 무료로 절연 부동있을 때까지 아일 레츠의 비율을 지속적으로 모니터. </li></ol> 4. 조직 모음 <ol><li> 일단 아일 레츠의 50 %가 샘플 무료 발견, 소화는 회로의 차가운 RPMI 희석 솔루션을 추가하여 중지됩니다. 티슈 500 ML 원뿔 튜브 30 ML 인간 알부민과 함께 미리 채워진에 수집됩니다. 일단 튜브는 흡입이 뜨는에서, 버리고 차가운 씻어 솔루션으로 펠렛을 씻어 있습니다. 일분, 4 ˚ C. 위해 1100 RPM (분당 돌리기)에서 원뿔 튜브를 스핀 </li><li> 한 500 ML 원뿔로 소화 췌장 조직과 정지 모든 컬렉션 튜브를 결합합니다. 튜브 세차 조직 가득 차면, 분사 모든 조직은 여러 번 씻어 때까지 세척 과정을 반복합니다. 이 튜브를 회전하고 단일 250 ML 원뿔 관에 조직을 전송합니다. 250 ML까지를 볼륨을 가지고M199 세척 솔루션은 HA와 함께 보충 및 샘플링을위한 준비를합니다. </li><li> 피펫과 1 ML 샘플을 가지고 씻어 솔루션 9 ML 사전 가득한 15 ML 원뿔 관에 추가할 수 있습니다. 그런 다음 그리드 계산 접시에 직접 1ml 밖으로 부드럽게 반전 15 ML 원뿔 관에 의해이에서 샘플을 섞는다. 세포를 카운트하고, 희석 요인 2500 (10x250)의를 사용하여 휴대폰 번호를 계산합니다. </li><li> 250 ML 원뿔 튜브를 스핀과 UW (위스콘신 대학) 일반적으로 장기 보존을 위해 사용하는 솔루션 150 ML를 추가합니다. UW이 추가되면, 피펫을 사용하여 철저하게 세포 현탁액을 섞는다. UW의 시작 시간을 기록하고 정화 연산자로 통신합니다. 얼음 가끔 소용돌이에 튜브 (들)을 둡니다. 이제 아일 레츠는 더욱 정화 수 있습니다. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Shapiro, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Islet+transplantation+in+seven+patients+with+type+1+diabetes+mellitus+using+a+glucocorticoid-free+immunosuppressive+regimen.">Islet transplantation in seven patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus using a glucocorticoid-free immunosuppressive regimen.</a> N Engl J Med. 343, 230-238 (2000).</li><li>Nano, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Islet+isolation+for+allotransplantation:+variables+associated+with+successful+islet+yield+and+graft+function.">Islet isolation for allotransplantation: variables associated with successful islet yield and graft function.</a> Diabetologia. 48, 906-912 (2005).</li><li>Barbaro, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+human+pancreatic+islet+purification+with+the+refined+UIC-UB+density+gradient.">Improved human pancreatic islet purification with the refined UIC-UB density gradient.</a> Transplantation. 84, 1200-1203 (2007).</li><li>Lakey, J. R., Rajotte, R. V., Warnock, G. L., Kneteman, N. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+pancreas+preservation+prior+to+islet+isolation.+Cold+ischemic+tolerance.">Human pancreas preservation prior to islet isolation. Cold ischemic tolerance.</a> Transplantation. 59, 689-694 (1995).</li><li>Fridell, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate+solution+and+University+of+Wisconsin+solution+for+organ+preservation+in+clinical+pancreas+transplantation.">Comparison of histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate solution and University of Wisconsin solution for organ preservation in clinical pancreas transplantation.</a> Transplantation. 77, 1304-1306 (2004).</li><li>Potdar, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Initial+experience+using+histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate+solution+in+clinical+pancreas+transplantation.">Initial experience using histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate solution in clinical pancreas transplantation.</a> Clin Transplant. 18, 661-665 (2004).</li><li>Salehi, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+islet+isolation+outcomes+from+pancreata+preserved+with+Histidine-Tryptophan+Ketoglutarate+versus+University+of+Wisconsin+solution.">Human islet isolation outcomes from pancreata preserved with Histidine-Tryptophan Ketoglutarate versus University of Wisconsin solution.</a> Transplantation. 82, 983-985 (2006).</li><li>Ricordi, C., Lacy, P. E., Scharp, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automated+islet+isolation+from+human+pancreas.">Automated islet isolation from human pancreas.</a> Diabetes. 38, 140-142 (1989).</li><li>Hanley, S. C., Paraskevas, S., Rosenberg, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Donor+and+isolation+variables+predicting+human+islet+isolation+success.">Donor and isolation variables predicting human islet isolation success.</a> Transplantation. 85, 950-955 (2008).</li><li>Toso, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Factors+affecting+human+islet+of+Langerhans+isolation+yields.">Factors affecting human islet of Langerhans isolation yields.</a> Transplant Proc. 34, 826-827 (2002).</li></ol>

