우리는이 원고를 개선하는 데 도움이 그들의 사려깊은 제안 리뷰어 감사드립니다. 이 작품은 NIH에서 MVC (NS21072, HD23315) ACW (GM61139, S10RR017970)와 메신저 (AI073898, GM056927)에 교부금에 의해 지원되었다. MK는 NIH 연수 보조금 (5T32 AI007180)에 의해 부분적으로 지원되었다.

<ol>
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관심의 어떠한 충돌 선언 없습니다.

이 예비 신경 세포 문화 및 감염 시스템은 HSV-1 지연과 재활 성화를 밑에있는 분자 메커니즘을 탐구하기위한 간단하고 효과적인 방법을 제공합니다. 시스템은 충실히 recapitulates 인간 감염 모두에서, 라이브 - 동물 모델에서 정의된 대기 시간의 인정된 특징을. 바이러스가 SCG 문화에 숨어있는 경우, 전염성 입자와 바이러스 lytic 유전자 제품은 감지되지 않습니다. latently에 감염된 뉴런?...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 시약 </td><td> 회사 </td><td> # 카탈로그 </td><td> 댓글 </td></tr><tr><td> 70μm 나일론 필터 (세포 스트레이너) </td><td> BD Biosciences </td><td> 352,350 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 1X 행크의 균형 소금 솔루션 (HBSS - / -) </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 14,175 </td><td> W / O CaCl 2, MgCl 2 </td></tr><tr><td> 1X 최소 필수 미디어 (MEM) </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 11095-080 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 5 - 플루오로-2&#39;-deoxyuridine </td><td> 시그마 </td><td> F0503 </td><td> -20 ° C에 상점; 1X MEM에서 20 밀리미터 재고를 준비 </td></tr><tr><td> 96 - 웰 평판 잘 하단 TC 플레이트 </td><td> 코닝 </td><td> 3599 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 아시 클로 비어 </td><td> &lt;em&gt;를 Calbiochem </td><td> 114,798 </td><td> -20 ° C에 상점, DMSO 31 밀리미터 재고를 준비 </td></tr><tr><td> Aphidicolin </td><td> Calbiochem </td><td> 178,273 </td><td> -20 ° C에 상점, DMSO 10 밀리미터 재고를 준비 </td></tr><tr><td> B-27 보충 </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 17504-44 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Collagenase </td><td> 시그마 </td><td> C2674 </td><td> -20 ° C에 상점; - / - HBSS 10 MG / ML 주식을 준비 </td></tr><tr><td> D-(+)-포도당 </td><td> 시그마 </td><td> G6152 </td><td> H 2 O에서 40 %의 주식을 준비, 필터는 4 시에 소독 및 저장 ° C </td></tr><tr><td> L-글루타민 </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 25030-081 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Laminin </td><td> 시그마 </td><td> L2020 </td><td> 급속 냉동 20 μl, H 2O에 1 MG / ML 주식을 준비-80시 aliquats &amp; 매장 ° C ~; 묽은 ~ 2 μg / ML 작업 conc. 멸균 H 2 O의 </td></tr><tr><td> Leibovit&#39;z L-15 미디어 </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 11,415 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 신경 성장 인자 </td><td> 할란 연구소 </td><td> BT.5017 </td><td> / - - HBSS에서 50 μg / ML 주식을 준비, -80 ° C에 저장 </td></tr><tr><td> Neurobasal 매체 </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 12,348 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Phosphonoacetic 산 (PAA) </td><td> 시그마 </td><td> P6909 </td><td> -20 ° C에 상점, H 2 O, 75 MG / ML 주식을 준비 </td></tr><tr><td> 폴리-D-라이신 브롬화 수 소산 </td><td> 시그마 </td><td> P0899 </td><td> -20 ° C에 상점, H 2 O, 20 MG / ML 주식을 준비 </td></tr><tr><td> 둥둥 꼬리 콜라겐 </td><td> Millipore </td><td> 08-115 </td><td>농도는 공급 많이 따라 다릅니다, 4시 점포 ° C와 묽은으로 0.66 밀리그램 / ML 작업 conc. 멸균 H 2 O의 </td></tr><tr><td> Trichostatin </td><td> 시그마 </td><td> T8552 </td><td> -20 ° C에 상점, DMSO 1 밀리미터 재고를 준비 </td></tr><tr><td> 트립신 2.5 % </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 15090-04 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

a primary neuron culture system for the study of herpes simplex virus latency and reactivation

