이 작품은 NSF 경력 수상 (MMH), 배리 M. 골드 워터 장학금 (FNB)과 ASBMB 학부 연구 수상 (CWD)에 의해 지원되었다. PBP 이상의 표현에 대한 복제가 친절하게 박사가 마틴 웨브 (MRC, 영국)에 의해 제공되었다.

<ol>
	<li>Johnson, K. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+transient-state+kinetics.">Advances in transient-state kinetics.</a> Curr Opin Biotechnol. 9 (1), 87-89 (1998).</li><li>Johnson, K. A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Kinetic analysis of macromolecules. , (2003).</li><li>Obmolova, G., Ban, C., Hsieh, P., Yang, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Crystal+structures+of+mismatch+repair+protein+MutS+and+its+complex+with+a+substrate+DNA.">Crystal structures of mismatch repair protein MutS and its complex with a substrate DNA.</a> Nature. 407 (6805), 703-710 (2000).</li><li>Lamers, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+crystal+structure+of+DNA+mismatch+repair+protein+MutS+binding+to+a+G+x+T+mismatch.">The crystal structure of DNA mismatch repair protein MutS binding to a G x T mismatch.</a> Nature. 407 (6805), 711-717 (2000).</li><li>Warren, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure+of+the+human+MutSalpha+DNA+lesion+recognition+complex.">Structure of the human MutSalpha DNA lesion recognition complex.</a> Mol Cell. 26 (4), 579-592 (2007).</li><li>Kunkel, T. A. &. a. m. p. ;. a. m. p., Erie, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> DNA Mismatch Repair. Annu Rev Biochem. 74, 681-710 (2005).</li><li>Jiricny, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+multifaceted+mismatch-repair+system.">The multifaceted mismatch-repair system.</a> Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 7 (5), 335-346 (2006).</li><li>Hsieh, P., Yamane, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA+mismatch+repair:+Molecular+mechanism,+cancer,+and+ageing.">DNA mismatch repair: Molecular mechanism, cancer, and ageing.</a> Mech Ageing Dev. 129 (7-8), 391-407 (2008).</li><li>Jacobs-Palmer, E., Hingorani, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+nucleotides+on+MutS-DNA+binding+kinetics+clarify+the+role+of+MutS+ATPase+activity+in+mismatch+repair.">The effects of nucleotides on MutS-DNA binding kinetics clarify the role of MutS ATPase activity in mismatch repair.</a> J Mol Biol. 366 (4), 1087-1098 (2007).</li><li>Antony, E., Khubchandani, S., Chen, S., Hingorani, M. M., M, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contribution+of+Msh2+and+Msh6+subunits+to+the+asymmetric+ATPase+and+DNA+mismatch+binding+activities+of+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+Msh2-Msh6+mismatch+repair+protein.">Contribution of Msh2 and Msh6 subunits to the asymmetric ATPase and DNA mismatch binding activities of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Msh2-Msh6 mismatch repair protein.</a> DNA Repair (Amst). 5 (2), 153-162 (2006).</li><li>Antony, E., Hingorani, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mismatch+recognition-coupled+stabilization+of+Msh2-Msh6+in+an+ATP-bound+state+at+the+initiation+of+DNA+repair.">Mismatch recognition-coupled stabilization of Msh2-Msh6 in an ATP-bound state at the initiation of DNA repair.</a> Biochemistry. 42 (25), 7682-7693 (2003).</li><li>Finkelstein, J., Antony, E., Hingorani, M. M., O'Donnell, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overproduction+and+analysis+of+eukaryotic+multiprotein+complexes+in+Escherichia+coli+using+a+dual-vector+strategy.">Overproduction and analysis of eukaryotic multiprotein complexes in Escherichia coli using a dual-vector strategy.</a> Anal Biochem. 319 (1), 78-87 (2003).</li><li>Zhai, J., Hingorani, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=S.+cerevisiae+Msh2-Msh6+DNA+binding+kinetics+reveal+a+mechanism+of+targeting+sites+for+DNA+mismatch+repair.">S. cerevisiae Msh2-Msh6 DNA binding kinetics reveal a mechanism of targeting sites for DNA mismatch repair.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 107 (2), 680-685 (2010).</li><li>Brune, M., Hunter, J. L., Corrie, J. E., Webb, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct,+real-time+measurement+of+rapid+inorganic+phosphate+release+using+a+novel+fluorescent+probe+and+its+application+to+actomyosin+subfragment+1+ATPase.">Direct, real-time measurement of rapid inorganic phosphate release using a novel fluorescent probe and its application to actomyosin subfragment 1 ATPase.</a> Biochemistry. 33 (27), 8262-8271 (1994).</li><li>Brune, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanism+of+inorganic+phosphate+interaction+with+phosphate+binding+protein+from+Escherichia+coli.">Mechanism of inorganic phosphate interaction with phosphate binding protein from Escherichia coli.</a> Biochemistry. 37 (29), 10370-10380 (1998).</li><li>Antony, E., Hingorani, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Asymmetric+ATP+binding+and+hydrolysis+activity+of+the+Thermus+aquaticus+MutS+dimer+is+key+to+modulation+of+its+interactions+with+mismatched+DNA.">Asymmetric ATP binding and hydrolysis activity of the Thermus aquaticus MutS dimer is key to modulation of its interactions with mismatched DNA.</a> Biochemistry. 43 (41), 13115-13128 (2004).</li><li>Gradia, S., Acharya, S., Fishel, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+human+mismatch+recognition+complex+hMSH2-hMSH6+functions+as+a+novel+molecular+switch.">The human mismatch recognition complex hMSH2-hMSH6 functions as a novel molecular switch.</a> Cell. 91 (7), 995-1005 (1997).</li><li>Mazur, D. J., Mendillo, M. L., Kolodner, R. D., D, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+Msh6+ATPase+activity+by+mispaired+DNA+induces+a+Msh2(ATP)-Msh6(ATP)+state+capable+of+hydrolysis-independent+movement+along+DNA.">Inhibition of Msh6 ATPase activity by mispaired DNA induces a Msh2(ATP)-Msh6(ATP) state capable of hydrolysis-independent movement along DNA.</a> Mol Cell. 22 (1), 39-49 (2006).</li></ol>