절연 결과 9,10 영향을 미치는 다양한 요소가 있습니다. 그 중에서도 췌장 조직의 소화는 현저한 역할을한다. 우리 자신의 인간 아일릿 절연 경험을 바탕으로, 우리는 잠재적으로 아일릿 수율과 품질에 영향을 미칠 수있는 중요한 포인트 아래와 요약. <ol><li> 효소의 종류가 활용되면 소화 시간이 다릅니다. </li><li> 즉시 완전히 acinar 조직에서 분리 아일 레츠의 40~50%로 소화가 희석 솔루션을 추가?...

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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">	
		
		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Ice Slush Machine</td>
<td>equipment</td>
<td>Taylor Company</td>
<td>K4036546</td>
<td>make sterile ice</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Centrifuge</td>
<td>equipment</td>
<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
<td>424803</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>MZ6 Inverted Microscopy TLBD4.1</td>
<td>equipment</td>
<td>Leica Diagnostic Instrument Co</td>
<td>4103</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Cell Culture Dish with 2 mm Grid</td>
<td>equipment</td>
<td>Nunc Brand Products</td>
<td>174926</td>
<td>islet counting</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Digital Water Bath EX7</td>
<td>equipment</td>
<td>NesLab</td>
<td>105361058</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Thermometer</td>
<td>equipment</td>
<td>IBI:IR</td>
<td>60444</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>MonoBloc Balance AB 104-S</td>
<td>equipment</td>
<td>Metler Toledo</td>
<td>1119430864</td>
<td>measure pancreas weight</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MasterFlex II Speed Controller</td>
<td>equipment</td>
<td>Cole Parmer Instrument Co</td>
<td>J00006445</td>
<td>adjust flow speed during degestion</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Digital Sight DS L1</td>
<td>equipment</td>
<td>Nikon</td>
<td>217267</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Perfusion Unit</td>
<td>equipment</td>
<td>Custom Made/Swiss</td>
<td>n/a</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Cooler for perfusion unit</td>
<td>equipment</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>3013P</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Ricordi Chamber</td>
<td>equipment</td>
<td>University of Miami</td>
<td>n/a</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>RPMI dilution solution</td>
<td>reagent</td>
<td>Mediatech Inc</td>
<td>99783024</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>University of Wisconcin (UW) solution</td>
<td>reagent</td>
<td>DURAMED</td>
<td>1000-46-06</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Hank's Buffered Salt Solution (HBSS)</td>
<td>reagent</td>
<td>Mediatech Inc</td>
<td>99-597-CM</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>25% Human Albumin</td>
<td>reagent</td>
<td>GRIFOLS</td>
<td>NDC 61953-0002-2</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>M199 media (wash solution)</td>
<td>reagent</td>
<td>Mediatech Inc</td>
<td>99-784-CM</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Collagenase NB1 GMP grade</td>
<td>reagent</td>
<td>SERVA Electrophoresis</td>
<td>N0002937</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Neutral Protease NB1 GMP grade</td>
<td>reagent</td>
<td>SERVA Electrophoresis</td>
<td>N0002936</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Betadine</td>
<td>reagent</td>
<td>Cardinal Health</td>
<td>29906-004</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Cefazolin</td>
<td>reagent</td>
<td>West-Ward Pharmaceutical</td>
<td>NDC 0143-9924-90</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Dithizone</td>
<td>reagent</td>
<td>Sigma </td>
<td>D5130</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

human pancreatic islet isolation: part i: digestion and collection of pancreatic tissue

