This work was funded by NIH R01EY020560-01 and by a W.M. Keck Young Scholar in Medical Research Award. The authors would like to thank Joseph Bedont for his assistance during the imaging of retinal preparations and injections.

1. Plasmid preparation for electroporation
The DNA concentration required for electroporation is 5&mu;g/&mu;l. This typically requires the desired plasmids to be amplified using a Maxi-prep (Qiagen) or equivalent method followed by a purification and concentration of the DNA to the working amount. The following steps describe the preparation of DNA to the working amount.
<ol>
<li>Aliquot 100 &mu;g of DNA (from Maxi-prep or equivalent) and dilute the volume to 100 &mu;L for ease of manipula...

<ol>
	<li>Neumann, E., Rosenheck, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Permeability+changes+induced+by+electric+impulses+in+vesicular+membranes.">Permeability changes induced by electric impulses in vesicular membranes.</a> J. Membr. Biol. 10, 279-290 (1972).</li><li>Turnbull, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Letter:+Letter:+An+alternate+explanation+for+the+permeability+changes+induced+by+electrical+impulses+in+vesicular+membranes.">Letter: Letter: An alternate explanation for the permeability changes induced by electrical impulses in vesicular membranes.</a> J. Membr. Biol. 14, 193-196 (1973).</li><li>Zimmermann, U., Schulz, J., Pilwat, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcellular+ion+flow+in+Escherichia+coli+B+and+electrical+sizing+of+bacterias.">Transcellular ion flow in Escherichia coli B and electrical sizing of bacterias.</a> Biophys. J. 13, 1005-1013 (1973).</li><li>Kinosita, K., Tsong, T. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Voltage-induced+pore+formation+and+hemolysis+of+human+erythrocytes.">Voltage-induced pore formation and hemolysis of human erythrocytes.</a> Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 471, 227-242 (1977).</li><li>Neumann, E., Schaefer-Ridder, M., Wang, Y., Hofschneider, P. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+transfer+into+mouse+lyoma+cells+by+electroporation+in+high+electric+fields.">Gene transfer into mouse lyoma cells by electroporation in high electric fields.</a> EMBO J. 1, 841-845 (1982).</li><li>Swartz, M., Eberhart, J., Mastick, G. S., Krull, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sparking+new+frontiers:+using+in+vivo+electroporation+for+genetic+manipulations.">Sparking new frontiers: using in vivo electroporation for genetic manipulations.</a> Dev. Biol. 233, 13-21 (2001).</li><li>Matsuda, T., Cepko, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electroporation+and+RNA+interference+in+the+rodent+retina+in+vivo+and+in+vitro.">Electroporation and RNA interference in the rodent retina in vivo and in vitro.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101, 16-22 (2004).</li><li>Matsuda, T., Cepko, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlled+expression+of+transgenes+introduced+by+in+vivo+electroporation.">Controlled expression of transgenes introduced by in vivo electroporation.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 104, 1027-1032 (2007).</li><li>Onishi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pias3-dependent+SUMOylation+directs+rod+photoreceptor+development.">Pias3-dependent SUMOylation directs rod photoreceptor development.</a> Neuron. 61, 234-246 (2009).</li><li>Onishi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+orphan+nuclear+hormone+receptor+ERRbeta+controls+rod+photoreceptor+survival.">The orphan nuclear hormone receptor ERRbeta controls rod photoreceptor survival.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 107, 11579-11584 (2010).</li><li>Kim, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Core+Paired-Type+and+POU+Homeodomain-Containing+Transcription+Factor+Program+Drives+Retinal+Bipolar+Cell+Gene+Expression.">A Core Paired-Type and POU Homeodomain-Containing Transcription Factor Program Drives Retinal Bipolar Cell Gene Expression.</a> J. Neurosci. 28, 7748-7764 (2008).</li></ol>

In vivo electroporation represents a rapid and efficient method for
the transformation of retinal cells with DNA expression plasmids. This
method allows the experimenter to perform gain of function studies by
ectopically introducing a gene of interest under the control of a
ubiquitously expressed promoter or to perform loss of function studies
by using shRNA constructs targeting genes of interest. Furthermore,
multiple DNA plasmids can be electroporated simultaneously, allowing
the experimenter to analyze multip...