헤르페스는 타입 1 (HSV-1)은 말초 신경의 평생 잠재 감염을 수립 바이러스를 단순. 이것은 잠재 저장조는 전송을 보장하고 임상 질환에 기여하는 반복 재가입 이벤트의 소스입니다. 현재 antivirals는 잠재 저수지에 영향을주지 않으며 아무 백신은 없습니다. lytic 복제 분자 세부 사항이 잘 특성화 있지만, 뉴런에 지연 시간을 조절하는 메커니즘은 애매 남아있다. 대기 시간 우리의 현재 이해 바이러스성 유전자 요구 사항 및 면역 반응의 역할을 정의를 위해 불가 결한되어 작은 동물 모델을 이용한 생체내 연구에서에서 파생됩니다. 그러나, 그것은 살아있는 동물의 면역 또는 이외의 연결을 지원하는 세포에 의해 매개 감염의 더 일반적인 결과로부터 바이러스 신경 세포의 관계에 대한 구체적인 효과를 구별하는 것은 불가능합니다. 또한, 동물 실험은 호스트를 조작 위해 비용이 많이 드는 시간 소모와 사용 가능한 옵션 면에서 제한처리합니다. 이러한 한계를 극복하기 위해 신경 세포 전용 시스템은 필사적으로 지연 및 재가입의 생체내 특성에를 재현하지만, 균질성 및 접근성 측면에서 조직 문화의 혜택을 제공하는 필요합니다. 여기에 맞는 HSV-1 지연과 재활 성화를 공부 쥐 우수한 경추 신경 (SCG) (그림 1)에서 교양 기본 공감 뉴런을 이용한 체외 모델을 제시 대부분의 모든 원하는 조건의 경우. 이외의 연결을 세포를 제거하면 거의 균질 TrkA + 신경 세포 배양은 lytic 복제를 억제하는 아시 클로 비어의 존재 (ACV)에서 HSV-1에 감염됩니다. 아래 ACV 제거, 신실 대기의 인정 특징이 효율적으로 설립되어 전시 비생산적인 HSV-1 감염. 특히, lytic mRNAs, 단백질 및 전염성 바이러스도 선택의 부재에서 감지되고 있지만, 지연 - 관련 증명서 (LAT) 특급이온 핵의 연결에 지속. 바이러스성 genomes은 신경 세포 당 25의 평균 사본 번호로 유지하고 생산 PI3 - 키나 아제 / Akt 신호 또는 신경 성장 인자 1의 간단한 인출을 방해하여 복제에 시달릴 수 있습니다. 바이러스성 lytic 단백질 Us11로 융합된 재조합 HSV-1 인코딩 EGFP는 쉽게 계량되어 재가입으로 인한 복제 기능, 실시간 마커를 제공합니다. 화학 요법과 더불어, 그러한 lentiviral 벡터를 통해 RNA 간섭이나 유전자 전달과 같은 유전적인 방법론이 성공적으로 매우 어려운이 아니라면 불가능한, 동물에있는 기계론의 연구를 허용하는 시스템에 적용할 수 있습니다. 요약에서는 SCG 기반 HSV-1 대기 / 재가입 시스템은 뉴런의 HSV1 지연 및 재활 성화, 누구의 솔루션을 새로운 치료법을 개발에 신선한 통찰력을 제공할 수 있습니다 바이러스학의 오랜 퍼즐을 제어하는​​ 분자 메커니즘을 해명하기위한 강력하고 필요한 도구를 제공합니다 대상 t그는 herpesvirus 탱크를 잠재.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Primary Neuron Culture System for the Study of Herpes Simplex Virus Latency and Reactivation at JoVE.com

A Primary Neuron Culture System for the Study of Herpes Simplex Virus Latency and Reactivation

프로토콜은 헤르페스 바이러스 1 형 (HSV-1) 대기 시간과 재활 성화를 단순 공부하는 효율적이고 재현성 모델 시스템을 설명합니다. 분석은 동질적인 교감 신경 세포 배양을 고용하고 RNA 간섭 및 재조합 단백질의 표현을 포함한 다양한 도구를 사용하여 바이러스 신경 세포 상호 작용의 분자 해부을 허용합니다.