1 형 당뇨병의 관리는 매년 100여 억 달러를 비용, 모두 개인과 사회에, 부담합니다. 포도당 모니터링 및 새로운 인슐린 공법의 광범위한 사용에도 불구하고, 많은 사람은 여전히​​ 파괴적인 보조 합병증을 개발합니다. 췌장 아일릿 이식은 당뇨병 환자에서 정상적인 혈당 조절 근처에 복원할 수 있습니다<sup&gt; 1</sup&gt;, 집중적인 인슐린 요법과 관련된 심각한 혈당 에피소드의 위험이없이. 충분한 아일릿 질량을 제공하는 것은 성공적인 아일릿 이식을 위해 중요합니다. 그러나 기증자 특성, 기관 조달 및 보존은 절연 결과에 영향을<sup&gt; 2</sup&gt;. 시카고 일리노이 대학 (UIC)에서 우리는 개선 정화 기울기와 함께 성공적인 격리 프로토콜을 개발했습니다<sup&gt; 3</sup&gt;. 이 프로그램은 2004 년 1 월 시작, 그리고 300 개 이상의 isolations 11 월 2008까지 수행했다. pancreata는 (UW, 위스콘신 또는 HTK 대학, 히스티딘 - 트립토판 Ketoglutarate) 차가운 보존 솔루션에 보내진<sup&gt; 4-7</sup&gt; 아일릿 절연을위한 UIC에서 셀 절연 연구실 있습니다. 췌장 아일 레츠는 원래 Ricordi에 기술된 방법의 수정된 버전입니다 UIC 방법을 사용하여 격리되었다<em&gt; 외</em&gt;<sup&gt; 8</sup&gt;. 간단히, 주변 조직에서 췌장 청소 후에, 그것은 효소 솔루션 (Serva Collagenase + 중성 프로 테아제 또는 시그마 V 효소)와 perfused했습니다. 커지는 췌장은 다음 Ricordi의 소화 챔버로 전학 수정, 폐쇄 순환 튜브 시스템에 연결하고, 37 ° C.까지 예열했다 소화 동안 챔버가 부드럽게 흔들리고되었습니다. 샘플은 소화의 진행 상태를 모니터링하는 연속적으로 촬영했다. 무료 아일 레츠가 현미경으로 발견되었습니다되면, 소화가 추위 플러싱에 의해 중지되었습니다 (4 ° C) 효소를 희석하기 위해 순환 시스템에 RPMI 희석 용액 (Mediatech, 헤른던, VA). 수집과 인간의 알부민과 보충 M199 미디어 씻은 후에, 조직은 미리 정화 개수에 대한 샘플과 정화 ​​전에 UW 솔루션 incubated했다. 인간 아일 레츠의 정화와 문화 : 정제 과정은 부 II에서 설명하는 것입니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Human Pancreatic Islet Isolation: Part I: Digestion and Collection of Pancreatic Tissue at JoVE.com

Human Pancreatic Islet Isolation: Part I: Digestion and Collection of Pancreatic Tissue

높은 품질과 인간 아일 레츠의 적절한 수량을 달성하는 것은 성공적인 아일릿 이식을 위해 유명 전제 조건 중 하나입니다. 이 비디오에서는, 우리는 단계별로 설명을 인간의 췌장 아일릿 절연을위한 절차 : 수정된 자동화된 방법을 사용하여 (부분 I 소화 및 췌장 조직의 수집).

인간 췌장 아일릿 격리 : 부품 I : 소화 및 췌장 조직의 수집

Management of Type 1 diabetes is burdensome, both to the individual and society, costing over 100 billion dollars annually. Despite the widespread use of ...

human-pancreatic-islet-isolation-part-i-digestion-collection

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

19.2K 조회수.  University of Illinois, Chicago. 높은 품질과 인간 아일 레츠의 적절한 수량을 달성하는 것은 성공적인 아일릿 이식을 위해 유명 전제 조건 중 하나입니다. 이 비디오에서는, 우리는 단계별로 설명을 인간의 췌장 아일릿 절연을위한 절차 : 수정된 자동화된 방법을 사용하여 (부분 I 소화 및 췌장 조직의 수집).

