우리는 토론을위한 버나드 Charroux 감사합니다. 이 작품은 KCL 의생명 학교에서 후원했다.

1. Drosophila의 망막의 해부 <ol><li> 인산염과 함께 한 잘의 3 자 유리 슬라이드를 작성하면 (PBS 1X) 호수 버퍼, 그리고 CO 2에 의해 파리를 마취. 남성과 여성 모두가이 실험을 위해 사용될 수 있습니다. </li><li> 파리 anesthetized되면​​ 집게를 사용하여 하나의 플라이를 선택하고 PBS의 작은 접시에 놓으십시오. </li><li> 해부 현미경, 집게와 코을 공략하고 포셉의 두 번째 세트를 사용하여 목을 severing하여 시체에서 머리를 분리합니다. </li><li> 왼쪽 / 오른쪽 정중선 두뇌를 공개 microscissors와 파리 머리를 따라 반으로, 코에서 파리 머리를 개최. </li><li> 망막을 선택하고, 슈나이더 매체로 채워진 3 - 그럼 유리 슬라이드의 잘 두 번째로 전송하는 컷 피펫 팁을 사용합니다. </li><li> 첫째, 벗겨 다음 머리 표피의 대부분 및 집게로 머리를 제거합니다. 라미나와 각막 사이에 끼워 넣으면 망막 보관하십시오. </li><li> 다음, 유리 슬라이드의 직접 위치 신선한 샤이더 매체의 드롭 (50 μl)로 망막을 전송. </li></ol> 2. ommatidia의 해부 <ol><li> 해부의 최종 목적 (즉시 이미지 또는 문화 여부) 및 형광 현미경 (직접 또는 거꾸로)의 광학에 따라이 단계는 현미경 슬라이드 또는 24 잘 플레이트에서 두 자리를 취할 수 있습니다. 이 부검의 최종 목적은 ommatidia은 유리 슬라이드에 직접 해부하는 것입니다. </li><li> 중 포셉와 망막의 가장 지느러미 또는 복부 끝부분을 파악. microscissors를 사용하여 안구의 중간에있는 ommatidia를 노출하는 등의 / 복부 정중선을 따라 절반 망막를 잘라. </li><li> 각막가 다운 향하게하고 라미나가 직면한 것을 같은 망막을 파악하기 위해 계속합니다. 훌륭한 텅스텐 바늘을 사용 라미나 및 각막에서 ommatidia를 분리합니다. </li><li> 싱글 ommatidia 및 ommatidia 그룹은 잘 또는 슬라이드의 하단에 수집합니다. 계속하기 전에 수집 미칠 수있는 큰 파편을 제거합니다. </li></ol> 3. 치료, 얼룩 및 이미징 <ol><li> autophagy 분석, 1:1000 슈나이더 드롭 Lysotracker (처음엔 희석 슈나이더의 1시 10분하고는 슬라이드에있는 드롭 0.5 μl 추가), 혼합 희석하고 10 초간 기다립니다. </li><li> ommatidia의 뒤에두고 신중, 슬라이드에서 여분 액체를 제거합니다. 이것은 훌륭한 젤 로딩 팁과 함께 최선을 이루어집니다. </li><li> ommatidia을 충당하기 위해 Vectashield의 ​​드롭 추가 nailpolish와 coverslip과 인감을 적용합니다. </li></ol> 4. 대표 결과 : 프로토콜의 좋은 실행 라미나 조각하여 함께 보관하지만 훌륭하게 각막 측면에 구분된 단일 ommatidia와 ommatidia 작은 그룹의 전화 번호를 남겨주해야합니다. autophagosomes, lysosomes 및 autophagolysosomes (그림 3) 표시, GFP 및 Lysotracker : 이들은 Atg8을 시각화하기 위해이 예제에서와 같이 몇 군데 있습니다. 방법은 라이브 영상에 사용될 수 있습니다, 그러나이 경우에는 그것은 슈나이더의 매체 autofluorescence이 어려운 낮은 강도 형광 신호를 구별할 수있게 할 것이라고 언급되어야하는 것입니다. 추가 문제는 photoreceptors에 연결된 상태 안료 과립 특히 적색 채널에서 강렬한 형광진다는 것입니다. 브라이트 사진은 정품 organelles에서 그들을 구분해야 할 수 있습니다. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2882/2882fig1.jpg" alt="그림 1"/> 그림 1. 절개 절차의 플로우 차트는 파리 망막에서 단일 ommatidia 또는 ommatidia 작은 그룹을 얻을 수 있습니다. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2882/2882fig2.jpg" alt="그림 2"/> 그림 2. 여기 간단한 프로토콜의 가능한 변화가 비행 유전자를 포함, 최대 24 시간 절개의 약물 관리 하류에 대한 해부와 얼룩이나 culturing의 상류 고령화 것을 설명합니다. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2882/2882fig3.jpg" alt="그림 3"/> 그림 3 아에서 해부를 한 ommatidium에 autophagosomes과 lysosomes의 공촛점 스캔, GMR - Gal4, UAS - Atro75QN, UAS - GFP :. : Atg8 / + 비행, 29에서 polyglutamine Atrophin 돌연변이 및 이상 12일을 표현 ° C. 브라이트 패널 (오른쪽 위)은 ommatidium의 거의 그대로 구조를 표시하고 프레임 스캔 영역을 나타냅니다. 두 organelles의 융합으로 인한 붉은 자국의 Lysosomes, 녹색 autophagosomes, 자동 lysosomes는 노란색 나타납니다. 화살촉은 autophagosomes과 lysosomes 사이를 둘 다 지속적인 퓨전 이벤트를 나타냅니다.

