This work was supported in part by grants from National Institutes of Health (P30 HL101302 and RO1 HL109439 to J.C.) and American Heart Association (SDG 5270005 to J.C.). A. Barazia was supported by a T32HL007829 NIH training grant.

1. Preparation of Intravital Microscope (Figure 1A)
<ol>
	<li>Prepare superfusion buffer (125 mM NaCl, 4.5 mM KCl, 2.5 mM CaCl2, 1 mM MgCl2, and 17 mM NaHCO3, pH 7.4).</li>
	<li>Turn on a circulatory water bath to maintain temperature of buffer and a thermo-controlled blanket at 37 &deg;C. Aerate buffer with nitrogen gas (5% CO2 balanced with nitrogen).</li>
	<li>Turn on the microscope system (Sutter Lambda DG-4 high speed wavelength changer, workstation computer, Olympus BX6...

<ol>
	<li>Wagner, D. D., Frenette, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+vessel+wall+and+its+interactions.">The vessel wall and its interactions.</a> Blood. 111, 5271-5281 (2008).</li><li>Nieswandt, B., Kleinschnitz, C., Stoll, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ischaemic+stroke:+a+thrombo-inflammatory+disease.">Ischaemic stroke: a thrombo-inflammatory disease.</a> J. Physiol. 589, 4115-4123 (2011).</li><li>Yang, J., Furie, B. C., Furie, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+biology+of+P-selectin+glycoprotein+ligand-1:+its+role+as+a+selectin+counterreceptor+in+leukocyte-endothelial+and+leukocyte-platelet+interaction.">The biology of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1: its role as a selectin counterreceptor in leukocyte-endothelial and leukocyte-platelet interaction.</a> Thromb. Haemost. 81, 1-7 (1999).</li><li>Zarbock, A., Polanowska-Grabowska, R. K., Ley, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Platelet-neutrophil-interactions:+linking+hemostasis+and+inflammation.">Platelet-neutrophil-interactions: linking hemostasis and inflammation.</a> Blood Rev. 21, 99-111 (2007).</li><li>Chen, J., Lopez, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interactions+of+platelets+with+subendothelium+and+endothelium.">Interactions of platelets with subendothelium and endothelium.</a> Microcirculation. 12, 235-246 (2005).</li><li>Konstantopoulos, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Venous+levels+of+shear+support+neutrophil-platelet+adhesion+and+neutrophil+aggregation+in+blood+via+P-selectin+and+beta2-integrin.">Venous levels of shear support neutrophil-platelet adhesion and neutrophil aggregation in blood via P-selectin and beta2-integrin.</a> Circulation. 98, 873-882 (1998).</li><li>Maugeri, N., de Gaetano, G., Barbanti, M., Donati, M. B., Cerletti, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prevention+of+platelet-polymorphonuclear+leukocyte+interactions:+new+clues+to+the+antithrombotic+properties+of+parnaparin,+a+low+molecular+weight+heparin.">Prevention of platelet-polymorphonuclear leukocyte interactions: new clues to the antithrombotic properties of parnaparin, a low molecular weight heparin.</a> Haematologica. 90, 833-839 (2005).</li><li>Hidalgo, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterotypic+interactions+enabled+by+polarized+neutrophil+microdomains+mediate+thromboinflammatory+injury.">Heterotypic interactions enabled by polarized neutrophil microdomains mediate thromboinflammatory injury.</a> Nat. Med. 15, 384-391 (2009).</li><li>Cho, J., Furie, B. C., Coughlin, S. R., Furie, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+critical+role+for+extracellular+protein+disulfide+isomerase+during+thrombus+formation+in+mice.">A critical role for extracellular protein disulfide isomerase during thrombus formation in mice.</a> J. Clin. Invest. 118, 1123-1131 (2008).</li><li>Cho, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+disulfide+isomerase+capture+during+thrombus+formation+in+vivo+depends+on+the+presence+of+beta3+integrins.">Protein disulfide isomerase capture during thrombus formation in vivo depends on the presence of beta3 integrins.</a> Blood. 120, 647-655 (2012).</li><li>Gross, P. L., Furie, B. C., Merrill-Skoloff, G., Chou, J., Furie, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Leukocyte-versus+microparticle-mediated+tissue+factor+transfer+during+arteriolar+thrombus+development.">Leukocyte-versus microparticle-mediated tissue factor transfer during arteriolar thrombus development.</a> Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 78, 1318-1326 (2005).</li><li>Falati, S., Gross, P., Merrill-Skoloff, G., Furie, B. C., Furie, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+in+vivo+imaging+of+platelets,+tissue+factor+and+fibrin+during+arterial+thrombus+formation+in+the+mouse.">Real-time in vivo imaging of platelets, tissue factor and fibrin during arterial thrombus formation in the mouse.</a> Nat. Med. 8, 1175-1181 (2002).</li><li>Barthel, S. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alpha+1,3+fucosyltransferases+are+master+regulators+of+prostate+cancer+cell+trafficking.">Alpha 1,3 fucosyltransferases are master regulators of prostate cancer cell trafficking.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106, 19491-19496 (2009).</li><li>Trzpis, M., McLaughlin, P. M., de Leij, L. M., Harmsen, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epithelial+cell+adhesion+molecule:+more+than+a+carcinoma+marker+and+adhesion+molecule.">Epithelial cell adhesion molecule: more than a carcinoma marker and adhesion molecule.</a> The American Journal of Pathology. 171, 386-395 (2007).</li><li>Junt, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+visualization+of+thrombopoiesis+within+bone+marrow.">Dynamic visualization of thrombopoiesis within bone marrow.</a> Science. 317, 1767-1770 (2007).</li><li>Egan, C. E., Sukhumavasi, W., Bierly, A. L., Denkers, E. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+the+multiple+functions+of+Gr-1(+)+cell+subpopulations+during+microbial+infection.">Understanding the multiple functions of Gr-1(+) cell subpopulations during microbial infection.</a> Immunologic Research. 40, 35-48 (2008).</li></ol>