비디오: Human Pancreatic Islet Isolation: Part I: Digestion and Collection of Pancreatic Tissue

Murine Pancreatic Islet Isolation

Murine 췌장 아일릿 격리

연구

생물학

Human Pancreatic Islet Isolation: Part II: Purification and Culture of Human Islets

Management of Type 1 diabetes is burdensome, both to the individual and society, costing over 100 billion dollars annually. Despite the widespread use of glucose monitoring and new insulin formulations, many individuals still develop devastating secondary complications. Pancreatic islet transplantation can restore near normal glucose control in diabetic patients 1, without the risk of serious hypoglycemic episodes that are associated with intensive insulin therapy. Providing sufficient islet mass is important for successful islet transplantation. However, donor characteristics, organ procurement and preservation affect the isolation outcome 2. At University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) we developed a successful isolation protocol with an improved purification gradient 3. The program started in January 2004 and more than 300 isolations were performed up to November 2008. The pancreata were sent in cold preservation solutions (UW, University of Wisconsin or HTK, Histidine-Tryptophan Ketoglutarate) 4-7 to the Cell Isolation Laboratory at UIC for islet isolation. Pancreatic islets were isolated using the UIC method, which is a modified version of the method originally described by Ricordi et al 8. As described in Part I: Digestion and Collection of Pancreatic Tissue, human pancreas was trimmed, cannulated, perfused, and digested. After collection and at least 30 minutes of incubation in UW solution, the tissue was loaded in the cell separator (COBE 2991, Cobe, Lakewood, CO) for purification 3. Following purification, islet yield (expressed as islet equivalents, IEQ), tissue volume, and purity was determined according to standard methods 9. Isolated islets were cultured in CMRL-1066 media (Mediatech, Herndon, VA), supplemented with 1.5% human albumin, 0.1% insulin-transferrin-selenium (ITS), 1 ml of Ciprofloxacin, 5 ml o f 1M HEPES, and 14.5 ml of 7.5% Sodium Bicarbonate in T175 flasks at 37&deg;C overnight culture before islets were transplanted or used for research.

Achieving high quality and appropriate quantity of human islets is one of the prominent prerequisites for successful islet transplantation. In this video, we describe step by step the procedures for human pancreatic islet isolation (part II: purification and culture of human islets) using a modified automated method.

인간 췌장 아일릿 절연 : 2 부 : 인간 아일 레츠의 정화와 문화

Isolation of Stem Cells from Human Pancreatic Cancer Xenografts

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified in a growing number of malignancies and are functionally defined by their ability to undergo self-renewal and produce differentiated progeny1. These properties allow CSCs to recapitulate the original tumor when injected into immunocompromised mice. CSCs within an epithelial malignancy were first described in breast cancer and found to display specific cell surface antigen expression (CD44+CD24low/-)2. Since then, CSCs have been identified in an increasing number of other human malignancies using CD44 and CD24 as well as a number of other surface antigens. Physiologic properties, including aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity, have also been used to isolate CSCs from malignant tissues3-5.
Recently, we and others identified CSCs from pancreatic adenocarcinoma based on
ALDH activity and the expression of the cell surface antigens CD44 and CD24, and CD1336-8. These highly tumorigenic populations may or may not be overlapping and display other functions. We found that ALDH+ and CD44+CD24+ pancreatic CSCs are similarly tumorigenic, but ALDH+ cells are relatively more invasive8. In this protocol we describe a method to isolate viable pancreatic CSCs from low-passage human
xenografts9. Xenografted tumors are harvested from mice and made into a single-cell suspension. Tissue debris and dead cells are separated from live cells and then stained using antibodies against CD44 and CD24 and using the ALDEFLUOR reagent,
a fluorescent substrate of ALDH10. CSCs are then isolated by fluorescence activated cell sorting. Isolated CSCs can then be used for analytical or functional assays requiring viable cells.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified in a number of malignancies. In this protocol we describe a flow cytometric method utilizing aldehyde dehydrogenase activity and CD44 and CD24 expression to isolate CSCs from human pancreatic adenocarcinoma xenografts. These viable cells can then be used in functional and analytical studies.

인간 췌장암의 Xenografts에서 줄기 세포의 분리

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified in a growing number of malignancies and are functionally defined by their ability to undergo self-renewal ...