여기에 설명된 DNA 불일치 바인딩 단백질의 예제는 생물 학적 분자의 메커니즘을 연구에 대한 과도 운동 방법의 성능과 유틸리티를 보여줍니다. 단일 매출 시간 규모에서 중지 흐름 측정 일치하지 않는 기본 쌍과 반응 9 긴 단백질 X의 DNA 복합 형성에 Msh2 - Msh6 단백질의 신속하고 구체적인 구속력을 위해 모호하지 않은 증거를 제공했습니다. 또한, ATPase 활동 중단 흐름 (그리고 잃게 흐름) ?...

application of stopped-flow kinetics methods to investigate the mechanism of action of a dna repair protein

이 접근법은 macromolecular 기능을 적용 활성 사이트 농도 및 내장 속도 상수를 포함 기계론의 정보를 산출 이후 과도 운동 분석, 생물 학적 macromolecules의 동작을 이해하는 데 필수입니다. 정상 상태 측정은 전체 촉매 효율과 특이성을 낼 반면, 효소의 경우, 예를 들어, 과도하거나 사전 안정된 상태 측정 식별 및 반응 경로에서 개별 이벤트를 특징. 이러한 단백질 - 단백질 또는 단백질 리간드 상호 작용과 속도 - 제한 conformational 변화에 따라 개별 사건들은 종종 밀리초 timescale 발생하고, 정지 - 흐름과 화학 잃게 흐름 방법으로 직접 측정할 수 있습니다. 이러한 형광으로 광 신호를 감안할 때 중지 흐름은 제품 릴리스 및 촉매 매출 1,2에 바인딩 기판에서 모니터링 반응 진행에 대한 강력하고 접근 도구로 제공하고 있습니다. 여기, 우리는 정지 흐름 속도론의 응용 프로그램 Msh2 - Msh6의 행동의 메커니즘,베이스 - 페어 불일치 및 DNA와 신호 불일치 복구 (MMR) 3-5의 삽입 / 삭제 루프를 인식 진핵세포의 DNA 수리 단백질을 프로브에 신고. 이렇게에 따라서 Msh2 - Msh6 증가 정도의 세 주문 (오류 주파수 ~ 10 -6 to10 -9 기지에서 감소)에 의해 DNA 복제의 정확성하고 게놈 무결성을 유지하는 데 도움이됩니다. 되지 놀랍게도, 결함이있는 인간 Msh2 - Msh6 기능이 유전이 아닌 polyposis 결장암 및 기타 산발적 암 6-8와 연결되어 있습니다. 이 중요 DNA의 신진 대사 단백질의 행동의 메커니즘을 이해하기 위해서, 우리는 일치하지 않는 DNA뿐만 아니라 ATPase 활동과 Msh2 - Msh6 상호 작용의 역학을 탐색하는 연료 MMR에서의 행동. T 불일치 및 모니터링 실시간으로 2 aminopu​​rine의 형광의 발생 증가 : DNA 바인딩은 빠르게 G에 인접한 2 aminopu​​rine (2 - AP = 연합 뉴스) 형광단를 포함하는 DNA와 Msh2 - Msh6를 혼합하여 측정됩니다. T (2 - AP = 연합 뉴스) 레이블이 지정되지 않은 트랩 DNA와 시간 9 이상 형광의 모니터링 감소와 불일치 단지 : DNA 분리는 사전에 형성 Msh2 - Msh6 G를 혼합하여 측정됩니다. 사전 꾸준한 상태 ATPase의 속도론은 7 diethylamino - 3 - ((((2 - maleimidyl) 에틸) 아미노) 카르보닐) coumarin) - 라벨 바인딩 인산염의 인산 바인딩 단백질 (MDCC - PBP) (의 형광의 변화에​​ 의해 측정 PI)는 ATP 가수 분해 9,10 다음 Msh2 - Msh6 발표. T 불일치와 긴 Msh2 - Msh6 G 형성 : 데이터는 G에 Msh2 - Msh6의 급속한 결합 밝히지 T 복잡한을하는 ATP - 바운드 형태의 단백질이 ATP의 가수 분해 및 안정화의 억제에 차례 결과에 . 반응 속도론은 가설에 대한 명확한 지원을 제공하는 ATP - 바운드 Msh2 - Msh6 신호 이중 나선 구조에 일치하지 않는 기본 쌍을 결합에 DNA 수리가. F. 노아 비로 및 지에 Zhai 똑같이이 문서에 기여.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Application of Stopped-flow Kinetics Methods to Investigate the Mechanism of Action of a DNA Repair Protein at JoVE.com

Application of Stopped-flow Kinetics Methods to Investigate the Mechanism of Action of a DNA Repair Protein

Msh2 - Msh6는 DNA의 복제 오류의 복구를 시작 책임이 있습니다. 여기 우리는이 중요한 단백질의 작동 방식 이해 향해 과도 속도론의 접근 방식을 제시한다. 보고서는 결합된 DNA 바인딩과 DNA 수리의 행동의 Msh2 - Msh6 메커니즘을 기본 ATPase의 속도론을 측정하는 정지 흐름 실험을 보여줍니다.

DNA 복구 단백질의 행동의 메커니즘을 조사하기 위해 중지 흐름 속도론 방법의 응용