헤르페스의 연구를위한 예비 신경 세포 문화 시스템은 바이러스 지연 및 재가입을 단순

Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) establishes a life-long latent infection in peripheral neurons. This latent reservoir is the source of recurrent ...

a-primary-neuron-culture-system-for-study-herpes-simplex-virus

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

17.2K 조회수.  New York University School of Medicine. 프로토콜은 헤르페스 바이러스 1 형 (HSV-1) 대기 시간과 재활 성화를 단순 공부하는 효율적이고 재현성 모델 시스템을 설명합니다. 분석은 동질적인 교감 신경 세포 배양을 고용하고 RNA 간섭 및 재조합 단백질의 표현을 포함한 다양한 도구를 사용하여 바이러스 신경 세포 상호 작용의 분자 해부을 허용합니다.

비디오: A Primary Neuron Culture System for the Study of Herpes Simplex Virus Latency and Reactivation

Detection of Infectious Virus from Field-collected Mosquitoes by Vero Cell Culture Assay

Mosquitoes transmit a number of distinct viruses including important human pathogens such as West Nile virus, dengue virus, and chickungunya virus. Many of these viruses have intensified in their endemic ranges and expanded to new territories, necessitating effective surveillance and control programs to respond to these threats. One strategy to monitor virus activity involves collecting large numbers of mosquitoes from endemic sites and testing them for viral infection. In this article, we describe how to handle, process, and screen field-collected mosquitoes for infectious virus by Vero cell culture assay. Mosquitoes are sorted by trap location and species, and grouped into pools containing &le;50 individuals. Pooled specimens are homogenized in buffered saline using a mixer-mill and the aqueous phase is inoculated onto confluent Vero cell cultures (Clone E6). Cell cultures are monitored for cytopathic effect from days 3-7 post-inoculation and any viruses grown in cell culture are identified by the appropriate diagnostic assays. By utilizing this approach, we have isolated 9 different viruses from mosquitoes collected in Connecticut, USA, and among these, 5 are known to cause human disease. Three of these viruses (West Nile virus, Potosi virus, and La Crosse virus) represent new records for North America or the New England region since 1999. The ability to detect a wide diversity of viruses is critical to monitoring both established and newly emerging viruses in the mosquito population.

We describe a method to process and screen field-collected mosquitoes for a diversity of viruses by Vero cell culture assay. By employing this technique, we have detected 9 different viruses from 4 taxonomic families in mosquitoes collected in Connecticut.

베로 세포 배양 분석하여 필드 수집 모기에서 감염성 바이러스의 검출

Mosquitoes transmit a number of distinct viruses including important human pathogens such as West Nile virus, dengue virus, and chickungunya virus. Many ...

연구

면역학 및 감염병학

Ex Vivo Infection of Murine Epidermis with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1

To enter its human host, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) must overcome the barrier of mucosal surfaces, skin, or cornea. HSV-1 targets keratinocytes during initial entry and establishes a primary infection in the epithelium, which is followed by latent infection of neurons. After reactivation, viruses can become evident at mucocutaneous sites that appear as skin vesicles or mucosal ulcers. How HSV-1 invades skin or mucosa and reaches its receptors is poorly understood. To investigate the invasion route of HSV-1 into epidermal tissue at the cellular level, we established an ex vivo infection model of murine epidermis, which represents the site of primary and recurrent infection in skin. The assay includes the preparation of murine skin. The epidermis is separated from the dermis by dispase II treatment. After floating the epidermal sheets on virus-containing medium, the tissue is fixed and infection can be visualized at various times postinfection by staining infected cells with an antibody against the HSV-1 immediate early protein ICP0. ICP0-expressing cells can be observed in the basal keratinocyte layer already at 1.5 hr postinfection. With longer infection times, infected cells are detected in suprabasal layers, indicating that infection is not restricted to the basal keratinocytes, but the virus spreads to other layers in the tissue. Using epidermal sheets of various mouse models, the infection protocol allows determining the involvement of cellular components that contribute to HSV-1 invasion into tissue. In addition, the assay is suitable to test inhibitors in tissue that interfere with the initial entry steps, cell-to-cell spread and virus production. Here, we describe the ex vivo infection protocol in detail and present our results using nectin-1- or HVEM-deficient mice.

Ex Vivo Infection of Murine Epidermis with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1

The skin is one target tissue of the human pathogen herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). To explore the invasion route of HSV-1 into tissue, we established an ex vivo infection model of murine epidermal sheets which represent the outermost layer of skin.

단순 포진 바이러스 1 형과 쥐 표피의 생체 감염

To enter its human host, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) must overcome the barrier of mucosal surfaces, skin, or cornea. HSV-1 targets keratinocytes ...