<ol>
	<li>Marsh, J. L., Thompson, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+in+the+study+of+neurodegenerative+disease.">Drosophila in the study of neurodegenerative disease.</a> Neuron. 52, 169-178 (2006).</li><li>Mizushima, N., Levine, B., Cuervo, A. M., Klionsky, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autophagy+fights+disease+through+cellular+self-digestion.">Autophagy fights disease through cellular self-digestion.</a> Nature. 451, 1069-1075 (2008).</li><li>Nisoli, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurodegeneration+by+polyglutamine+Atrophin+is+not+rescued+by+induction+of+autophagy.">Neurodegeneration by polyglutamine Atrophin is not rescued by induction of autophagy.</a> Cell Death Differ. 17, 1577-1587 (2010).</li><li>Charroux, B., Fanto, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+fine+line+between+waste+disposal+and+recycling:+DRPLA+fly+models+illustrate+the+importance+of+completing+the+autophagy+cycle+for+rescuing+neurodegeneration.">The fine line between waste disposal and recycling: DRPLA fly models illustrate the importance of completing the autophagy cycle for rescuing neurodegeneration.</a> Autophagy. 6, 667-669 (2010).</li><li>Hardie, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Voltage-sensitive+potassium+channels+in+Drosophila+photoreceptors.">Voltage-sensitive potassium channels in Drosophila photoreceptors.</a> J Neurosci. 11, 3079-3095 (1991).</li><li>Lee, T., Luo, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mosaic+analysis+with+a+repressible+cell+marker+(MARCM)+for+Drosophila+neural+development.">Mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) for Drosophila neural development.</a> Trends in neurosciences. 24, 251-254 (2001).</li><li>Xu, T., Rubin, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+genetic+mosaics+in+developing+and+adult+Drosophila+tissues.">Analysis of genetic mosaics in developing and adult Drosophila tissues.</a> Development. 117, 1223-1237 (1993).</li><li>Gambis, A., Dourlen, P., Steller, H., Mollereau, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-color+in+vivo+imaging+of+photoreceptor+apoptosis+and+development+in+Drosophila.">Two-color in vivo imaging of photoreceptor apoptosis and development in Drosophila.</a> Dev Biol. 351, 128-1234 (2011).</li><li>Napoletano, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polyglutamine+Atrophin+provokes+neurodegeneration+in+Drosophila+by+repressing+fat.">Polyglutamine Atrophin provokes neurodegeneration in Drosophila by repressing fat.</a> The EMBO journal. 30, 945-958 (2011).</li><li>Ravikumar, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+mTOR+induces+autophagy+and+reduces+toxicity+of+polyglutamine+expansions+in+fly+and+mouse+models+of+Huntington+disease.">Inhibition of mTOR induces autophagy and reduces toxicity of polyglutamine expansions in fly and mouse models of Huntington disease.</a> Nature. 36, 585-595 (2004).</li><li>Zou, S., Meadows, S., Sharp, L., Jan, L. Y., Jan, Y. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-wide+study+of+aging+and+oxidative+stress+response+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Genome-wide study of aging and oxidative stress response in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97, 13726-13731 (2000).</li></ol>

