다실 바 AF이 리뷰를 완료하는 CTSA 하이테크 기금 교부금, 미시간 대학에서 자금 지원을 받았다. 볼츠 MS는 Stiftung 샤히떼에서 교부금에 의해 장학금 후원됩니다.

<ol>
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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cortical+stimulation+of+the+prefrontal+cortex+with+transcranial+direct+current+stimulation+reduces+cue-provoked+smoking+craving:+a+randomized,+sham-controlled+study.">Cortical stimulation of the prefrontal cortex with transcranial direct current stimulation reduces cue-provoked smoking craving: a randomized, sham-controlled study.</a> J Clin Psychiatry. 69 (1), 32-32 (2006).</li></ol>

뉴욕시 대학 마롬 Bikson이 발명가되는, 뇌 자극에 대한 특허를 보유하고 있습니다. 마롬 Bikson는 Soterix 의료 Inc의 공동 설립자이다

중요 단계 : 시작 프로 시저로 사전에 체크하는 측면 : <ul><li> 우선, 환자는 tDCS에 대한 contraindications가 있는지 여부에 대한 검사를해야합니다 -이 contraindications 어플 리케이션 특정있을 수 있습니다. 이것은 심각한이나 잦은 두통, 만성 피부 장애, 또는 이전 tDCS 치료에 불리한 반응의 존재로 질문을 포함하고 있습니다. 그 또는 그녀가 머리에 금속을하거나 심각한 뇌 손상이있다면, 해부 학적 변화는 23,24 전류 흐름을 수정할 수 있습니다. 뇌졸중의 압수, 임신과 역사의 역사는 일반적으로 엄격 contraindications되지 않습니다 - 그리고 사실, 몇몇 임상 시험에 포함 기준 수 있습니다. </li><li> 두피 - 추가 과목의 모든 병변에 대한 검사는 특히 인터뷰와 피부 질환의 존재에 대한 검사를해야합니다. 어떤 병변이있다면, tDCS 절차는 피할하거나, 해당되는 경우, 자극이 직접 이상이나 병변에 걸쳐 진행되지 않을 것임을 보장해야합니다. 다른 사이트의 자극을 고려할 수 있습니다. 그것은 반복 매일 tDCS 일부 환자 7의 전극 아래에 임상적으로 심각한 피부 자극을 일으키는보고됩니다. tDCS 유도 병변의 증거가 피부 무결성에 따라있다. 예를 들어, 그것은 광범위한 빨갛게 다섯 세션 매주 25를 포함하여 2 주 동안 2mA의 강도에 TDC의 자극으로 인해 불규칙한 둥근 모양과 갈색 피각질의 intracutaneous 변화를 보여왔다. tDCS가 강력하게 표시하거나 실시한다 경우에는 mA 0.5-1.0와 같은 낮은 강도로 자극하는 고려 걸릴 수 있지만 그것은이 피부 자극이나 병변을 예방 것을 보증하지 않습니다. 따라서 전극 아래에 피부의 상태가 tDCS 7 전후 검사해야합니다. </li><li> 전기에 대한 케이블의 커넥터를 확인하십시오. 분명하면 다른 쌍을 사용합니다. 그것은 사용의 약 달이 케이블을 확인하는 것이 좋습니다. </li></ul> 모두 활성 또는 가짜 - tDCS 동안 항상 피사체가 여전히 편안한 느낌과 절차를 계속 할 수 있는지 물어보십시오. 가능한 수정 : <ul><li> 전극 위치 7 (표 2) 많은 종류가 있습니다. </li><li> 전극 크기 26 (그림 7)의 여러 종류가 있습니다. 현재 적용 주어진, 전극의 크기는 전류 밀도 18 영향과 두뇌 변조 (그림 8)의 focality 영향을 미친다하십시오. 임상 연구는 그러나 모델링 연구 두뇌 변조의 전극 크기와 공간의 관계 27 더 복잡있을 수 제안, 전극 큰 전류 밀도 26 작은 크기를 제안했습니다. 또한, 작은 전극의 영향은 질적으로 두피에 전류 차동 shunting, 그리고 전반적인 전극 면적 7 큰 가장자리 효과 상대적으로 인해 달라질 수 있습니다. 큰 전극 방식 19 이상보고 작은 전극 크기 shunting의 우수한 수준 크게있었습니다. </li><li> 고화질 tDCS (HD - tDCS)는 공간 focality을 향상하지만, 특별한 하드웨어 및 절차적 제어 15 필요한 기술입니다. </li><li> 적용된 현재와 함께 전극 몽타주 (전극 위치와 크기)은 차례​​로, tDCS의 효능을 결정, 두뇌에서 생성되는 전기장의 강도를 결정합니다. 