Zika Virus Infectious Cell Culture System and the In Vitro Prophylactic Effect of Interferons

Zika Virus (ZIKV) is an emerging pathogen that is linked to fetal developmental abnormalities such as microcephaly, eye defects, and impaired growth. ZIKV is an RNA virus of the Flaviviridae family. ZIKV is mainly transmitted by mosquitoes, but can also be spread by maternal to fetal vertical transmission as well as sexual contact. To date, there are no reliable treatment or vaccine options available to protect those infected by the virus. The development of a reproducible, effective Zika virus infectious cell culture system is critical for studying the molecular mechanisms of ZIKV replication as well as drug and vaccine development. In this regard, a protocol describing a mammalian cell-based in vitro Zika virus culture system for viral production and growth analysis is reported here. Details on the formation of plaques by Zika virus on a cell monolayer and plaque assay for measuring viral titer are presented. Viral genome replication kinetics and double-stranded RNA genome replicatory intermediates are determined. This culture platform was utilized to screen against a library of a small set of cytokines resulting in the identification of interferon-&#945; (IFN-&#945;), IFN-&#946; and IFN-&#947; as potent inhibitors of Zika viral growth. In summary, an in vitro infectious Zika viral culture system and various virological assays are demonstrated in this study, which has the potential to greatly benefit the research community in elucidating further the mechanisms of viral pathogenesis and the evolution of viral virulence. Antiviral IFN-alpha can further be evaluated as a prophylactic, post-exposure prophylactic, and treatment option for Zika virus infections in high-risk populations, including infected pregnant women.

Zika Virus Infectious Cell Culture System and the In Vitro Prophylactic Effect of Interferons

Zika Virus (ZIKV), an emerging pathogen, is linked to fetal developmental abnormalities and microcephaly. The establishment of an effective infectious cell culture system is crucial for studies of ZIKV replication as well as vaccine and drug development. In this study, various virological assays pertaining to ZIKV are illustrated and discussed.

Zika 바이러스 감염 세포 배양 시스템과<em&gt; 체외</em인터페론의&gt; 예방 효과

Zika Virus (ZIKV) is an emerging pathogen that is linked to fetal developmental abnormalities such as microcephaly, eye defects, and impaired growth. ZIKV ...

Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle

Currently, it is possible to construct recombinant forms of various viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), that carry foreign genes such as a reporter or marker protein in their genomes. These recombinant viruses usually faithfully mimic the life cycle of the original virus in infected cells and exhibit the same host range dependence. The development of a recombinant virus enables the efficient screening of inhibitors and the identification of specific host factors. However, to date the construction of recombinant hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been difficult because of various experimental limitations. The main limitation is the compact genome size of HBV, and a fairly strict genome size that does not exceed 1.3 genome sizes, that must be packaged into virions. Thus, the size of a foreign gene to be inserted should be smaller than 0.4 kb if no deletion of the genome DNA is to be performed. Therefore, to overcome this size limitation, the deletion of some HBV DNA is required. Here, we report the construction of recombinant HBV encoding a reporter gene to monitor the early stage of the HBV replication cycle by replacing part of the HBV core-coding region with the reporter gene by deleting part of the HBV pol coding region. Detection of recombinant HBV infection, monitored by the reporter activity, was highly sensitive and less expensive than detection using the currently available conventional methods to evaluate HBV infection. This system will be useful for a number of applications including high-throughput screening for the identification of anti-HBV inhibitors, host factors and virus-susceptible cells.

Here we describe a newly developed hepatitis B virus (HBV) reporter system to monitor the early stages of the HBV life cycle. This simplified in vitro system will aid in the screening of anti-HBV agents using a high-throughput strategy.

B 형 간염 바이러스 리포터 시스템 개발은 복제주기의 초기 단계를 모니터링하기

Currently, it is possible to construct recombinant forms of various viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), ...

Mouse- and Human-derived Primary Gastric Epithelial Monolayer Culture for the Study of Regeneration

In vitro studies of gastric wound repair typically involves the use of gastric cancer cell lines in a scratch-wound assay of cellular proliferation and migration. One critical limitation of such assays, however, is their homogenous assortment of cellular types. Repair is a complex process which demands the interaction of several cell types. Therefore, to study a culture devoid of cellular subtypes, is a concern that must be overcome if we are to understand the repair process. The gastric organoid model may alleviate this issue whereby the heterogeneous collection of cell types closely reflects that of the gastric epithelium or other native tissues in vivo. Demonstrated here is a novel, in vitro scratch-wound assay derived from human or mouse 3-dimensional organoids which can then be transferred to a gastric epithelial monolayer as either intact organoids or as a single cell suspension of dissociated organoids. The goal of the protocol is to establish organoid-derived gastric epithelial monolayers that can be used in a novel scratch-wound assay system to study gastric regeneration.