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Here we describe a detailed protocol for real-time fluorescence intravital microscopy to visualize heterotypic platelet-neutrophil interactions on the activated endothelium during vascular inflammation and thrombosis. Previously, similar fluorescence microscopic approaches were reported to study the molecular mechanism of thrombus formation and vascular inflammation.8,12 Since the heterotypic cell-cell interaction could be important for vaso-occlusion at the injury site, this technology will be a valuabl...

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>7647-14-5</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>7447-40-7</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2 2H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>10035-04-8</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2 6H2O</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>7791-18-6</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaHCO3</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>144-55-8</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.9% NaCl Saline</td>
			<td>Hospira</td>
			<td>0409-4888-10</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine</td>
			<td>Hospira</td>
			<td>0409-2051-05</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine</td>
			<td>Lloyd</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Intramedic Tubing (PE 90)</td>
			<td>BD Diagnostics</td>
			<td>427421</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Intramedic Tubing (PE 10)</td>
			<td>BD Diagnostics</td>
			<td>427401</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Murine TNF-&alpha;</td>
			<td>R&amp;D Systems</td>
			<td>410-MT</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dylight 488- labeled rat anti-mouse CD42b antibody</td>
			<td>Emfret Analytics</td>
			<td>X488</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 647-conjugated anti-mouse Ly-6G/Ly-6C (Gr-1) Antibody</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>108418</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NESLAB EX water bath/circulator</td>
			<td>Thermo-Scientific</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Olympus BX61W microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TH4-100 Power</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lambda DG-4</td>
			<td>Sutter</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MPC-200 multi-manipulator</td>
			<td>Sutter</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ROE-200 stage controller</td>
			<td>Sutter</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C9300 high-speed camera</td>
			<td>Hamamatsu</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Intensifier</td>
			<td>Video Scope International</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ablation Laser</td>
			<td>Photonic Instruments, Inc.</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SlideBook 5.0</td>
			<td>Intelligent Imaging Innovations</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

real-time imaging of heterotypic platelet-neutrophil interactions on the activated endothelium during vascular inflammation and thrombus formation in live mice