Transient kinetic analysis is indispensable for understanding the workings of biological macromolecules, since this approach yields mechanistic ...

application-stopped-flow-kinetics-methods-to-investigate-mechanism

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Biology

Genetics

DNA Structure and Function

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

18.1K 조회수.  Wesleyan University. Msh2 - Msh6는 DNA의 복제 오류의 복구를 시작 책임이 있습니다. 여기 우리는이 중요한 단백질의 작동 방식 이해 향해 과도 속도론의 접근 방식을 제시한다. 보고서는 결합된 DNA 바인딩과 DNA 수리의 행동의 Msh2 - Msh6 메커니즘을 기본 ATPase의 속도론을 측정하는 정지 흐름 실험을 보여줍니다.

비디오: Application of Stopped-flow Kinetics Methods to Investigate the Mechanism of Action of a DNA Repair Protein

Genetic Studies of Human DNA Repair Proteins Using Yeast as a Model System 

Understanding the roles of human DNA repair proteins in genetic pathways is a formidable challenge to many researchers. Genetic studies in mammalian systems have been limited due to the lack of readily available tools including defined mutant genetic cell lines, regulatory expression systems, and appropriate selectable markers. To circumvent these difficulties, model genetic systems in lower eukaryotes have become an attractive choice for the study of functionally conserved DNA repair proteins and pathways. We have developed a model yeast system to study the poorly defined genetic functions of the Werner syndrome helicase-nuclease (WRN) in nucleic acid metabolism. Cellular phenotypes associated with defined genetic mutant backgrounds can be investigated to clarify the cellular and molecular functions of WRN through its catalytic activities and protein interactions. The human WRN gene and associated variants, cloned into DNA plasmids for expression in yeast, can be placed under the control of a regulatory plasmid element. The expression construct can then be transformed into the appropriate yeast mutant background, and genetic function assayed by a variety of methodologies. Using this approach, we determined that WRN, like its related RecQ family members BLM and Sgs1, operates in a Top3-dependent pathway that is likely to be important for genomic stability. This is described in our recent publication [1] at <a href="http://www.impactaging.com">www.impactaging.com</a>. Detailed methods of specific assays for genetic complementation studies in yeast are provided in this paper.

