This work was supported by NIH grants (NS070577 and NS084869).

주의 : 아래에 인용 된 모든 용액의 조성은 재료 / 장비 테이블에서 발견 될 수있다. 1. 단백질 열 항체 정제 <ol><li> 단백질을 스핀 컬럼 이전 절차를 시작하기에 15 분 동안 실온에 필요한 모든 버퍼 평형. </li><li> 면역 혈청 희석 1 : 1 단백질의 IgG는 버퍼를 바인딩. (혈청 5ml를 권장). </li><li> 조심스럽게 뚜껑에 박혀 될 수있는 수지를 꺼 내려 단백질을 벤치 위에 스핀 열을 누릅니다. 상단 캡을 제거하고 부드럽게 바닥 폐쇄을 스냅. 15 ml의 수집 튜브에 열을 놓고 스토리지 솔루션을 배출 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 버퍼를 결합 단백질의 IgG 5 mL를 추가하고 솔루션을 배출 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 컬럼에 희석 면역 혈청을 적용하고 흐름을 통해 수집합니다. 최상의 결과를 위해 칼럼의 항체 - 결합 capacit의 80 % 미만의 농도로 항체를 포함하는 샘플 볼륨을 추가Y. </li><li> 버퍼를 결합 단백질의 IgG의 15 ㎖로 또는 280 nm에서의 흡광도가 0.1 이하가 될 때까지 열을 씻으십시오. </li><li> 다섯 라벨 수집 튜브에 중화 버퍼의 100 μl를 추가합니다. </li><li> 단백질에 열을 IgG의 용출 버퍼 5 mL를 추가하고 중화 버퍼의 100 μl를 포함하는 튜브의 각 1 ㎖의 분수를 수집합니다. </li><li> 0.5보다 큰 흡광도를 280 nm에서 풀 분획 각 분획의 흡광도를 측정한다. 투석에 대한 준비가 될 때까지 얼음에 풀링 분수를 유지합니다. </li><li> IgG를 용출 완충액 8ml를 첨가하여 열을 재생성하고 용액을 컬럼을 통해 흐르도록 허용한다. </li><li> 7.4 용리액 pH가 돌아갈 때까지 단백질의 IgG 결합 액과 열을 씻어. </li><li> 저장 용액 5 ㎖ (PBS에 0.​​02 %의 아 지드 화 나트륨)를 첨가하여 열을 보관. 약 3 ㎖ 열, 모자 바닥에 남아 상단 캡을 고정합니다. 4 ° C에서 열을 저장합니다. </li><li> 길이 O를 결정F 투석 튜브 제조업체의 지시에 따라 필요. 16mm 평면 직경의 튜브 용액 1 ㎖ 당 튜브 길이의 5.47 CM을 사용하여 사용하는 것은 투석한다. 튜브를 잘라 15 ~ 30 분 동안 PBS 산도 7.4 씻어. </li><li> 접어 투석 튜브의 한쪽 끝을 클립, PBS pH를 7.4으로 평형화 투석 튜브에 함유 분획을 풀링 IgG를 전송하고 다른 쪽 끝을 닫는다. </li><li> 2 시간 동안 pH 7.4의 PBS를 200 볼륨에 대해, 실온에서 투석. </li><li> 투석 완충액 (pH 7.4의 신선한 PBS)를 변경하고, 실온에서 추가로 2 시간 동안 투석. </li><li> 투석 버퍼 (신선한 PBS의 pH 7.4)를 변경하고 4 ℃에서 밤새 투석. </li><li> 추가의 정제 단계를 진행 할 준비가 될 때까지 4 ℃에서 투석 항체 솔루션을 유지합니다. </li><li> 280 nm에서 흡광도를 사용하여 항체 농도 및 210,000 M -1 cm -1 (12)의 280 nm에서의 항체의 몰 흡광 계수를 평가한다. </li></ol> LBD 단백질 2. 커플 링은 커플 링 수지를 AminoLink하기 <ol><li> 두 개의 열, NOR1에 대한 하나 Nur77의 다른를 준비합니다. 두 단백질 같은 프로토콜을 따르십시오. </li><li> 단백질을 해동하는 얼음 수지에 결합한다. 그것의 몰 흡광 계수가 280 내지 12에서의 흡광도를 사용하여 단백질 농도를 결정한다. <ol><li> 대안 적으로, bicinchoninic 산 분석 13으로 단백질 결정 분석을 사용한다. 단백질을 커플 링 완충액 대 아민 - 함유 버퍼 투석 또는 버퍼 교환에 용해되는 경우. 단백질이 적절한 버퍼 (여유 아민)가없는 경우 그것을 커플 링 버퍼의 4 배 희석. </li></ol></li><li> 단백질의 2 mg을위한 수지 2 ㎖를 사용합니다. 