관심 없음 충돌 선언하지 않습니다.

여기에 제시 단일 ommatidium의 해부은 Drosophila의 눈 모델 neurodegeneration와 같은 프로세스에 대한 깊이 세포 생물 학적 정보의 수집이 가능합니다. photoreceptor의 뉴런은 다른 뉴런보다 쉽게 접근할 수 있으며, 그 세포질은 생체내에 neurodegeneration를 정할 많은 모델 proficiently 사용되는 매우 동일한 세포에서, 특히 대형 및 소포의 역학 연구를 따라서 적합합니다. 해부의 중요한 측면은 주로 ?...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><th> 시약의 이름 </th><th> 회사 </th><th> 카탈로그 번호 </th><th> 댓글 (옵션) </th></tr><tr><td> 휴대용 CO2 디스펜서 </td><td> Flystuff </td><td> 59-150 </td><td> 리필도 가능 </td></tr><tr><td> 더몬트 트위터 노 5 </td><td> 과학 한천 </td><td> T5034 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 3 웰 유리 슬라이드 </td><td> EMS </td><td> 71561-01 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 마이크로 가위 </td><td> VWR </td><td> HAMMHSB516 - 09 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 슈나이더의 중간 </td><td> VWR </td><td> 733-1663 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> LysoTracker 레드 DND - 99 </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> L7528 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Superfrost 슬라이드 </td><td> VWR </td><td> 631-0108 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Dapi과 Vectashield </td><td> 벡터 실험실 </td><td> H - 1200 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Coverslips </td><td> VWR </td><td> 631-1336 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

single drosophila ommatidium dissection and imaging

과일 파리 Drosophila melanogaster는 신경 과학 연구에 귀중한 기여를했다 때문에 강력한 유전자 1 neurodegenerative 질병에 대한 모델로 널리 사용되고 있습니다. 특히 플라이 눈이 Drosophila 신경계의 가장 접근 및 생명 소모품 부분이되고, neurodegeneration 연구에 대한 선택의 기관이되었습니다. 그러나 그대로 눈의 주요 주의해야 할 점은 neurodegeneration의 이해 파라마운트 아르 등 autophagy 역학이 같은 세포 이미징 이벤트에 때문에 안료의 강렬한 autofluorescence의 어려움이다. 우리는 최근 Dentatorubro - Pallidoluysian 위축의 비행 모델 (DRPLA) 3, 4 autophagic 장애에 대한 우리의 이해에 필수적인되었습니다 단일 ommatidia 3의 해부와 문화를 사용했습니다. 우리는 지금 크게 neurodegeneration에 대한 비행 모델의 가능성을 확장시킬 수 있습니다 electrophysiological 연구 5에서 조정이 기술의 종합적인 설명 (그림 1),보고합니다. 이 방법은 이미지 subcellular 이벤트를 살하고 (그림 2) photoreceptor 세포에 효과적인 약물 관리를 모니터에 적용할 수 있습니다. 모자이크 기법 6-8와 함께 사용한 경우, 유전적으로 다른 세포의 반응은 (그림 2) 병렬로 assayed 수 있습니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Single Drosophila Ommatidium Dissection and Imaging at JoVE.com