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
 	<tr>
 	<th>Name of Reagent</th>
 <th>Company</th>
 <th>Catalogue Number</th>
 <th>Comments</th>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	<td>Buffer Saturated Phenol</td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>15513-039</td>
 <td>N/A</td>
 </tr>
 	 <tr>
	 	<td>Chloroform</td>
 <td>J.T. Baker</td>
 <td>9180-03</td>
 <td>N/A</td>
 </tr>

 <tr>
 	<td>Sodium Acetate</td>
 <td>J.T. Baker</td>
 <td>3470-05</td>
 <td>3 M stock</td>
 </tr>

 <tr>
 	<td>Fast Green FCF</td>
 <td>Fisher Biotech</td>
 <td>BP123-10</td>
 <td>10 % stock </td>
 </tr>

 <tr>
 	<td>Isopropyl alcohol prep</td>
 <td>Tyco Healthcare</td>
 <td>6918</td>
 <td>N/A</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	<td>30-guage needle</td>
 <td>Terumo Medical Corp.</td>
 <td>SG2-3013</td>
 <td>N/A</td>
 </tr>

 <tr>
 	<td>Exmire microsyringe</td>
 <td>Ito Corporation</td>
 <td>MS*E05</td>
 <td>N/A</td>
 </tr>

 <tr>
 	<td>Tweezertrode (tweezer electrode)</td>
 <td>BTX Instrument, Genetronics Inc.</td>
 <td>522</td>
 <td>N/A</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	<td>Electro Square Porator (electroporator)</td>
 <td>BTX Instrument, Genetronics Inc.</td>
 <td>ECM 830</td>
 <td>N/A</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	<td>O.C.T. Compound</td>
 <td>Sakura Finetek USA</td>
 <td>4583</td>
 <td>N/A</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

in vivo electroporation of developing mouse retina

The functional characterization of genes expressed during mammalian retinal development remains a significant challenge. Gene targeting to generate constitutive or conditional loss of function knockouts remains cost and labor intensive, as well as time consuming. Adding to these challenges, retina expressed genes may have essential roles outside the retina leading to unintended confounds when using a knockout approach. Furthermore, the ability to ectopically express a gene in a gain of function experiment can be extremely valuable when attempting to identify a role in cell fate specification and/or terminal differentiation.
We present a method for the rapid and efficient incorporation of DNA plasmids into the neonatal mouse retina by electroporation. The application of short electrical impulses above a certain field strength results in a transient increase in plasma membrane permeability, facilitating the transfer of material across the membrane 1,2,3,4. Groundbreaking work demonstrated that electroporation could be utilized as a method of gene transfer into mammalian cells by inducing the formation of hydrophilic plasma membrane pores allowing the passage of highly charged DNA through the lipid bilayer 5. Continuous technical development has resulted in the viability of electroporation as a method for in vivo gene transfer in multiple mouse tissues including the retina, the method for which is described herein 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. 
DNA solution is injected into the subretinal space so that DNA is placed between the retinal pigmented epithelium and retina of the neonatal (P0) mouse and electrical pulses are applied using a tweezer electrode. The lateral placement of the eyes in the mouse allows for the easy orientation of the tweezer electrode to the necessary negative pole-DNA-retina-positive pole alignment. Extensive incorporation and expression of transferred genes can be identified by postnatal day 2 (P2). Due to the lack of significant lateral migration of cells in the retina, electroporated and non-electroporated regions are generated. Non-electroporated regions may serve as internal histological controls where appropriate. 
Retinal electroporation can be used to express a gene under a ubiquitous promoter, such as CAG, or to disrupt gene function using shRNA constructs or Cre-recombinase. More targeted expression can be achieved by designing constructs with cell specific gene promoters. Visualization of electroporated cells is achieved using bicistronic constructs expressing GFP or by co-electroporating a GFP expression construct. Furthermore, multiple constructs may be electroporated for the study of combinatorial gene effects or simultaneous gain and loss of function of different genes. Retinal electroporation may also be utilized for the analysis of genomic cis-regulatory elements by generating appropriate expression constructs and deletion mutants. Such experiments can be used to identify cis-regulatory regions sufficient or required for cell specific gene expression 11. Potential experiments are limited only by construct availability.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In vivo Electroporation of Developing Mouse Retina at JoVE.com

In vivo Electroporation of Developing Mouse Retina

A method for the incorporation of plasmid DNA into murine retinal cells for the purpose of performing either gain- or loss of function studies in vivo is presented. This method capitalizes on the transient increase in permeability of cell plasma membranes induced by the application of an external electrical field.

In vivo Electroporation of Developing Mouse Retina

The functional characterization of genes expressed during mammalian retinal development remains a significant challenge.  Gene targeting to generate ...

in-vivo-electroporation-of-developing-mouse-retina

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Neuroscience

20.6K 조회수.  Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. 이득 또는 기능 연구의 손실 중 하나를 수행하기위한 목적으로 murine 망막 세포에 플라스미드 DNA의 결합을위한 방법 생체내에 제공됩니다. 이 방법은 외부 전기장의 응용 프로그램에 의해 유도된 세포 플라즈마 점막의 투과성에서 일시적 증가에 capitalizes.