현재 강도와 전극의 크기 사이의 비율에 의해 정의된 막 전극 전류 밀도,의 사용은 임상 결과를 정상화하기 위해 제안되었습니다 - 그러나 모델링 연구는 단지 제한된 범위에서 적용할 수 있으며, 그 전반적인 전극 몽타주 디자인 결과를 결정하는 것이 좋습니다. 일반적으로 강한 효과에 주어진 몽타주 결과를 현재의 강도를 (또는 전류 밀도) 증가. 피부 표면의 전류 밀도가 뇌의 19 일 (그림 9)에서보다 훨씬 높은 수있다는 점에 유의하는 것이 중요합니다. </li><li> &quot;리턴&quot;( &quot;참조&quot;)의 위치는 전극 두뇌를 통해 전반적인 전류 흐름 패턴에 영향을 미칠 수 있으며, 따라서 심지어 활성 전극 22 미만 뇌 변조에 영향을 미칩니다. 따라서 두 전극의 물약을 고려하여야한다. </li><li> 자극의 기간은 실험적 접근 방법의 목적에 따라 달라집니다. 자극 기간의 증가는 발생과 후유증 3,4의 긴 기간과 연결됩니다. 그러나 적어도 한 연구보다 적극성이 필요보다 강력한 임상 결과로 번역하지 않는 제안, 자극 기간이 증가했습니다 효과 방향의 반전을보고했다. 게시 매개 변수 내에서 tDCS는 안전한 것으로 간주하고 잘 (시간, durati, 강도 증가와 원치 않는 부작용의 증가에 대한 잠재력을 용납지만, 또는 반복 속도 / 번호). </li><li> 전기장의 방향 : 전극의 위치와 극성에 의해 정의된. anodal 자극은 일반적으로 대뇌 피질의 흥분 2,3 증가 반면 Cathodal 자극은 일반적으로 대뇌 피질의 흥분을 감소시킵니다. </li><li> 위약 : 체하다 - tDCS 위의 같은 프로토콜이 사용됩니다. 그러나, 현재는 30 초 동안 적용됩니다. 이것은 다른 비침습 두뇌 자극 방법에 비해 tDCS의 장점 중 하나입니다. 발생하는 감각이 활성 tDCS에서 발생한 이후 응용 프로그램의 초기 단계에서만 발생하는 경향이 사기 방법은 어려운 환자가 활성 tDCS 응용 프로그램에서 위약을 구분 할 수 있습니다. 이것은 초기와 간단한 자극은 위약 28 신뢰할 수있는 방법입니다. </li><li> 같은 공군 29 또는 tRNS 30 다른 transcranial 전기 요법을 사용하면 기술도 적용할 수 있습니다. </li></ul> 만성 통증 tDCS을 사용하는 이유 : 여러 치료 약리 modalities은 만성 통증 환자에 대해서만 겸손한 구호를 제공하는 사실은이 쇠약 장애의 지속성에 대한 원인이 통증과 관련된 신경 네트워크에서 플라스틱 변경 이내에 거짓말을 수있는 가능성을시킵니다. 흥미롭게도, 대뇌 피질의 활동의 변조는 tDCS에 의해 비 invasively 얻을 수로 인해 대뇌 피질의 소성 변화에 만성 통증이 지속되는 치료 효과를 생산하는 것으로보고되었습니다 이는 앞에서 설명한. 만성 통증 tDCS의 임상 효과 : 이것은 모터 피질에 적용 tDCS가 로컬 대뇌 피질의 흥분 (그림 6) 6 변경 것으로 나타났습니다. 보다 정확하게, cathodal 자극 반면의 연결을 흥분의 증가에 anodal 자극의 결과는 반대 결과가 6이 있습니다. 사실, M1 이상 anodal tDCS 응용 프로그램은 시각 아날로그 척도에 큰 향상 (바스) 위장 tDCS보다 통증 등급으로 연결됩니다. M1 자극을 다음과 고통이 치료 효과는 과도하지만, 삼차 신경통, 다시 poststroke 통증 증후군 31, 통증과 같은 fibromyalgia 32 neuropathic 고통 syndromes 환자의 여러 그룹으로 재현되었다. 흥미롭게도, 척수 손상으로 인해 neuropathic 고통, tDCS하여 모터 피질의 자극에 임상 실험 고통 개선과 자극 이후 두 주 밖에되지 않았는데 누적 진통 효과를 보여주었다. 위장 자극, 그리고뿐만 아니라 DLPFC 33 자극과 비교하여 M1의 anodal tDCS에 대한 후속 3 주 후에 여전히 중요하다 fibromyalgia 환자 33의 진통 효과의 증거도있다. 통증 개선을위한 DLFPC 이상 anodal tDCS의 효과가 광범위하게 탐색되지 않은 있지만, 그것은 그것이 건강한 과목 34 고통 임계값을 조절하는 데 사용할 수있는 표시했다. 그럼에도 불구하고,이 뇌 영역의 자극은 알츠하이머 질환 9 메모리 작업의 성능을 향상하고 인스턴스에 대해 크게 35 큐 - 자극 흡연 갈망을 줄이고, 작업 기억 10 강화를위한 신뢰할 수있는 기술이며 따라서 이것이 유용한 전략있을 거라고도 생각할 수있다 하는 것이 만성 통증 환자의 통증 처리와 관련된 정서 - 감정인지 네트워크를 조절.