Single Drosophila Ommatidium Dissection and Imaging

성인의 사용에 제한 요인<em&gt; Drosophila</emneurodegeneration 및 세포 생물학을 공부&gt; 눈이 세포 프로세스의 어려운 이미지입니다. 우리는 약물 치료 및 고급 이미지의 대상이 될 수있는 진실된 - 진정한 기본의 연결을 세포 배양을 생성하는 단일 ommatidia의 절개를 설명합니다.

단일 Drosophila Ommatidium의 해부 및 이미징

The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has made invaluable contributions to neuroscience research and has been used widely as a model for neurodegenerative ...

single-drosophila-ommatidium-dissection-and-imaging

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Single Drosophila Ommatidium Dissection and Imaging

14.0K 조회수.  King's College London. 성인의 사용에 제한 요인 Drosophila 눈이 세포 프로세스의 어려운 이미지입니다. 우리는 약물 치료 및 고급 이미지의 대상이 될 수있는 진실된 - 진정한 기본의 연결을 세포 배양을 생성하는 단일 ommatidia의 절개를 설명합니다.

비디오: Single Drosophila Ommatidium Dissection and Imaging

Single Sensillum Recordings in the Insects Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae

The sense of smell is essential for insects to find foods, mates, predators, and oviposition sites3. Insect olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are enclosed in sensory hairs called sensilla, which cover the surface of olfactory organs. The surface of each sensillum is covered with tiny pores, through which odorants pass and dissolve in a fluid called sensillum lymph, which bathes the sensory dendrites of the OSNs housed in a given sensillum. The OSN dendrites express odorant receptor (OR) proteins, which in insects function as odor-gated ion channels4, 5. The interaction of odorants with ORs either increases or decreases the basal firing rate of the OSN. This neuronal activity in the form of action potentials embodies the first representation of the quality, intensity, and temporal characteristics of the odorant6, 7.
Given the easy access to these sensory hairs, it is possible to perform extracellular recordings from single OSNs by introducing a recording electrode into the sensillum lymph, while the reference electrode is placed in the lymph of the eye or body of the insect. In Drosophila, sensilla house between one and four OSNs, but each OSN typically displays a characteristic spike amplitude. Spike sorting techniques make it possible to assign spiking responses to individual OSNs. This single sensillum recording (SSR) technique monitors the difference in potential between the sensillum lymph and the reference electrode as electrical spikes that are generated by the receptor activity on OSNs1, 2, 8. Changes in the number of spikes in response to the odorant represent the cellular basis of odor coding in insects. Here, we describe the preparation method currently used in our lab to perform SSR on Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae, and show representative traces induced by the odorants in a sensillum-specific manner.

Single Sensillum Recordings in the Insects Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae

Electrophysiological responses of olfactory sensory neurons to odorants can be measured in insects using single sensillum recordings. In this video article we will demonstrate how to perform single sensillum recordings in the antennae of the vinegar fly (Drosophila melanogaster) and the maxillary palps of the malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae).

곤충의 단일 Sensillum 레코딩 Drosophila melanogaster과 아노 펠 레스 gambiae</em

The sense of smell is essential for insects to find foods, mates, predators, and oviposition sites3. Insect olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are enclosed ...