Genetic Studies of Human DNA Repair Proteins Using Yeast as a Model System

Genetic studies in yeast can be employed to investigate the molecular and cellular functions of human genes in cellular DNA metabolism. Methods are described for the genetic characterization of the human WRN gene product defective in the premature aging disorder Werner syndrome in functionally conserved pathways using yeast as a tractable model system.

인간의 DNA 수리 단백질의 유전자 연구는 모델 시스템으로 효모를 사용하여

Understanding the roles of human DNA repair proteins in genetic pathways is a formidable challenge to many researchers.  Genetic studies in mammalian ...

연구

생물학

Imaging Mismatch Repair and Cellular Responses to DNA Damage in Bacillus subtilis

Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes respond to DNA damage through a complex set of physiological changes. Alterations in gene expression, the redistribution of existing proteins, and the assembly of new protein complexes can be stimulated by a variety of DNA lesions and mismatched DNA base pairs. Fluorescence microscopy has been used as a powerful experimental tool for visualizing and quantifying these and other responses to DNA lesions and to monitor DNA replication status within the complex subcellular architecture of a living cell. Translational fusions between fluorescent reporter proteins and components of the DNA replication and repair machinery have been used to determine the cues that target DNA repair proteins to their cognate lesions in vivo and to understand how these proteins are organized within bacterial cells. In addition, transcriptional and translational fusions linked to DNA damage inducible promoters have revealed which cells within a population have activated genotoxic stress responses. In this review, we provide a detailed protocol for using fluorescence microscopy to image the assembly of DNA repair and DNA replication complexes in single bacterial cells. In particular, this work focuses on imaging mismatch repair proteins, homologous recombination, DNA replication and an SOS-inducible protein in Bacillus subtilis. All of the procedures described here are easily amenable for imaging protein complexes in a variety of bacterial species.

Imaging Mismatch Repair and Cellular Responses to DNA Damage in Bacillus subtilis

A detailed protocol is described for imaging the real time formation of DNA repair complexes in Bacillus subtilis cells.

이미징 불일치 복구 및 DNA의 손상 세포 응답 바실러스 subtilis</em

Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes respond to DNA damage through a complex set of physiological changes. Alterations in gene expression, the redistribution ...

Using the optokinetic response to study visual function of zebrafish

Optokinetic response (OKR) is a behavior that an animal vibrates its eyes to follow a rotating grating around it. It has been widely used to assess the visual functions of larval zebrafish1-5. Nevertheless, the standard protocol for larval fish is not yet readily applicable in adult zabrafish. Here, we introduce how to measure the OKR of adult zebrafish with our simple custom-built apparatus using a new protocol which is established in our lab. Both our apparatus and step-by-step procedure of OKR in adult zebrafish are illustrated in this video. In addition, the measurements of the larval OKR, as well as the optomotor response (OMR) test of adult zebrafish, are also demonstrated in this video. This OKR assay of adult zebrafish in our experiment may last for up to 4 hours. Such OKR test applied in adult fish will benefit to visual function investigation more efficiently when the adult fish vision system is manipulated.
Su-Qi Zou and Wu Yin contributed equally to this paper.

Optokinetic response has been widely used to assess the visual functions of larval zebrafish. Nevertheless, the standard protocol for larval fish is not yet readily applicable in adults1-5. Here, we introduce how to measure the OKR of adult zebrafish using a new protocol which is established in our lab.

zebrafish의 시각 기능을 연구하기 위해 optokinetic 응답을 사용하여

Optokinetic response (OKR) is a behavior that an animal vibrates its eyes to follow a rotating grating around it. It has been widely used to assess the ...