electrode positioning and montage in transcranial direct current stimulation

Transcranial 직류 자극 (tDCS)는이 방법으로 대뇌 피질의 흥분이을 변경하는 비침습 안전한 대안을 제공하는 등 집중적으로 지난 10 년간 조사되었습니다 기법입니다. tDCS 한 세션의 효과는 몇 분 동안 지난 수 있으며, 그 효과는 자극의 극성에 따라, 그 cathodal 자극이 대뇌 피질의 흥분의 감소를 유도 등 및 anodal 자극이 기간 이후 지난 5 대뇌 피질의 흥분의 증가를 유도 자극 6. 이러한 효과는 neuropsychiatric 장애의 다양한 임상인지 신경 과학도에서 탐색하고있다 - 여러 개의 연속적인 세션 4를 통해 적용할 때 특히. neuroscientists와 임상의 관심을 받고있다 한 부분이 통증과 관련된 신경망 3,5의 변조에 대한 tDCS를 사용하는 것입니다. 통증 연구의 두 주요 피질 영역의 변조가 탐험되었다 : 기본 모터 피질과 dorsolateral 전두엽 피질 7. 전극 몽타주의 중요한 역할로 인해,이 문서에서, 우리는 고통에 tDCS 임상 실험을위한 전극 배치에 대해 다른 대안을 보여, 자극의 각 방법의 장점과 단점을 논의.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electrode Positioning and Montage in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation at JoVE.com

Electrode Positioning and Montage in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Transcranial 직류 자극 (tDCS)은 대뇌 피질의 흥분을 조절하기 위해 설립된 기술이다<sup&gt; 1,2</sup&gt;. 이것은 대뇌 피질의 소성, 간편한 조작 및 안전 프로파일에 미치는 영향으로 인해 신경 과학에서 조사 도구로 사용되고 있습니다. tDCS는 놀라운 결과를 보여주는 것으로 한 부분이 통증이 완화됩니다<sup&gt; 3-5</sup&gt;.

