Name: dissection of the drosophila pupal retina for immunohistochemistry, western analysis, and rna isolation
Uploaded: 2019-03-15T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Dissection of the Drosophila Pupal Retina for Immunohistochemistry, Western Analysis, and RNA Isolation at JoVE.com

We thank Zack Drum and our Reviewers for helpful comments on the manuscript. This work was supported by R15GM114729.&#160;

1. Tissue Preparation
<ol>
	<li>Set up Drosophila crosses (as described previously20) or culture specific Drosophila strains to obtain pupae of the desired genotype. To ensure that a large number of pupae emerge coincidently, establish these fly cultures in duplicate on nutrient-rich food media or standard food media generously supplemented with yeast-paste.</li>
	<li>Maintain Drosophila cultures at 25 &#176;C. For crosses utilizing the UAS-GAL4 system, GMR-GAL4</e...

<ol>
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The method of Drosophila pupal eye dissection described here allows for the isolation of 6 to 10 eye-brain complexes within 10 to 15 min. However, patience and practice are essential in order to master the dissection technique and improve the quality and speed of dissections. This short dissection time ensures that each eye is approximately the same developmental stage, reducing variability in the phenotype or gene expression of retinas in a data set. Whilst alternative protocols may require less practice to mas...

The Drosophila retina is composed of approximately 750 ommatidia surrounded by pigment cells arranged in a honeycomb lattice1,2,3,4. Each ommatidium contains eight photoreceptor neurons, four lens-secreting cone cells, and two primary pigment cells. Surrounding each ommatidium are pigment-producing lattice cells and sensory bristle groups. Due to its post-mitotic nature and stereotypical hexagonal arrangement, the Drosophila pupal retina provides an excellent model system for the study of morphogenetic processes including cell adhesion5,6,7,8,9,10 and apoptosis11,12,13,14,15.&#160;
Several published protocols utilize air pressure to extract eye-brain complexes from Drosophila pupae16,17,18. The protocol described here instead utilizes microdissection tools to carefully and precisely isolate eye-brain complexes with the goal of obtaining undamaged retinal tissue. This is crucial if retinas are to be utilized for morphological, protein, or gene expression analyses since damage to retinas can result in cellular stress or death, which could modify the cellular phenotype or gene expression. Additionally, after practice, 6 to 10 eye-brain complexes can be isolated in 10 to 15 min, facilitating the goal of minimizing variability in the age and developmental stage of dissected eye tissue.
The fixation, immunostaining, and whole-mount protocol described below is suitable for the preparation of Drosophila eyes for fluorescent microscopy. Retinas can be incubated with antibodies targeting proteins of interest. For example, antibodies to adherens junction components can be utilized to visualize the apical circumferences of cells so that characteristics including cell type, shape and arrangement can be assessed19. Prior to fixation, eyes can instead be cleaved from the brain for the purpose of extracting protein for Western analysis, or RNA for use in qRT-PCR or RNA-sequencing.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:655px;" width="655">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:145px;">Adobe Photoshop</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Adobe</td>
			<td style="width:95px;"></td>
			<td style="width:285px;">Image processing software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:145px;">Bamboo splints, 6&#34;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Ted Pella Inc</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">116</td>
			<td style="width:285px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:145px;">Beta mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">M3148</td>
			<td style="width:285px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:145px;">Beta-glycerol phosphate</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">50020</td>
			<td style="width:285px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="90">
			<td height="90" style="height:91px;width:145px;">Black dissecting dish</td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:95px;"></td>
			<td style="width:285px;">Glass petri dish filled to rim with SYLG170 or SYLG184 (colored black with finely ground charcoal powder). Leave at room temperature for 24-48 h to polymerize.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:145px;">Blade holder</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">10053</td>
			<td style="width:285px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:145px;">Bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">A7906</td>
			<td style="width:285px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:85px;width:145px;">cOmplete, EDTA-free protease inhibitor cocktail tablets</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">4693132001</td>
			<td style="width:285px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:145px;">Confocal microscope (Zeiss LSM 501)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:95px;"></td>
			<td style="width:285px;">or similar microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:145px;">Diethyl Pyrocarbonate (DEPC)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">40718</td>
			<td style="width:285px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:145px;">Double-sided tape</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">3M</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">665</td>
			<td style="width:285px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="67">