Application of an In vitro DNA Protection Assay to Visualize Stress Mediation Properties of the Dps Protein

Oxidative stress is an unavoidable byproduct of aerobic life. Molecular oxygen is essential for terrestrial metabolism, but it also takes part in many damaging reactions within living organisms. The combination of aerobic metabolism and iron, which is another vital compound for life, is enough to produce radicals through Fenton chemistry and degrade cellular components. DNA degradation is arguably the most damaging process involving intracellular radicals, as DNA repair is far from trivial. The assay presented in this article offers a quantitative technique to measure and visualize the effect of molecules and enzymes on radical-mediated DNA damage.
The DNA protection assay is a simple, quick, and robust tool for the in vitro characterization of the protective properties of proteins or chemicals. It involves exposing DNA to a damaging oxidative reaction and adding varying concentrations of the compound of interest. The reduction or increase of DNA damage as a function of compound concentration is then visualized using gel electrophoresis. In this article we demonstrate the technique of the DNA protection assay by measuring the protective properties of the DNA-binding protein from starved cells (Dps). Dps is a mini-ferritin that is utilized by more than 300 bacterial species to powerfully combat environmental stressors. Here we present the Dps purification protocol and the optimized assay conditions for evaluating DNA protection by Dps.

Application of an In vitro DNA Protection Assay to Visualize Stress Mediation Properties of the Dps Protein

The DNA-binding protein from starved cells (Dps) plays a crucial role in combating bacterial stress. This article discusses the purification of E. coli Dps and the protocol for an in vitro assay demonstrating Dps-mediated protection of DNA from degradation by reactive oxygen species.

의 적용<em&gt; 체외</emDPS 단백질의 스트레스 중재 속성을 시각화&gt; DNA 보호 분석

Oxidative stress is an unavoidable byproduct of  aerobic life.  Molecular oxygen is  essential for terrestrial metabolism, but it also takes part in many ...

Real-time Imaging of Single Engineered RNA Transcripts in Living Cells Using Ratiometric Bimolecular Beacons

The growing realization that both the temporal and spatial regulation of gene expression can have important consequences on cell function has led to the development of diverse techniques to visualize individual RNA transcripts in single living cells. One promising technique that has recently been described utilizes an oligonucleotide-based optical probe, ratiometric bimolecular beacon (RBMB), to detect RNA transcripts that were engineered to contain at least four tandem repeats of the RBMB target sequence in the 3&#8217;-untranslated region. RBMBs are specifically designed to emit a bright fluorescent signal upon hybridization to complementary RNA, but otherwise remain quenched. The use of a synthetic probe in this approach allows photostable, red-shifted, and highly emissive organic dyes to be used for imaging. Binding of multiple RBMBs to the engineered RNA transcripts results in discrete fluorescence spots when viewed under a wide-field fluorescent microscope. Consequently, the movement of individual RNA transcripts can be readily visualized in real-time by taking a time series of fluorescent images. Here we describe the preparation and purification of RBMBs, delivery into cells by microporation and live-cell imaging of single RNA transcripts.

Ratiometric bimolecular beacons (RBMBs) can be used to image single engineered RNA transcripts in living cells. Here, we describe the preparation and purification of RBMBs, delivery of RBMBs into cells by microporation and fluorescent imaging of single RNA transcripts in real-time.

비례 생체 분자 비콘을 사용하여 살아있는 세포의 단일 엔지니어링 RNA 성적 증명서의 실시간 영상

The growing realization that both the temporal and spatial regulation of gene expression can have important consequences on cell function has led to the ...

Development of Inhibitors of Protein-protein Interactions through REPLACE: Application to the Design and Development Non-ATP Competitive CDK Inhibitors