Computer-assisted Large-scale Visualization and Quantification of Pancreatic Islet Mass, Size Distribution and Architecture

The pancreatic islet is a unique micro-organ composed of several hormone secreting endocrine cells such as beta-cells (insulin), alpha-cells (glucagon), and delta-cells (somatostatin) that are embedded in the exocrine tissues and comprise 1-2% of the entire pancreas. There is a close correlation between body and pancreas weight. Total beta-cell mass also increases proportionately to compensate for the demand for insulin in the body. What escapes this proportionate expansion is the size distribution of islets. Large animals such as humans share similar islet size distributions with mice, suggesting that this micro-organ has a certain size limit to be functional. The inability of large animal pancreata to generate proportionately larger islets is compensated for by an increase in the number of islets and by an increase in the proportion of larger islets in their overall islet size distribution. Furthermore, islets exhibit a striking plasticity in cellular composition and architecture among different species and also within the same species under various pathophysiological conditions. In the present study, we describe novel approaches for the analysis of biological image data in order to facilitate the automation of analytic processes, which allow for the analysis of large and heterogeneous data collections in the study of such dynamic biological processes and complex structures. Such studies have been hampered due to technical difficulties of unbiased sampling and generating large-scale data sets to precisely capture the complexity of biological processes of islet biology. Here we show methods to collect unbiased "representative" data within the limited availability of samples (or to minimize the sample collection) and the standard experimental settings, and to precisely analyze the complex three-dimensional structure of the islet. Computer-assisted automation allows for the collection and analysis of large-scale data sets and also assures unbiased interpretation of the data. Furthermore, the precise quantification of islet size distribution and spatial coordinates (i.e. X, Y, Z-positions) not only leads to an accurate visualization of pancreatic islet structure and composition, but also allows us to identify patterns during development and adaptation to altering conditions through mathematical modeling. The methods developed in this study are applicable to studies of many other systems and organisms as well.

Novel computer-assisted methods of large-scale procurement and analysis of immunohistochemically stained pancreatic specimens are described: (1) Virtual Slice capture of the entire section; (2) Mass analysis of large-scale data; (3) Reconstruction of 2D Virtual Slices; (4) 3D islet mapping; and (5) Mathematical analysis.

컴퓨터를 이용한 대규모 시각화 및 췌장 아일릿 질량, 크기 유통과 건축의 부량

The pancreatic islet is a unique micro-organ composed of several hormone secreting endocrine cells such as beta-cells (insulin), alpha-cells (glucagon), ...

A Method for Mouse Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Intracellular cAMP Determination

Uncontrolled glycemia is a hallmark of diabetes mellitus and promotes morbidities like neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy. With the increasing prevalence of diabetes, both immune-mediated type 1 and obesity-linked type 2, studies aimed at delineating diabetes pathophysiology and therapeutic mechanisms are of critical importance. The &#946;-cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans are responsible for appropriately secreting insulin in response to elevated blood glucose concentrations. In addition to glucose and other nutrients, the &#946;-cells are also stimulated by specific hormones, termed incretins, which are secreted from the gut in response to a meal and act on &#946;-cell receptors that increase the production of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Decreased &#946;-cell function, mass, and incretin responsiveness are well-understood to contribute to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes, and are also being increasingly linked with type 1 diabetes. The present mouse islet isolation and cAMP determination protocol can be a tool to help delineate mechanisms promoting disease progression and therapeutic interventions, particularly those that are mediated by the incretin receptors or related receptors that act through modulation of intracellular cAMP production. While only cAMP measurements will be described, the described islet isolation protocol creates a clean preparation that also allows for many other downstream applications, including glucose stimulated insulin secretion, [3H]-thymidine incorporation, protein abundance, and mRNA expression.

Assaying in vitro &#946;-cell function using isolated mouse islets of Langerhans is an important component in the study of diabetes pathophysiology and therapeutics. While many&#160;downstream applications are available, this protocol specifically describes the measurement of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) as an essential parameter determining &#946;-cell function.

마우스 췌장 섬의 분리 및 세포 내 cAMP를 결정하는 방법

Uncontrolled glycemia is a hallmark of diabetes mellitus and promotes morbidities like neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy. With the increasing ...

Isolation and Culture of Mouse Primary Pancreatic Acinar Cells

This protocol permits rapid isolation (in less than 1 hr) of murine pancreatic acini, making it possible to maintain them in culture for more than one week. More than 20 x 106 acinar cells can be obtained from a single murine pancreas. This protocol offers the possibility to independently process as many as 10 pancreases in parallel. Because it preserves acinar architecture, this model is well suited for studying the physiology of the exocrine pancreas in vitro in contrast to cell lines established from pancreatic tumors, which display many genetic alterations resulting in partial or total loss of their acinar differentiation.