연구

신경과학

Dissection and Imaging of Active Zones in the Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction

The Drosophila larvae neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an excellent model for the study of synaptic structure and function. Drosophila is well known for the ease of powerful genetic manipulations and the larval nervous system has proven particularly useful in studying not only normal function but also perturbations that accompany some neurological disease (Lloyd and Taylor, 2010). Many key synaptic molecules found in Drosophila are also found in mammals and like most CNS excitatory synapses in mammals, the Drosophila NMJ is glutamatergic and demonstrates activity-dependent remodeling (Kohet al. , 2000). Additionally, Drosophila neurons can be individually identified because their innervation patterns are stereotyped and repetitive making it possible to study identified synaptic terminals, such as those between motor neurons and the body-wall muscle fibers that they innervate (Keshishian and Kim, 2004). The existence of evolutionarily conserved synapse components along with the ease of genetic and physical manipulation make the Drosophila model ideal for investigating the mechanisms underlying synaptic function (Budnik, 1996).
The active zones at synaptic terminals are of particular interest because these are the sites of neurotransmitter release. NC82 is a monoclonal antibody that recognizes the Drosophila protein Bruchpilot (Brp), a CAST1/ERC family member that is an important component of the active zone (Waghet al. , 2006). Brp was shown to directly shape the active zone T-bar and is responsible for effectively clustering Ca2+ channels beneath the T-bar density (Fouquetet al. , 2009). Mutants of Brp have reduced Ca2+ channel density, depressed evoked vesicle release, and altered short-term plasticity (Kittelet al. , 2006). Alterations to active zones have been observed in Drosophila disease models. For example, immunofluorescence using the NC82 antibody showed that the active zone density was decreased in models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (Ratnaparkhiet al. , 2008; Zweieret al. , 2009). Thus, evaluation of active zones, or other synaptic proteins, in Drosophila larvae models of disease may provide a valuable initial clue to the presence of a synaptic defect.
Preparing whole-mount dissected Drosophila larvae for immunofluorescence analysis of the NMJ requires some skill, but can be accomplished by most scientists with a little practice. Presented is a method that provides for multiple larvae to be dissected and immunostained in the same dissection dish, limiting environmental differences between each genotype and providing sufficient animals for confidence in reproducibility and statistical analysis.

Dissection and Imaging of Active Zones in the Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of Drosophila melanogaster is an important model system for studying normal synaptic function as well as perturbations to synaptic function found in certain neurological diseases. We present a protocol for dissection of the Drosophila larval motor system and immunostaining for active zone proteins within the NMJ.

의 활성 영역의 해부 및 이미징 Drosophila 신경근육학 융티온

The Drosophila  larvae neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an excellent model for the study of synaptic structure and function. Drosophila  is well known for ...

Live-cell Imaging of Sensory Organ Precursor Cells in Intact Drosophila Pupae

Since the discovery of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), there has been a revolutionary change in the use of live-cell imaging as a tool for understanding fundamental biological mechanisms. Striking progress has been particularly evident in Drosophila, whose extensive toolkit of mutants and transgenic lines provides a convenient model to study evolutionarily-conserved developmental and cell biological mechanisms. We are interested in understanding the mechanisms that control cell fate specification in the adult peripheral nervous system (PNS) in Drosophila. Bristles that cover the head, thorax, abdomen, legs and wings of the adult fly are individual mechanosensory organs, and have been studied as a model system for understanding mechanisms of Notch-dependent cell fate decisions. Sensory organ precursor (SOP) cells of the microchaetes (or small bristles), are distributed throughout the epithelium of the pupal thorax, and are specified during the first 12 hours after the onset of pupariation. After specification, the SOP cells begin to divide, segregating the cell fate determinant Numb to one daughter cell during mitosis. Numb functions as a cell-autonomous inhibitor of the Notch signaling pathway.
Here, we show a method to follow protein dynamics in SOP cell and its progeny within the intact pupal thorax using a combination of tissue-specific Gal4 drivers and GFP-tagged fusion proteins 1,2.This technique has the advantage over fixed tissue or cultured explants because it allows us to follow the entire development of an organ from specification of the neural precursor to growth and terminal differentiation of the organ. We can therefore directly correlate changes in cell behavior to changes in terminal differentiation. Moreover, we can combine the live imaging technique with mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) system to assess the dynamics of tagged proteins in mitotic SOPs under mutant or wildtype conditions. Using this technique, we and others have revealed novel insights into regulation of asymmetric cell division and the control of Notch signaling activation in SOP cells (examples include references 1-6,7 ,8).