REPLACE is a unique strategy developed to more effectively target protein-protein interactions (PPIs). It aims to expand available drug target space by providing improved methodology for the identification of inhibitors for such binding sites and which represent the majority of potential drug targets. The main goal of this paper is to provide a methodological overview of the use and application of the REPLACE strategy which involves computational and synthetic chemistry approaches. REPLACE is exemplified through its application to the development of non-ATP competitive cyclin dependent kinases (CDK) inhibitors as anti-tumor therapeutics. CDKs are frequently deregulated in cancer and hence are considered as important targets for drug development. Inhibition of CDK2/cyclin A in S phase has been reported to promote selective apoptosis of cancer cells in a p53 independent manner through the E2F1 pathway. Targeting the protein-protein interaction at the cyclin binding groove (CBG) is an approach which will allow the specific inhibition of cell cycle over transcriptional CDKs. The CBG is recognized by a consensus sequence derived from CDK substrates and tumor suppressor proteins termed the cyclin binding motif (CBM). The CBM has previously been optimized to an octapeptide from p21Waf (HAKRRIF) and then further truncated to a pentapeptide retaining sufficient activity (RRLIF). Peptides in general are not cell permeable, are metabolically unstable and therefore the REPLACE (REplacement with Partial Ligand Alternatives through Computational Enrichment) strategy has been applied in order to generate more drug-like inhibitors. The strategy begins with the design of Fragment ligated inhibitory peptides (FLIPs) that selectively inhibit cell cycle CDK/cyclin complexes. FLIPs were generated by iteratively replacing residues of HAKRRLIF/RRLIF with fragment like small molecules (capping groups), starting from the N-terminus (Ncaps), followed by replacement on the C-terminus. These compounds are starting points for the generation of non-ATP competitive CDK inhibitors as anti-tumor therapeutics.

We describe implementation of the REPLACE strategy for targeting protein-protein interactions. REPLACE is an iterative strategy involving synthetic and computational approaches for the conversion of optimized peptidic inhibitors into drug like molecules.

를 통해 교체 단백질 - 단백질 상호 작용의 억제제의 개발 : 설계 및 개발 비 ATP 경쟁 CDK 억제제에 응용

REPLACE is a unique strategy developed to more effectively target protein-protein interactions (PPIs). It aims to expand available drug target space by ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay for the Identification of Arabidopsis Protein-DNA Interactions In Vivo

Intricate gene regulatory networks orchestrate biological processes and developmental transitions in plants. Selective transcriptional activation and silencing of genes mediate the response of plants to environmental signals and developmental cues. Therefore, insights into the mechanisms that control plant gene expression are essential to gain a deep understanding of how biological processes are regulated in plants. The chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) technique described here is a procedure to identify the DNA-binding sites of proteins in genes or genomic regions of the model species Arabidopsis thaliana. The interactions with DNA of proteins of interest such as transcription factors, chromatin proteins or posttranslationally modified versions of histones can be efficiently analyzed with the ChIP protocol. This method is based on the fixation of protein-DNA interactions in vivo, random fragmentation of chromatin, immunoprecipitation of protein-DNA complexes with specific antibodies, and quantification of the DNA associated with the protein of interest by PCR techniques. The use of this methodology in Arabidopsis has contributed significantly to unveil transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that control a variety of plant biological processes. This approach allowed the identification of the binding sites of the Arabidopsis chromatin protein EBS to regulatory regions of the master gene of flowering FT. The impact of this protein in the accumulation of particular histone marks in the genomic region of FT was also revealed through ChIP analysis.

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay for the Identification of Arabidopsis Protein-DNA Interactions In Vivo

Chromatin immunoprecipitation is a powerful technique for the identification of DNA binding sites of Arabidopsis proteins in vivo. This procedure includes chromatin cross-linking and fragmentation, immunoprecipitation with selective antibodies against the protein of interest, and qPCR analysis of bound DNA. We describe a simple ChIP assay optimized for Arabidopsis plants.

애기 장대 단백질 DNA 상호 작용의 식별을위한 염색질 면역 침전 분석<em&gt; 생체</em

Intricate gene regulatory networks orchestrate biological processes and developmental transitions in plants. Selective transcriptional activation and ...

Amplification, Next-generation Sequencing, and Genomic DNA Mapping of Retroviral Integration Sites

Retroviruses exhibit signature integration preferences on both the local and global scales. Here, we present a detailed protocol for (1) generation of diverse libraries of retroviral integration sites using ligation-mediated PCR (LM-PCR) amplification and next-generation sequencing (NGS), (2) mapping the genomic location of each virus-host junction using BEDTools, and (3) analyzing the data for statistical relevance. Genomic DNA extracted from infected cells is fragmented by digestion with restriction enzymes or by sonication. After suitable DNA end-repair, double-stranded linkers are ligated onto the DNA ends, and semi-nested PCR is conducted using primers complementary to both the long terminal repeat (LTR) end of the virus and the ligated linker DNA. The PCR primers carry sequences required for DNA clustering during NGS, negating the requirement for separate adapter ligation. Quality control (QC) is conducted to assess DNA fragment size distribution and adapter DNA incorporation prior to NGS. Sequence output files are filtered for LTR-containing reads, and the sequences defining the LTR and the linker are cropped away. Trimmed host cell sequences are mapped to a reference genome using BLAT and are filtered for minimally 97% identity to a unique point in the reference genome. Unique integration sites are scrutinized for adjacent nucleotide (nt) sequence and distribution relative to various genomic features. Using this protocol, integration site libraries of high complexity can be constructed from genomic DNA in three days. The entire protocol that encompasses exogenous viral infection of susceptible tissue culture cells to integration site analysis can therefore be conducted in approximately one to two weeks. Recent applications of this technology pertain to longitudinal analysis of integration sites from HIV-infected patients.