Transcranial 직접 전류 자극의 전극 위치와 몬티지

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that has been intensively investigated in the past decade as this method offers a ...

electrode-positioning-montage-transcranial-direct-current

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

261.6K 조회수.  University of Michigan. Transcranial 직류 자극 (tDCS)은 대뇌 피질의 흥분을 조절하기 위해 설립된 기술이다 1,2. 이것은 대뇌 피질의 소성, 간편한 조작 및 안전 프로파일에 미치는 영향으로 인해 신경 과학에서 조사 도구로 사용되고 있습니다. tDCS는 놀라운 결과를 보여주는 것으로 한 부분이 통증이 완화됩니다 3-5.

비디오: Electrode Positioning and Montage in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful rest."1,2,3 It is thought the default mode network corresponds to self-referential or "internal mentation".2,3
It has been hypothesized that, in humans, activity within the default mode network is correlated with certain pathologies (for instance, hyper-activation has been linked to schizophrenia 4,5,6 and autism spectrum disorders 7 whilst hypo-activation of the network has been linked to Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases 8). As such, noninvasive modulation of this network may represent a potential therapeutic intervention for a number of neurological and psychiatric pathologies linked to abnormal network activation. One possible tool to effect this modulation is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability (either increasing or decreasing it) via the application of localized magnetic field pulses.9
In order to explore the default mode network's propensity towards and tolerance of modulation, we will be combining TMS (to the left inferior parietal lobe) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Through this article, we will examine the protocol and considerations necessary to successfully combine these two neuroscientific tools.

In this article, we examine the methodology and considerations relevant to the combination of TMS and fMRI to examine the effects of brain stimulation on the default network.

기본 모드 네트워크를 검사하기 위해 Transcranial 자석 자극과 fMRI를 결합

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful ...

연구

신경과학

Direct-current Stimulation and Multi-electrode Array Recording of Seizure-like Activity in Mice Brain Slice Preparation

Cathodal transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) induces suppressive effects on drug-resistant seizures. To perform effective actions, the stimulation parameters (e.g., orientation, field strength, and stimulation duration) need to be examined in mice brain slice preparations. Testing and arranging the orientation of the electrode relative to the position of the mice brain slice are feasible. The present method preserves the thalamocingulate pathway to evaluate the effect of DCS on anterior cingulate cortex seizure-like activities. The results of the multichannel array recordings indicated that cathodal DCS significantly decreased the amplitude of the stimulation-evoked responses and duration of 4-aminopyridine and bicuculline-induced seizure-like activity. This study also found that cathodal DCS applications at 15 min caused long-term depression in the thalamocingulate pathway. The present study investigates the effects of DCS on thalamocingulate synaptic plasticity and acute seizure-like activities. The current procedure can test the optimal stimulation parameters including orientation, field strength, and stimulation duration in an in vitro mouse model. Also, the method can evaluate the effects of DCS on cortical seizure-like activities at both the cellular and network levels.

Studies have shown that cathodal transcranial direct-current stimulation can produce suppressive effects on drug-resistant seizures. In this study, an in vitro experimental setup was devised in which the direct-current stimulation and multielectrode array recording of seizure-like activity were evaluated in mice brain slice preparation. The direct-current stimulation parameters were evaluated.

마우스 뇌 조각 준비에서 발작 같은 활동의 직류 자극 및 다중 전극 배열 기록

Cathodal transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) induces suppressive effects on drug-resistant seizures. To perform effective actions, the ...

Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex by Online Combined Approach with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific frequency and in turn modulate ongoing cortical oscillatory activity. This neurotool allows the establishment of a causal link between endogenous oscillatory activity and behavior. Most of the tACS studies have shown online effects of tACS. However, little is known about the underlying action mechanisms of this technique because of the AC-induced artifacts on Electroencephalography (EEG) signals. Here we show a unique approach to investigate online physiological frequency-specific effects of tACS of the primary motor cortex (M1) by using single pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) to probe cortical excitability changes. In our setup, the TMS coil is placed over the tACS electrode while Motor Evoked Potentials (MEPs) are collected to test the effects of the ongoing M1-tACS. So far, this approach has mainly been used to study the visual and motor systems. However, the current tACS-TMS setup can pave the way for future investigations of cognitive functions. Therefore, we provide a step-by-step manual and video guidelines for the procedure.