Interaction of activated platelets and leukocytes (mainly neutrophils) on the activated endothelium mediates thrombosis and vascular inflammation.1,2 During thrombus formation at the site of arteriolar injury, platelets adherent to the activated endothelium and subendothelial matrix proteins support neutrophil rolling and adhesion.3 Conversely, under venular inflammatory conditions, neutrophils adherent to the activated endothelium can support adhesion and accumulation of circulating platelets. Heterotypic platelet-neutrophil aggregation requires sequential processes by the specific receptor-counter receptor interactions between cells.4 It is known that activated endothelial cells release adhesion molecules such as von Willebrand factor, thereby initiating platelet adhesion and accumulation under high shear conditions.5 Also, activated endothelial cells support neutrophil rolling and adhesion by expressing selectins and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), respectively, under low shear conditions.4 Platelet P-selectin interacts with neutrophils through P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1), thereby inducing activation of neutrophil &beta;2 integrins and firm adhesion between two cell types. Despite the advances in in vitro experiments in which heterotypic platelet-neutrophil interactions are determined in whole blood or isolated cells,6,7 those studies cannot manipulate oxidant stress conditions during vascular disease. In this report, using fluorescently-labeled, specific antibodies against a mouse platelet and neutrophil marker, we describe a detailed intravital microscopic protocol to monitor heterotypic interactions of platelets and neutrophils on the activated endothelium during TNF-&alpha;-induced inflammation or following laser-induced injury in cremaster muscle microvessels of live mice.

Using a detailed intravital microscopy analysis, heterotypic platelet-neutrophil interactions on the activated endothelium were visualized by infusion of fluorescently-labeled antibodies against a platelet (CD42c) or neutrophil marker (Gr-1) into live mice.
In a model of TNF-&alpha;-induced venular inflammation, most rolling neutrophils were stably adhered to the endothelium presumably by interaction of activated &beta;2 integrins with ICAM-1 during the recording period (3-4.5 hr after injecti...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Real-time Imaging of Heterotypic Platelet-neutrophil Interactions on the Activated Endothelium During Vascular Inflammation and Thrombus Formation in Live Mic

Real-time Imaging of Heterotypic Platelet-neutrophil Interactions on the Activated Endothelium During Vascular Inflammation and Thrombus Formation in Live Mice

Here we report an experimental technique of fluorescence intravital microscopy to visualize heterotypic platelet-neutrophil interactions on the activated endothelium during vascular inflammation and thrombus formation in live mice. This microscopic technology will be valuable to study the molecular mechanism of vascular disease and to test pharmacologic agents under pathophysiological conditions.

Interaction of activated platelets and leukocytes (mainly neutrophils) on the activated endothelium mediates thrombosis and vascular inflammation.1,2 ...

real-time-imaging-heterotypic-platelet-neutrophil-interactions-on

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

15.6K 조회수.  University of Illinois at Chicago. 여기 혈관 염증 및 라이브 쥐 혈전 형성되는 동안 활성화 내피에 heterotypic 혈소판 호중구 상호 작용을 시각화하는 형광 intravital 현미경의 실험 기술을보고합니다. 이 현미경 기술은 혈관 질환의 분자 메커니즘을 연구 할 수 있고 pathophysiological 조건에 따라 pharmacologic 요원을 테스트 할 가치가 있습니다.

비디오: Real-time Imaging of Heterotypic Platelet-neutrophil Interactions on the Activated Endothelium During Vascular Inflammation and Thrombus Formation in Live Mice