In this publication, we describe a rapid and convenient procedure for isolating and culturing primary pancreatic acinar cells from the murine pancreas. This method constitutes a valuable approach to study the physiology of fresh primary normal/untransformed exocrine pancreatic cells.

마우스 기본 췌장 포상 세포의 분리 및 문화

This protocol permits rapid isolation (in less than 1 hr) of murine pancreatic acini, making it possible to maintain them in culture for more than one ...

A Simple High Efficiency Protocol for Pancreatic Islet Isolation from Mice

Pancreatic islets, also called the Islets of Langerhans, are a cluster of endocrine cells which produces hormones for glucose regulation and other important biological functions. The islets primarily consist of five types of hormone-secreting cells: &#945; cells secrete glucagon, &#946; cells secrete insulin, &#948; cells secrete somatostatin, &#949; cells secrete ghrelin, and PP cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide. Sixty to 80% of the cells in the islets are &#946; cells, which are the most important cell population to study insulin secretion. Pancreatic islets are a crucial model system to study ex vivo insulin secretion. Acquiring high quality islets is of great importance for diabetes research. Most islet isolation procedures require technically difficult to access site of collagenase injection, harsh and complex digestion procedures, and multiple density gradient purification steps. This paper features a simple high yield mouse islet isolation method with detailed descriptions and realistic demonstrations, showing the following specific steps: 1) injection of collagenase P at the ampulla of Vater, a small area joining the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct, 2) enzymatic digestion and mechanical separation of the exocrine pancreas, and 3) a single gradient purification step. The advantages of this method are the injection of digestive enzyme using the more accessible ampulla of Vater, more complete digestion using combination of enzymatic and mechanical approaches, and a simpler single gradient purification step. This protocol produces approximately 250&#8212;350 islets per mouse; and islets are suitable for various ex vivo studies. Possible caveats of this procedure are potentially damaged islets due to enzymatic digestion and/or prolonged gradient incubation, all of which can be largely avoided by careful ad justification of incubation time.

This islet isolation protocol described a novel route of collagenase injection to digest the exocrine tissue and a simplified gradient procedure to purify the islets from mice. It involves enzymatic digestion, gradient separation/purification, and islet hand-picking. Successful isolation can yield 250&#8211;350 high quality and fully functional islets per mouse.

마우스에서 췌장 췌도 격리를 위한 간단한 고효율 프로토콜

Pancreatic islets, also called the Islets of Langerhans, are a cluster of endocrine cells which produces hormones for glucose regulation and other ...

Pancreatic Islet Embedding for Paraffin Sections

Experiments using isolated pancreatic islets are important for diabetes research, but islets are expensive and of limited abundance. Islets contain a mixed cell population in a structured architecture that impacts function, and human islets are widely variable in cell type composition. Current frequently used methods to study cultured islets include molecular studies performed on whole islets, lumping disparate islet cell types together, or microscopy or molecular studies on dispersed islet cells, disrupting islet architecture. For in vivo islet studies, paraffin-embedded pancreas sectioning is a powerful technique to assess cell-specific outcomes in the native pancreatic environment. Studying post-culture islets by paraffin sectioning would offer several advantages: detection of multiple outcomes on the same islets (potentially even the exact-same islets, using serial sections), cell-type-specific measurements, and maintaining native islet cell-cell and cell-substratum interactions both during experimental exposure and for analysis. However, existing techniques for embedding isolated islets post-culture are inefficient, time consuming, prone to loss of material, and generally produce sections with inadequate islet numbers to be useful for quantifying outcomes. Clinical pathology laboratory cell block preparation facilities are inaccessible and impractical for basic research laboratories. We have developed an improved, simplified bench-top method that generates sections with robust yield and distribution of islets. Fixed islets are resuspended in warm histological agarose gel and pipetted into a flat disc on a standard glass slide, such that the islets are distributed in a plane. After standard dehydration and embedding, multiple (10+) 4 - 5 &#181;m sections can be cut from the same islet block. Using this method, histological&#160;and immunofluorescent analyses can be performed on mouse, rat, and human islets. This is an effective, inexpensive, time-saving approach to assess cell-type-specific, intact-architecture outcomes from cultured islets.