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) allows the modulation of cortical excitability in a frequency-specific fashion. Here we show a unique approach which combines online tACS with single pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) in order to "probe" cortical excitability by means of Motor Evoked Potentials.

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific ...

Remotely Supervised Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: An Update on Safety and Tolerability

The remotely supervised tDCS (RS-tDCS) protocol enables participation from home through guided and monitored self-administration of tDCS treatment while maintaining clinical standards. The current consensus regarding the efficacy of tDCS is that multiple treatment sessions are needed to observe targeted behavioral reductions in symptom burden. However, the requirement for patients to travel to clinic daily for stimulation sessions presents a major obstacle for potential participants, due to work or family obligations or limited ability to travel. This study presents a protocol that directly overcomes these obstacles by eliminating the need to travel to clinic for daily sessions.
This is an updated protocol for remotely supervised self-administration of tDCS for daily treatment sessions paired with a program of computer-based cognitive training for use in clinical trials. Participants only need to attend clinic twice, for a baseline and study-end visit. At baseline, participants are trained and provided with a study stimulation device, and a small laptop computer. Participants then complete the remainder of their stimulation sessions at home while they are monitored via videoconferencing software.
Participants complete computerized cognitive remediation during stimulation sessions, which may serve a therapeutic role or as a &#34;placeholder&#34; for other computer-based activity. Computers are enabled for real-time monitoring and remote control by study staff.
Outcome measures that assess feasibility and tolerance are administered remotely with the aid of visual analogue scales that are presented onscreen. Following completion of all RS-tDCS sessions, participants return to clinic for a study end visit in which all study equipment is returned.
Results support the safety, feasibility, and scalability of the RS-tDCS protocol for use in clinical trials. Across 46 patients, 748 RS-tDCS sessions have been completed. This protocol serves as a model for use in future clinical trials involving tDCS.

This manuscript provides an updated remote supervision protocol that enables participation in transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) clinical trials while receiving treatment sessions from home. The protocol has been successfully piloted in both patients with multiple sclerosis and Parkinson&#39;s disease.

원격으로 감독된 Transcranial 직접 전류 자극: 안전성 및 내성에 대 한 업데이트

The remotely supervised tDCS (RS-tDCS) protocol enables participation from home through guided and monitored self-administration of tDCS treatment while ...

The Combined Use of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Robotic Therapy for the Upper Limb

Neurologic disorders such as stroke and cerebral palsy are leading causes of long-term disability and can lead to severe incapacity and restriction of daily activities due to lower and upper limb impairments. Intensive physical and occupational therapy are still considered main treatments, but new adjunct therapies to standard rehabilitation that may optimize functional outcomes are being studied.
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that polarizes underlying brain regions through the application of weak direct currents through electrodes on the scalp, modulating cortical excitability. Increased interest in this technique can be attributed to its low cost, ease of use, and effects on human neural plasticity. Recent research has been performed to determine the clinical potential of tDCS in diverse conditions such as depression, Parkinson&#39;s disease, and motor rehabilitation after stroke. tDCS helps enhance brain plasticity and seems to be a promising technique in rehabilitation programs.
A number of robotic devices have been developed to assist in the rehabilitation of upper limb function after stroke. The rehabilitation of motor deficits is often a long process requiring multidisciplinary approaches for a patient to achieve maximum independence. These devices do not intend to replace manual rehabilitation therapy; instead, they were designed as an additional tool to rehabilitation programs, allowing immediate perception of results and tracking of improvements, thus helping patients to stay motivated.
Both tDSC and robot-assisted therapy are promising add-ons to stroke rehabilitation and target the modulation of brain plasticity, with several reports describing their use to be associated with conventional therapy and the improvement of therapeutic outcomes. However, more recently, some small clinical trials have been developed that describe the associated use of tDCS and robot-assisted therapy in stroke rehabilitation. In this article, we describe the combined methods used in our institute for improving motor performance after stroke.