Here we describe a protocol for establishing and culturing human- and mouse-derived 3-dimensional (3D) gastric organoids, and the method for the transfer of 3D organoids to a 2-dimensional monolayer. The use of the gastric epithelial monolayer as a novel scratch-wound assay for regeneration studies is also described.

중생의 연구에 대 한 기본 위 상피 단층 문화 마우스 및 인간의 파생

In vitro studies of gastric wound repair typically involves the use of gastric cancer cell lines in a scratch-wound assay of cellular proliferation and ...

An Ex Vivo Chicken Primary Bursal-cell Culture Model to Study Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Pathogenesis

Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a birnavirus of economic importance to the poultry industry. The virus infects B cells, causing morbidity, mortality, and immunosuppression in infected birds. In this study, we describe the isolation of chicken primary bursal cells from the bursa of Fabricius, the culture and infection of the cells with IBDV, and the quantification of viral replication. The addition of chicken CD40 ligand significantly increased cell proliferation fourfold over six days of culture and significantly enhanced cell viability. Two strains of IBDV, a cell-culture adapted strain, D78, and a very virulent strain, UK661, replicated well in the ex vivo cell cultures. This model will be of use in determining how cells respond to IBDV infection and will permit a reduction in the number of infected birds used in IBDV pathogenesis studies. The model can also be expanded to include other viruses and could be applied to different species of birds.

An Ex Vivo Chicken Primary Bursal-cell Culture Model to Study Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Pathogenesis

Here we describe the isolation of chicken primary bursal cells from the bursa of Fabricius, the culture and infection of the cells with infectious bursal disease virus, and the quantification of viral replication.

Bursal 전염병 바이러스 병 인을 공부 하는 Ex Vivo 닭 기본 Bursal 세포 배양 모델

Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a birnavirus of economic importance to the poultry industry. The virus infects B cells, causing morbidity, ...

Temporal Analysis of the Nuclear-to-cytoplasmic Translocation of a Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Protein by Immunofluorescent Confocal Microscopy

Infected cell protein 0 (ICP0) of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is an immediate early protein containing a RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase. It is responsible for the proteasomal degradation of host restrictive factors and the subsequent viral gene activation. ICP0 contains a canonical nuclear localization sequence (NLS). It enters the nucleus immediately after de novo synthesis and executes its anti-host defense functions mainly in the nucleus. However, later in infection, ICP0 is found solely in the cytoplasm, suggesting the occurrence of a nuclear-to-cytoplasmic translocation during HSV-1 infection. Presumably ICP0 translocation enables ICP0 to modulate its functions according to its subcellular locations at different infection phases. In order to delineate the biological function and regulatory mechanism of ICP0 nuclear-to-cytoplasmic translocation, we modified an immunofluorescent microscopy method to monitor ICP0 trafficking during HSV-1 infection. This protocol involves immunofluorescent staining, confocal microscope imaging, and nuclear vs. cytoplasmic distribution analysis. The goal of this protocol is to adapt the steady state confocal images taken in a time course into a quantitative documentation of ICP0 movement throughout the lytic infection. We propose that this method can be generalized to quantitatively analyze nuclear vs. cytoplasmic localization of other viral or cellular proteins without involving live imaging technology.

ICP0 undergoes nuclear-to-cytoplasmic translocation during HSV-1 infection. The molecular mechanism of this event is not known. Here we describe the use of confocal microscope as a tool to quantify ICP0 movement in HSV-1 infection, which lays the groundwork for quantitatively analyzing ICP0 translocation in future mechanistic studies.

Immunofluorescent Confocal 현미경 검사 법에 의해 포진 심 플렉스 바이러스 1 단백질의 핵-세포질 전 좌의 시간적 분석

Infected cell protein 0 (ICP0) of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is an immediate early protein containing a RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase. It is ...