We describe a protocol for amplifying retroviral integration sites from the genomic DNA of infected cells, sequencing the amplified virus-host junctions, and then mapping these sequences to a reference genome. We also describe techniques to quantify the distribution of integration sites relative to various genomic annotations using BEDTools.

레트로 바이러스 통합 사이트의 증폭, 차세대 시퀀싱 및 게놈 DNA 매핑

Retroviruses exhibit signature integration preferences on both the local and global scales. Here, we present a detailed protocol for (1) generation of ...

Visualization of Surface-tethered Large DNA Molecules with a Fluorescent Protein DNA Binding Peptide

Large DNA molecules tethered on the functionalized glass surface have been utilized in polymer physics and biochemistry particularly for investigating interactions between DNA and its binding proteins. Here, we report a method that uses fluorescent microscopy for visualizing large DNA molecules tethered on the surface. First, glass coverslips are biotinylated and passivated by coating with biotinylated polyethylene glycol, which specifically binds biotinylated DNA via avidin protein linkers and significantly reduces undesirable binding from non-specific interactions of proteins or DNA molecules on the surface. Second, the DNA molecules are biotinylated by two different methods depending on their terminals. The blunt ended DNA is tagged with biotinylated dUTP at its 3' hydroxyl terminus, by terminal transferase, while the sticky ended DNA is hybridized with biotinylated complimentary oligonucleotides by DNA ligase. Finally, a microfluidic shear flow makes single DNA molecules stretch to their full contour lengths after being stained with fluorescent protein-DNA binding peptide (FP-DBP).

We present an approach for visualizing fluorescent protein DNA binding peptide (FP-DBP)-stained large DNA molecules tethered on the polyethylene glycol (PEG) and avidin-coated glass surface and stretched with microfluidic shear flows.

펩타이드를 결합 형광 단백질 DNA와 표면 닿는 큰 DNA 분자의 시각화

Large DNA molecules tethered on the functionalized glass surface have been utilized in polymer physics and biochemistry particularly for investigating ...

Advanced Confocal Microscopy Techniques to Study Protein-protein Interactions and Kinetics at DNA Lesions

Local microirradiation with lasers represents a useful tool for studies of DNA-repair-related processes in live cells. Here, we describe a methodological approach to analyzing protein kinetics at DNA lesions over time or protein-protein interactions on locally microirradiated chromatin. We also show how to recognize individual phases of the cell cycle using the Fucci cellular system to study cell-cycle-dependent protein kinetics at DNA lesions. A methodological description of the use of two UV lasers (355 nm and 405 nm) to induce different types of DNA damage is also presented. Only the cells microirradiated by the 405-nm diode laser proceeded through mitosis normally and were devoid of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). We also show how microirradiated cells can be fixed at a given time point to perform immunodetection of the endogenous proteins of interest. For the DNA repair studies, we additionally describe the use of biophysical methods including FRAP (Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching) and FLIM (Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy) in cells with spontaneously occurring DNA damage foci. We also show an application of FLIM-FRET (Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer) in experimental studies of protein-protein interactions.

Laser microirradiation is a useful tool for studies of DNA repair in living cells. A methodological approach for the use of UVA lasers to induce various DNA lesions is shown. We have optimized a method for local microirradiation that maintains the normal cell cycle; thus, irradiated cells proceed through mitosis.

고급 단백질 단백질 상호 작용 및 DNA 병 변에서 속도 론 연구에 Confocal 현미경 검사 법 기술

Local microirradiation with lasers represents a useful tool for studies of DNA-repair-related processes in live cells. Here, we describe a methodological ...

DNA 복구 단백질의 행동의 메커니즘을 조사하기 위해 중지 흐름 속도론 방법의 응용

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

이 비디오의 챕터