The combined use of transcranial direct current stimulation and robotic therapy as an add-on for conventional rehabilitation therapy may result in improved therapeutic outcomes due to modulation of brain plasticity. In this article, we describe the combined methods used in our institute for improving motor performance after stroke.

상 지 대 한 Transcranial 직접 현재 자극과 로봇 치료의 사용

Neurologic disorders such as stroke and cerebral palsy are leading causes of long-term disability and can lead to severe incapacity and restriction of ...

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Mice

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique proposed as an alternative or complementary treatment for several neuropsychiatric diseases. The biological effects of tDCS are not fully understood, which is in part explained due to the difficulty in obtaining human brain tissue. This protocol describes a tDCS mouse model that uses a chronically implanted electrode allowing the study of the long-lasting biological effects of tDCS. In this experimental model, tDCS changes the cortical gene expression and offers a prominent contribution to the understanding of the rationale for its therapeutic use.

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS in Mice

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a therapeutic technique proposed to treat psychiatric diseases. An animal model is essential for understanding the specific biological alterations evoked by tDCS. This protocol describes a tDCS mouse model that uses a chronically implanted electrode.

Transcranial 직류 자극 (tDCS) 마우스

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique proposed as an alternative or complementary treatment for ...

Stimulation Location Determination using a 3D Digitizer with High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

The abundance of neuroimaging data and rapid development of machine learning has made it possible to investigate brain activation patterns. However, causal evidence of brain area activation leading to a behavior is often left missing. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), which can temporarily alter brain cortical excitability and activity, is a noninvasive neurophysiological tool used to study causal relationships in the human brain. High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) technique that produces a more focal current compared to conventional tDCS. Traditionally, the stimulation location has been roughly determined through the 10-20 EEG system, because determining precise stimulation points can be difficult. This protocol uses a 3D digitizer with HD-tDCS to increase accuracy in determination of stimulation points. The method is demonstrated using a 3D digitizer for more accurate localization of stimulation points in the right temporo-parietal junction (rTPJ).

Presented here is a protocol to achieve higher accuracy in determination of stimulation location combining a 3D digitizer with high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation.

고화질 경부 직접 전류 자극이 있는 3D 디지타이저를 사용한 자극 위치 측정

The abundance of neuroimaging data and rapid development of machine learning has made it possible to investigate brain activation patterns. However, ...

In Vivo Intracellular Recording of Type-Identified Rat Spinal Motoneurons During Trans-Spinal Direct Current Stimulation

Intracellular recording of spinal motoneurons in vivo provides a &#8220;gold standard&#8221; for determining the cells&#8217; electrophysiological characteristics in the intact spinal network and holds significant advantages relative to classical in vitro or extracellular recording techniques. An advantage of in vivo intracellular recordings is that this method can be performed on adult animals with a fully mature nervous system, and therefore many observed physiological mechanisms can be translated to practical applications. In this methodological paper, we describe this procedure combined with externally applied constant current stimulation, which mimics polarization processes occurring within spinal neuronal networks. Trans-spinal direct current stimulation (tsDCS) is an innovative method increasingly used as a neuromodulatory intervention in rehabilitation after various neurological injuries as well as in sports. The influence of tsDCS on the nervous system remains poorly understood and the physiological mechanisms behind its actions are largely unknown. The application of the tsDCS simultaneously with intracellular recordings enables us to directly observe changes of motoneuron membrane properties and characteristics of rhythmic firing in response to the polarization of the spinal neuronal network, which is crucial for the understanding of tsDCS actions. Moreover, when the presented protocol includes the identification of the motoneuron with respect to an innervated muscle and its function (flexor versus extensor) as well as the physiological type (fast versus slow) it provides an opportunity to selectively investigate the influence of tsDCS on identified components of spinal circuitry, which seem to be differently affected by polarization. The presented procedure focuses on surgical preparation for intracellular recordings and stimulation with an emphasis on the steps which are necessary to achieve preparation stability and reproducibility of results. The details of the methodology of the anodal or cathodal tsDCS application are discussed while paying attention to practical and safety issues.