			<td height="67" style="height:67px;width:145px;">Drosophila food media, nutrient-rich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:95px;"></td>
			<td style="width:285px;">7.5% sucrose, 15% glucose, 2.5% agar, 20% brewers yeast, 5% peptone, 0.125% MgSO4.7H2O, 0.125% CaCl2.2H20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:85px;width:145px;">Drosophila food media, standard</td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:95px;"></td>
			<td style="width:285px;">Bloomington Drosophila Stock center cornmeal recipe.&#160; (https://bdsc.indiana.edu/information/recipes/bloomfood.html)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:145px;">Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">E6758</td>
			<td style="width:285px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:145px;">Fixative solution</td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:95px;"></td>
			<td style="width:285px;">4% formadehyde in PBS, pH 7.4.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:145px;">Fluorescence microscope (TCS SP5 DM microscope)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td style="width:95px;"></td>
			<td style="width:285px;">or similar microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:145px;">Forceps&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">91150-20</td>
			<td style="width:285px;">Forceps should be sharpened frequently.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:145px;">Formaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">28908</td>
			<td style="width:285px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:145px;">Glass 9-well dishes&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">7220-85</td>
			<td style="width:285px;">Also known as 9-well dishes&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:145px;">Glass coverslips (22 x 22 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">12-542-B</td>
			<td style="width:285px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:145px;">Glass microscope slides (25 x 75 x 1 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">12-550-413</td>
			<td style="width:285px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:145px;">Glass petri dish</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">3160-100BO</td>
			<td style="width:285px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:145px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">G5516</td>
			<td style="width:285px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:145px;">Image Studio software version 5.2.5</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">LI-COR Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:95px;"></td>
			<td style="width:285px;">Image processing software for quantitation of Western blots.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:145px;">Laemmli sample buffer</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">161-0737</td>
			<td style="width:285px;">2X concentrated protein sample buffer, supplement with beta mercaptoethanol as per manufacturer&#39;s instructions.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:145px;">Lane marker reducing sample buffer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">39000</td>
			<td style="width:285px;">5X concentrated protein sample buffer.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:145px;">Microcentrigure tubes&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Axygen</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">MCT-175-C</td>
			<td style="width:285px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:145px;">Microdissection scissors&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">15000-03</td>
			<td style="width:285px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:145px;">Microwell trays (72 x 10 &#181;L wells)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Nunc</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">438733</td>
			<td style="width:285px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:145px;">Mounting media</td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:95px;"></td>
			<td style="width:285px;">0.5% N-propylgallate and 80% glycerol in PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:145px;">N-propylgallate</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">P3130</td>
			<td style="width:285px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:145px;">Nuclease-free PBS (PBS in 0.1% DEPC, pH 7.4)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:95px;"></td>
			<td style="width:285px;">Add appropriate volume of DEPC to PBS, mix well and incubate overnight at room temperature with constant stirring. Autoclave for at least 20 minutes. Store at 4&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:145px;">PBS (phosphate buffered saline pH 7.4)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">P5368</td>
			<td style="width:285px;">Prepare according to manufacturer&#39;s instructions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:85px;width:145px;">PBS+pi (PBS plus protease and phoshatase inhibitors)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:95px;"></td>
			<td style="width:285px;">10mM NaF, 1mM beta-glycerol phosphate and 1mM Na3VO4 in PBS, pH 7.4.&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:145px;">PBT</td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:95px;"></td>
			<td style="width:285px;">0.15% TritonX and 0.5% bovine serum albumin in PBS, pH 7.4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:145px;">Pin holder</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">26016-12</td>
			<td style="width:285px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:145px;">Primary antibody: goat anti-GAPDH</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Imgenex</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">IMG-3073</td>