Ex vivo pancreatic islet studies are important for diabetes research. Existing techniques to study cultured islets in their native 3-dimensional architecture are time consuming, inefficient, and infrequently used. This work describes a new, simple, and efficient method for generating high-quality paraffin sections of whole cultured islets.

췌 장 섬 파라핀 섹션에 대 한 포함

Experiments using isolated pancreatic islets are important for diabetes research, but islets are expensive and of limited abundance. Islets contain a ...

Imaging Calcium Dynamics in Subpopulations of Mouse Pancreatic Islet Cells

Pancreatic islet hormones regulate blood glucose homeostasis. Changes in blood glucose induce oscillations of cytosolic calcium in pancreatic islet cells that trigger secretion of three main hormones: insulin (from &#946;-cells), glucagon (&#945;-cells) and somatostatin (&#948;-cells). &#946;-Cells, which make up the majority of islet cells and are electrically coupled to each other, respond to the glucose stimulus as one single entity. The excitability of the minor subpopulations, &#945;-cells and &#948;-cells (making up around 20% (30%) and 4% (10%) of the total rodent1 (human2) islet cell numbers, respectively) is less predictable and is therefore of special interest.
Calcium sensors are delivered into the peripheral layer of cells within the isolated islet. The islet or a group of islets is then immobilized and imaged using a fluorescence microscope. The choice of the imaging mode is between higher throughput (wide-field) and better spatial resolution (confocal). Conventionally, laser scanning confocal microscopy is used for imaging tissue, as it provides the best separation of the signal between the neighboring cells. A wide-field system can be utilized too, if the contaminating signal from the dominating population of &#946;-cells is minimized.
Once calcium dynamics in response to specific stimuli have been recorded, data are expressed in numerical form as fluorescence intensity vs. time, normalized to the initial fluorescence and baseline-corrected, to remove the effects linked to bleaching of the fluorophore. Changes in the spike frequency or partial area under the curve (pAUC) are computed vs. time, to quantify the observed effects. pAUC is more sensitive and quite robust whereas spiking frequency provides more information on the mechanism of calcium increase.
Minor cell subpopulations can be identified using functional responses to marker compounds, such as adrenaline and ghrelin, that induce changes in cytosolic calcium in a specific populations of islet cells.

Here, we present a protocol for imaging and quantifying calcium dynamics in heterogeneous cell populations, such as pancreatic islet cells. Fluorescent reporters are delivered into the peripheral layer of cells within the islet, which is then immobilized and imaged, and per-cell analysis of the dynamics of fluorescence intensity is performed.

마우스 췌도 세포의 하위 집단에 있는 화상 진찰 칼슘 역학

Pancreatic islet hormones regulate blood glucose homeostasis. Changes in blood glucose induce oscillations of cytosolic calcium in pancreatic islet cells ...

인간 만능줄기세포를 췌장 β세포로 분화시키기

Optimized Protocol for Generating Functional Pancreatic Insulin-secreting Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can differentiate into any kind of cell, making them an excellent alternative source of human pancreatic &#946;-cells. hPSCs can either be embryonic stem cells (hESCs) derived from the blastocyst or induced pluripotent cells (hiPSCs) generated directly from somatic cells using a reprogramming process. Here a video-based protocol is presented to outline the optimal culture and passage conditions for hPSCs, prior to their differentiation and subsequent generation of insulin-producing pancreatic cells. This methodology follows the six-stage process for &#946;-cell directed differentiation, wherein hPSCs differentiate into definitive endoderm (DE), primitive gut tube, posterior foregut fate, pancreatic progenitors, pancreatic endocrine progenitors, and ultimately pancreatic &#946;-cells. It is noteworthy that this differentiation methodology takes a period of 27 days to generate human pancreatic &#946;-cells. The potential of insulin secretion was evaluated through two experiments, which included immunostaining and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.

저자 스포트라이트: 만능줄기세포와의 β세포 분화의 발전과 과제

This article presents a protocol for directed differentiation and functional analysis of &#946;-cell like cells. We describe optimal culture conditions and passages for human pluripotent stem cells before generating insulin-producing pancreatic cells. The six-stage differentiation progresses from definitive endoderm formation to functional &#946;-cell like cells secreting insulin in response to glucose.