This protocol describes in vivo intracellular recording of rat lumbar motoneurons with simultaneous trans-spinal direct current stimulation. The method enables us to measure membrane properties and to record rhythmic firing of motoneurons before, during and after anodal or cathodal polarization of the spinal cord.

트랜스 척추 직접 전류 자극 중 유형 식별 쥐 척추 운동 신경의 생체 내 세포 내 기록

Intracellular recording of spinal motoneurons in vivo provides a &#8220;gold standard&#8221; for determining the cells&#8217; electrophysiological ...

Simultaneous Application of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation during Virtual Reality Exposure

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a form of non-invasive brain stimulation that changes the likelihood of neuronal firing through modulation of neural resting membranes. Compared to other techniques, tDCS is relatively safe, cost-effective, and can be administered while individuals are engaged in controlled, specific cognitive processes. This latter point is important as tDCS may predominantly affect intrinsically active neural regions. In an effort to test tDCS as a potential treatment for psychiatric illness, the protocol described here outlines a novel procedure that allows the simultaneous application of tDCS during exposure to trauma-related cues using virtual reality (tDCS+VR) for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (NCT03372460). In this double-blind protocol, participants are assigned to either receive 2 mA tDCS, or sham stimulation, for 25 minutes while passively watching three 8-minute standardized virtual reality drives through Iraq or Afghanistan, with virtual reality events increasing in intensity during each drive. Participants undergo six sessions of tDCS+VR over the course of 2-3 weeks, and psychophysiology (skin conductance reactivity) is measured throughout each session. This allows testing for within and between session changes in hyperarousal to virtual reality events and adjunctive effects of tDCS. Stimulation is delivered through a built-in rechargeable battery-driven tDCS device using a 1 (anode) x 1 (cathode) unilateral electrode set-up. Each electrode is placed in a 3 x 3 cm (current density 2.22 A/m2) reusable sponge pocket saturated with 0.9% normal saline. Sponges with electrodes are attached to the participant&#8217;s skull using a rubber headband with the electrodes placed such that they target regions within the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. The virtual reality headset is placed over the tDCS montage in such a way as to avoid electrode interference.

This manuscript outlines a novel protocol to allow the simultaneous application of transcranial direct current stimulation during exposure to warzone trauma-related cues using virtual reality for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder.

가상 현실 노출 중 경두개 직접 전류 자극의 동시 적용

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a form of non-invasive brain stimulation that changes the likelihood of neuronal firing through ...

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) for Memory Enhancement

Memory enhancement is one of the great challenges in cognitive neuroscience and neurorehabilitation. Among various techniques used for memory enhancement, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is emerging as an especially promising tool for improvement of memory functions in a non-invasive manner. Here, we present a tDCS protocol that can be applied for memory enhancement in healthy-participant studies as well as in aging and dementia research. The protocol uses weak constant anodal current to stimulate cortical targets within cortico-hippocampal functional network engaged in memory processes. The target electrode is placed either on the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) or the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), while the return electrode is placed extracranially (i.e., on the contralateral cheek). In addition, we outline a more advanced method of oscillatory tDCS, mimicking a natural brain rhythm to promote hippocampus-dependent memory functions, which can be applied in a personalized and non-personalized manner. We present illustrative results of associative and working memory improvement following single tDCS sessions (20 minutes) in which the described electrode montages were used with current intensities between 1.5 mA and 1.8 mA. Finally, we discuss crucial steps in the protocol and methodological decisions that must be made when designing a tDCS study on memory.

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS for Memory Enhancement

A protocol for memory enhancement by using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) targeting dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices, as core cortical nodes within hippocampo-cortical network, is presented. The protocol has been well evaluated in healthy-participant studies and is applicable to aging and dementia research as well.

Memory enhancement is one of the great challenges in cognitive neuroscience and neurorehabilitation. Among various techniques used for memory enhancement, ...