			<td style="width:285px;">For Western blotting. Used at 1:3000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:145px;">Primary antibody: rabbit anti-cleaved Dcp-1</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Cell signaling</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">9578S</td>
			<td style="width:285px;">For immunofluorescence. Used at 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:145px;">Primary antibody: rat anti-DEcad</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">DCAD2</td>
			<td style="width:285px;">For immunofluorescence. Used at 1:20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:145px;">Primary antibody: rat anti-DEcad</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">DOI: 10.1006/dbio.1994.1287</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">DCAD1</td>
			<td style="width:285px;">&#160;Gift from Tadashi Uemura. Used at 1:100.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:145px;">RNA extration kit: Relia Prep RNA tissue Miniprep kit&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Promega</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Z6110</td>
			<td style="width:285px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:85px;width:145px;">Rnase decontamination reagent (RNase Away)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Molecular BioProducts</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">7002</td>
			<td style="width:285px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:145px;">Scalpel blades</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">10050</td>
			<td style="width:285px;">Break off small piece of scapel blade and secure in blade holder.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:85px;width:145px;">Secondary antibody: 488-conjugated&#160; donkey anti-rat IgG (H+L)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">712-545-153</td>
			<td style="width:285px;">For immunofluorescence. Used at 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:145px;">Secondary antibody: cy3-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">111-165-144</td>
			<td style="width:285px;">For immunofluorescence. Used at 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:85px;width:145px;">Secondary antibody: HRP-conjugated goat anti-rat IgG (H+L)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">7077</td>
			<td style="width:285px;">For Western blotting. Used at 1:3000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:85px;width:145px;">Secondary antibody: HRP-conjugated rabbit anti-goat IgG (H+L)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">305-035-003</td>
			<td style="width:285px;">For Western blotting. Used at 1:3000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:145px;">Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">S3014</td>
			<td style="width:285px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:145px;">Sodium Fluoride</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">215309</td>
			<td style="width:285px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:145px;">Sodium vanadate</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">50860</td>
			<td style="width:285px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:145px;">Spectrophotometer (NanoDrop)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">2000c&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:285px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:145px;">Stereo dissecting microscope (M60 or M80)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td style="width:95px;"></td>
			<td style="width:285px;">or similar microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:145px;">Sylgard (black)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Dow Corning</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">SYLG170</td>
			<td style="width:285px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:145px;">Sylgard (transparent)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Dow Corning</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">SYLG184</td>
			<td style="width:285px;">Color black with finely ground charcol powder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:145px;">Tissue: Kimwipes</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">KIMTECH</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">34120</td>
			<td style="width:285px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:145px;">TritonX</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">T8787</td>
			<td style="width:285px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:145px;">Trizma hydrochloride pH7.5</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">T5941</td>
			<td style="width:285px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:145px;">Tungsten needle, fine</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">10130-10</td>
			<td style="width:285px;">Insert into pin holder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:145px;">Tungsten needle, sturdy</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">10130-20</td>
			<td style="width:285px;">Insert into pin holder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="130">
			<td height="130" style="height:130px;width:145px;">WTLB (western tissue lysis buffer)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:95px;"></td>
			<td style="width:285px;">150mM NaCl, 1.5% Triton X-100, 1mM EDTA, 20% glycerol, 10mM NaF, 1mM beta-glycerol phosphate and 1mM Na3VO4 in 50mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5). Supplement with one cOmplete protease cocktail table per 10 mL solution.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="67">
			<td height="67" style="height:67px;width:145px;">Yeast paste</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">(local supermarket)</td>
			<td style="width:95px;"></td>
			<td style="width:285px;">Approximately 2 tablespoons Fleischmann&#39;s ActiveDry Yeast (or similar) dissolved in ~20 mL distilled H2O</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