Live-cell Imaging of Sensory Organ Precursor Cells in Intact Drosophila Pupae

In this video, we describe a method for live cell imaging of asymmetrically dividing sensory organ progenitor cells and epidermal cells in intact Drosophila pupae

손상의 감각 오르간 전구체 세포 라이브 셀 이미징 Drosophila Pupae

Since the discovery of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), there has been a revolutionary change in the use of live-cell imaging as a tool for understanding ...

Dissection and Immunohistochemistry of Larval, Pupal and Adult Drosophila Retinas

The compound eye of Drosophila melanogaster consists of about 750 ommatidia (unit eyes). Each ommatidium is composed of about 20 cells, including lens-secreting cone cells, pigment cells, a bristle cell and eight photoreceptors (PRs) R1-R8 2. The PRs have specialized microvillar structures, the rhabdomeres, which contain light-sensitive pigments, the Rhodopsins (Rhs). The rhabdomeres of six PRs (R1-R6) form a trapezoid and contain Rh1 3 4. The rhabdomeres of R7 and R8 are positioned in tandem in the center of the trapezoid and share the same path of light. R7 and R8 PRs stochastically express different combinations of Rhs in two main subtypes5: In the 'p' subtype, Rh3 in pR7s is coupled with Rh5 in pR8s, whereas in the 'y' subtype, Rh4 in yR7s is associated with Rh6 in yR8s 6 7 8.
Early specification of PRs and development of ommatidia begins in the larval eye-antennal imaginal disc, a monolayer of epithelial cells. A wave of differentiation sweeps across the disc9 and initiates the assembly of undifferentiated cells into ommatidia10-11. The 'founder cell' R8 is specified first and recruits R1-6 and then R7 12-14. Subsequently, during pupal development, PR differentiation leads to extensive morphological changes 15, including rhabdomere formation, synaptogenesis and eventually rh expression.
In this protocol, we describe methods for retinal dissections and immunohistochemistry at three defined periods of retina development, which can be applied to address a variety of questions concerning retinal formation and developmental pathways. Here, we use these methods to visualize the stepwise PR differentiation at the single-cell level in whole mount larval, midpupal and adult retinas (Figure 1).

Dissection and Immunohistochemistry of Larval, Pupal and Adult Drosophila Retinas

The Drosophila retina is a crystal-like lattice composed of a small number of cell types that are generated in a stereotyped manner 1. Its amenability to sophisticated genetic analysis allows the study of complex developmental programs. This protocol describes dissections and immunohistochemistry of retinas at three discrete developmental stages, with a focus on photoreceptor differentiation.

애벌레의, Pupal 및 성인의 해부 및 Immunohistochemistry<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; 망막

The compound eye of Drosophila melanogaster consists of about 750 ommatidia (unit eyes). Each ommatidium is composed of about 20 cells, including ...

Labeling of Single Cells in the Central Nervous System of Drosophila melanogaster

In this article we describe how to individually label neurons in the embryonic CNS of Drosophila melanogaster by juxtacellular injection of the lipophilic fluorescent membrane marker DiI. This method allows the visualization of neuronal cell morphology in great detail. It is possible to label any cell in the CNS: cell bodies of target neurons are visualized under DIC optics or by expression of a fluorescent genetic marker such as GFP. After labeling, the DiI can be transformed into a permanent brown stain by photoconversion to allow visualization of cell morphology with transmitted light and DIC optics. Alternatively, the DiI-labeled cells can be observed directly with confocal microscopy, enabling genetically introduced fluorescent reporter proteins to be colocalised. The technique can be used in any animal, irrespective of genotype, making it possible to analyze mutant phenotypes at single cell resolution.

Labeling of Single Cells in the Central Nervous System of Drosophila melanogaster

We present a technique for labeling single neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila embryos, which allows the analysis of neuronal morphology by either transmitted light or confocal microscopy.