In Vitro ELISA Test to Evaluate Rabies Vaccine Potency

The growing global concern for the animal welfare is encouraging manufacturers and the National Control Laboratories (OMCLs) to follow the 3Rs strategy for the Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement of the laboratory animal testing. The development of in vitro approaches is recommended at the WHO and European levels as alternatives to the NIH test for evaluating the rabies vaccine potency. At the surface of the rabies virus (RABV) particle, trimers of glycoprotein constitute the major immunogen to induce Viral Neutralizing Antibodies (VNAbs). An ELISA test, where Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies (mAb-D1) recognize the trimeric form of the glycoprotein, has been developed to determine the contents of the native folded trimeric glycoprotein along with the production of the vaccine batches. This in vitro potency test demonstrated a good concordance with the NIH test and has been found suitable in collaborative trials by RABV vaccine manufacturers and OMCLs. Avoidance of animal use is an achievable objective in the near future.
The method presented is based on an indirect ELISA sandwich immunocapture using the mAb-D1 which recognizes the antigenic sites III (aa 330 to 338) of the trimeric RABV glycoprotein, i.e., the immunogenic RABV antigen. mAb-D1 is used for both coating and detection of glycoprotein trimers present in the vaccine batch. Since the epitope is recognized because of its conformational properties, the potentially denatured glycoprotein (less immunogenic) cannot be captured and detected by the mAb-D1. The vaccine to be tested is incubated in a plate sensitized with the mAb-D1. Bound trimeric RABV glycoproteins are identified by adding the mAb-D1 again, labeled with peroxidase and then revealed in the presence of substrate and chromogen. Comparison of the absorbance measured for the tested vaccine and the reference vaccine allows for the determination of the immunogenic glycoprotein content.

Here we describe an indirect ELISA sandwich immunocapture to determine the immunogenic glycoprotein contents in rabies vaccines. This test uses a neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody (mAb-D1) recognizing glycoprotein trimers. It is an alternative to the in vivo NIH test to follow the consistency of vaccine potency during production.

광견병 백신 효능을 평가하기 위한 시험관 내 ELISA 테스트

The growing global concern for the animal welfare is encouraging manufacturers and the National Control Laboratories (OMCLs) to follow the 3Rs strategy ...

Purification of High Yield Extracellular Vesicle Preparations Away from Virus

One of the major hurdles in the field of extracellular vesicle (EV) research today is the ability to achieve purified EV preparations in a viral infection setting. The presented method is meant to isolate EVs away from virions (i.e., HIV-1), allowing for a higher efficiency and yield compared to conventional ultracentrifugation methods. Our protocol contains three steps: EV precipitation, density gradient separation, and particle capture. Downstream assays (i.e., Western blot, and PCR) can be run directly following particle capture. This method is advantageous over other isolation methods (i.e., ultracentrifugation) as it allows for the use of minimal starting volumes. Furthermore, it is more user friendly than alternative EV isolation methods requiring multiple ultracentrifugation steps. However, the presented method is limited in its scope of functional EV assays as it is difficult to elute intact EVs from our particles. Furthermore, this method is tailored towards a strictly research-based setting and would not be commercially viable.

This protocol isolates extracellular vesicles (EVs) away from virions with high efficiency and yield by incorporating EV precipitation, density gradient ultracentrifugation, and particle capture to allow for a streamlined workflow and a reduction of starting volume requirements, resulting in reproducible preparations for use in all EV research.

바이러스로부터 멀리 떨어진 고수율 세포 외 소포 제제의 정제

One of the major hurdles in the field of extracellular vesicle (EV) research today is the ability to achieve purified EV preparations in a viral infection ...

siRNA Electroporation to Modulate Autophagy in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1-Infected Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells

Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) induces autophagy in both, immature dendritic cells (iDCs) as well as mature dendritic cells (mDCs), whereas autophagic flux is only observed in iDCs. To gain mechanistic insights, we developed efficient strategies to interfere with HSV-1-induced autophagic turnover. An inhibitor-based strategy, to modulate HSV-1-induced autophagy, constitutes the first choice, since it is an easy and fast method. To circumvent potential unspecific off-target effects of such compounds, we developed an alternative siRNA-based strategy, to modulate autophagic turnover in iDCs upon HSV-1 infection. Indeed, electroporation of iDCs with FIP200-specific siRNA prior to HSV-1 infection is a very specific and successful method to ablate FIP200 protein expression and thereby to inhibit autophagic flux. Both presented methods result in the efficient inhibition of HSV-1-induced autophagic turnover in iDCs, whereby the siRNA-based technique is more target specific. An additional siRNA-based approach was developed to selectively silence the protein expression of KIF1B and KIF2A, facilitating autophagic turnover upon HSV-1 infection in mDCs. In conclusion, the technique of siRNA electroporation represents a promising strategy, to selectively ablate the expression of distinct proteins and to analyze their influence upon an HSV-1 infection.

In this study, we present inhibitor- and siRNA-based strategies to interfere with autophagic flux in Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1)-infected monocyte-derived dendritic cells.