dissection of the drosophila pupal retina for immunohistochemistry, western analysis, and rna isolation

The Drosophila pupal retina provides an excellent model system for the study of morphogenetic processes during development. In this paper, we present a reliable protocol for the dissection of the delicate Drosophila pupal retina. Our surgical approach utilizes readily-available microdissection tools to open pupae and precisely extract eye-brain complexes. These can be fixed, subjected to immunohistochemistry, and retinas then mounted onto microscope slides and imaged if the goal is to detect cellular or subcellular structures. Alternatively, unfixed retinas can be isolated from brain tissue, lysed in appropriate buffers and utilized for protein gel electrophoresis or mRNA extraction (to assess protein or gene expression, respectively). Significant practice and patience may be required to master the microdissection protocol described, but once mastered, the protocol enables relatively quick isolation of mainly undamaged retinas.

The pupal eye is an easily-accessible tissue that serves as an excellent model to investigate developmental processes that drive morphogenesis. Here, we have dissected retinas and used immunofluorescence to detect the apical adherens junctions (Figure 3A, C) or the Dcp-1&#160;caspase (Figure 3D) that is activated during apoptosis (Figure 3)25. These approaches allow one to clearly observe cel...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Dissection of the Drosophila Pupal Retina for Immunohistochemistry, Western Analysis, and RNA Isolation at JoVE.com

Dissection of the Drosophila Pupal Retina for Immunohistochemistry, Western Analysis, and RNA Isolation

This paper presents a surgical method for dissecting Drosophila pupal retinas along with protocols for the processing of tissue for immunohistochemistry, western analysis, and RNA-extraction.&#160;

Dissection of the Drosophila Pupal Retina for Immunohistochemistry, Western Analysis, and RNA Isolation

The Drosophila pupal retina provides an excellent model system for the study of morphogenetic processes during development. In this paper, we present a ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Large-scale Zebrafish Embryonic Heart Dissection for Transcriptional Analysis

The zebrafish embryonic heart is composed of only a few hundred cells, representing only a small fraction of the entire embryo. Therefore, to prevent the ...

Live-imaging of the Drosophila Pupal Eye

Live-imaging of the Drosophila Pupal Eye

Inherent processes of Drosophila pupal development can shift and distort the eye epithelium in ways that make individual cell behavior difficult to track ...

Isolation of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells from the Periventricular Region of the Adult Rat and Human Spinal Cord

Adult rat and human spinal cord neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) cultured in growth factor-enriched medium allows for the proliferation of ...

A Rapid and Efficient Method to Dissect Pupal Wings of Drosophila Suitable for Immunodetections or PCR Assays

A Rapid and Efficient Method to Dissect Pupal Wings of Drosophila Suitable for Immunodetections or PCR Assays

Wing development in Drosophila melanogaster is an ideal model for studying morphogenesis at tissue level. These appendages develop from a group of cells ...

Correlative Super-resolution and Electron Microscopy to Resolve Protein Localization in Zebrafish Retina

We present a method to investigate the subcellular protein localization in the larval zebrafish retina by combining super-resolution light microscopy and ...

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the ...

Dissection and Staining of Drosophila Pupal Ovaries

Dissection and Staining of Drosophila Pupal Ovaries

Unlike adult Drosophila ovaries, pupal ovaries are relatively difficult to access and examine due to their small size, translucence, and encasing within a ...

Thawing, Culturing, and Cryopreserving Drosophila Cell Lines

Thawing, Culturing, and Cryopreserving Drosophila Cell Lines

There are currently over 160 distinct Drosophila cell lines distributed by the Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC). With genome engineering, the ...

Imaging and Analysis of Tissue Orientation and Growth Dynamics in the Developing Drosophila Epithelia During Pupal Stages

Imaging and Analysis of Tissue Orientation and Growth Dynamics in the Developing Drosophila Epithelia During Pupal Stages

Within multicellular organisms, mature tissues and organs display high degrees of order in the spatial arrangements of their constituent cells. A ...

Preparation of Drosophila Larval and Pupal Testes for Analysis of Cell Division in Live, Intact Tissue

Preparation of Drosophila Larval and Pupal Testes for Analysis of Cell Division in Live, Intact Tissue

Experimental analysis of cells dividing in living, intact tissues and organs is essential to our understanding of how cell division integrates with ...