의 중추 신경계에 단일 세포의 라벨<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

In this  article we describe how to individually label neurons in the embryonic CNS of Drosophila melanogaster by juxtacellular injection of the ...

A Single-fly Assay for Foraging Behavior in Drosophila

For many animals, hunger promotes changes in the olfactory system in a manner that facilitates the search for appropriate food sources. In this video article, we describe an automated assay to measure the effect of hunger or satiety on olfactory dependent food search behavior in the adult fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. In a light-tight box illuminated by red light that is invisible to fruit flies, a camera linked to custom data acquisition software monitors the position of six flies simultaneously. Each fly is confined to walk in individual arenas containing a food odor at the center. The testing arenas rest on a porous floor that functions to prevent odor accumulation. Latency to locate the odor source, a metric that reflects olfactory sensitivity under different physiological states, is determined by software analysis. Here, we discuss the critical mechanics of running this behavioral paradigm and cover specific issues regarding fly loading, odor contamination, assay temperature, data quality, and statistical analysis.

A Single-fly Assay for Foraging Behavior in Drosophila

In this video article, we describe an automated assay to measure the effect of hunger or satiety on olfactory dependent food search behavior in the adult fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

먹이 찾아 돌아다 행동에 대한 단일 비행 분석에<em&gt; 초파리</em

For many animals, hunger promotes changes in the olfactory system in a manner that facilitates the search for appropriate food sources. In this video ...

Live Imaging of Drosophila Larval Neuroblasts

Stem cells divide asymmetrically to generate two progeny cells with unequal fate potential: a self-renewing stem cell and a differentiating cell. Given their relevance to development and disease, understanding the mechanisms that govern asymmetric stem cell division has been a robust area of study. Because they are genetically tractable and undergo successive rounds of cell division about once every hour, the stem cells of the Drosophila central nervous system, or neuroblasts, are indispensable models for the study of stem cell division. About 100 neural stem cells are located near the surface of each of the two larval brain lobes, making this model system particularly useful for live imaging microscopy studies. In this work, we review several approaches widely used to visualize stem cell divisions, and we address the relative advantages and disadvantages of those techniques that employ dissociated versus intact brain tissues. We also detail our simplified protocol used to explant whole brains from third instar larvae for live cell imaging and fixed analysis applications.

Live Imaging of Drosophila Larval Neuroblasts

This protocol details a streamlined method used to conduct live cell imaging in the context of an intact larval brain. Live cell imaging approaches are invaluable for the study of asymmetric neural stem cell divisions as well as other neurogenic and developmental processes, consistently uncovering mechanisms that were previously overlooked.

의 라이브 영상<em&gt; 초파리</em&gt; 애벌레 Neuroblasts

Stem cells divide asymmetrically to generate two progeny cells with unequal fate potential: a self-renewing stem cell and a differentiating cell. Given ...

A Simple One-step Dissection Protocol for Whole-mount Preparation of Adult Drosophila Brains

There is an increasing interest in using Drosophila to model human brain degenerative diseases, map neuronal circuitries in adult brains, and study the molecular and cellular basis of higher brain functions. A whole-mount preparation of adult brains with well-preserved morphology is critical for such whole brain-based studies, but can be technically challenging and time-consuming. This protocol describes an easy-to-learn, one-step dissection approach of an adult fly head in less than 10 s, while keeping the intact brain attached to the rest of the body to facilitate subsequent processing steps. The procedure helps remove most of the eye and tracheal tissues normally associated with the brain that can interfere with the later imaging step, and also places less demand on the quality of the dissecting forceps. Additionally, we describe a simple method that allows convenient flipping of the mounted brain samples on a coverslip, which is important for imaging both sides of the brains with similar signal intensity and quality. As an example of the protocol, we present an analysis of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in adult brains of WT (w1118) flies. The high efficacy of the dissection method makes it particularly useful for large-scale adult brain-based studies in Drosophila.

A Simple One-step Dissection Protocol for Whole-mount Preparation of Adult Drosophila Brains

The adult Drosophila brain is a valuable system for studying neuronal circuitry, higher brain functions, and complex disorders. An efficient method to dissect whole brain tissue from the small fly head will facilitate brain-based studies. Here we describe a simple, one-step dissection protocol of adult brains with well-preserved morphology.

간단한 한 단계 성인의 전체 마운트 준비에 대한 해부 프로토콜<em&gt; 초파리</em&gt; 두뇌

There is an increasing interest in using Drosophila to model human brain degenerative diseases, map neuronal circuitries in adult brains, and study the ...

In Vivo Single-Molecule Tracking at the Drosophila Presynaptic Motor Nerve Terminal

An increasing number of super-resolution microscopy techniques are helping to uncover the mechanisms that govern the nanoscale cellular world. Single-molecule imaging is gaining momentum as it provides exceptional access to the visualization of individual molecules in living cells. Here, we describe a technique that we developed to perform single-particle tracking photo-activated localization microscopy (sptPALM) in Drosophila larvae. Synaptic communication relies on key presynaptic proteins that act by docking, priming, and promoting the fusion of neurotransmitter-containing vesicles with the plasma membrane. A range of protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions tightly regulates these processes and the presynaptic proteins therefore exhibit changes in mobility associated with each of these key events. Investigating how mobility of these proteins correlates with their physiological function in an intact live animal is essential to understanding their precise mechanism of action. Extracting protein mobility with high resolution in vivo requires overcoming limitations such as optical transparency, accessibility, and penetration depth. We describe how photoconvertible fluorescent proteins tagged to the presynaptic protein Syntaxin-1A can be visualized via slight oblique illumination and tracked at the motor nerve terminal or along the motor neuron axon of the third instar Drosophila larva.

In Vivo Single-Molecule Tracking at the Drosophila Presynaptic Motor Nerve Terminal

Here we illustrate how single molecule photo-activated localization microscopy can be carried out on the motor nerve terminal of a live Drosophila melanogaster third instar larva.

Vivo에서 단일 분자 초파리 연 접 모터 신경 맨끝에 추적

An increasing number of super-resolution microscopy techniques are helping to uncover the mechanisms that govern the nanoscale cellular world. ...

Single-cell Resolution Fluorescence Live Imaging of Drosophila Circadian Clocks in Larval Brain Culture

The circadian pacemaker circuit orchestrates rhythmic behavioral and physiological outputs coordinated with environmental cues, such as day/night cycles. The molecular clock within each pacemaker neuron generates circadian rhythms in gene expression, which underlie the rhythmic neuronal functions essential to the operation of the circuit. Investigation of the properties of the individual molecular oscillators in different subclasses of pacemaker neurons and their interaction with neuronal signaling yields a better understanding of the circadian pacemaker circuit. Here, we present a time-lapse fluorescent microscopy approach developed to monitor the molecular clockwork in clock neurons of cultured Drosophila larval brain. This method allows the multi-day recording of the rhythms of genetically encoded fluorescent circadian reporters at single-cell resolution. This setup can be combined with pharmacological manipulations to closely analyze real-time response of the molecular clock to various compounds. Beyond circadian rhythms, this multipurpose method in combination with powerful Drosophila genetic techniques offers the possibility to study diverse neuronal or molecular processes in live brain tissue.

Single-cell Resolution Fluorescence Live Imaging of Drosophila Circadian Clocks in Larval Brain Culture

The goal of this protocol is to establish ex vivo Drosophila larval brain culture optimized to monitor circadian molecular rhythms with long-term fluorescence time-lapse imaging. The application of this method to pharmacological assays is also discussed.

단일 셀 해상도 형광 애벌레 뇌 문화에 살고 있는 초파리 Circadian Clock의 이미징

The circadian pacemaker circuit orchestrates rhythmic behavioral and physiological outputs coordinated with environmental cues, such as day/night cycles. ...