다음의 모든 단계는 10 ml의 열에서 2 ml의 수지에 대한 것입니다. 단백질 10 ㎎까지 수지의 1 ㎖ (1 슬러리 1 2 ㎖) 당 연결될 수있다. </li><li> 바닥에 프릿을 밀고 그것을 통해 PBS 산도 7.4을 실행하여 10 ml의 컬럼을 준비합니다. 캡 T그는 칼럼의 바닥과 커플 링 버퍼 2 ㎖를 추가합니다. </li><li> 상기 컬럼 (수지 2 ㎖를 얻었다 4 mL)에 슬러리의 원하는 양을 추가 하단 캡을 제거하고 컬럼 배수하자. 커플 링 버퍼의 6 ㎖ (3 수지 침대 볼륨)의 총 열을 씻어 열을 배출 할 수 있습니다. 결합 버퍼가 고갈되면, 하단 캡을 교체한다. </li><li> (280 nm에서의 흡광도 또는 bicinchoninic 분석법을 사용하여 단계 2.11 용출액의 단백질 농도를 비교하여 결합 효율을 평가하기 위해, 단백질 용액의 분취 량을 유지) 컬럼에 결합 완충액 단백질 2-4 ml를 추가 . 모자와 균질 한 용액을 가지고 말을 통해 끝을 섞는다. </li><li> 빈 1.8 ML의 microcentrifuge 관의 무게를 측정하고 흄 후드로 이동합니다. 조심스럽게 미리 무게 튜브에 NaCNBH 3 (0.05 g)을 전송합니다. 튜브를 닫고 NaCNBH 3가 들어있는 튜브의 무게. 후드 외부 튜브를 열지 마십시오. </li><li> 중량 기준NaCNBH 3은 튜브로 옮기고 1 M NaOH를 첨가하여 5 M 용액을 만든다. NaCNBH (3)의 분자량은 62.84 g 따라서는 0.05 g (0.05 / 62.84 = 7.96 X 10-4 몰) 7.96 X 10-4 몰과 동일하다. 5 M 용액의 추가 (7.96 × 10 -4 / 5) 1 M NaOH를 159 μl를 확인하십시오. </li><li> 반응물의 총 부피가 고려 수지 부피 복용을 측정한다. 반응 1 ㎖ 당 5 M NaCNBH 3의 10 μl를 추가합니다. <ol><li> 예를 들어 : 4 ml의 반응 볼륨 (5) M NaCNBH 3의 40 μl를 추가합니다. 수지 1 ml를 첨가하여 단​​백질과 3 ㎖를 들어, 총 4 ml의 부피이다. </li></ol></li><li> 열 캡과 끝을 통해 끝을 섞는다. 튜브 회전에 열을 안전하고 반응이 4 ℃에서 하룻밤을 계속 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 아침에, 화학 후드에 열을 가지고 조심스럽게 약간의 가스가 형성 될 수 있으므로 뚜껑을 제거합니다. 깨끗한 튜브로 열을 배출시키고 단백질 콘을 측정하는 용출액을 절약280 nm의 방법 (12)에서의 흡광도 또는 bicinchoninic 산 분석 단계 2.6에서 출발 단백질 농도와 비교를하여 자기 중심. </li><li> 커플 링 버퍼의 4 mL로 수지를 세척하고 열 배출을 할 수 있습니다. </li></ol> 3. 차단 남은 사이트 <ol><li> 버퍼를 담금질의 4 mL로 수지를 씻으십시오. 배수 및 하단 캡을 교체합니다. 버퍼를 담금질 2 ㎖를 추가하고 수지를 일시 중지합니다. </li><li> 수지 량과 담금질 버퍼 볼륨 후 반응 부피 1 ㎖ 당 5 NaCNBH M (3)의 10 μL를 추가 측정하여 총 반응 부피를 평가한다. </li><li> 30 분 엔드 오버 엔드 실온에서 부드럽게 섞는다. 30 분 후, 흄 후드의 열을 가지고. 조심스럽게 상단을 제거하고 하단 캡을 제거하고 폐기물 튜브에 열 소모를 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 세척 용액의 5 수지 볼륨에 열을 씻으십시오. 용출액의 abso을 측정하여 잔류 단백질의 존재 여부를 모니터링 세척280 nm에서 rbance. 비 결합 단백질은 높은 염분 농도에 의해 세척. </li><li> 탈기 함유 PBS pH 7.4의 0.02 % 나트륨 아 지드 6 ml의 수지를 씻는다. 필요할 때까지 4 ° C에서 열을 유지합니다. </li></ol> Nurr1 특정 항체 4. 정제 <ol><li> PBS pH 7.4의 10 mL로 Nur77 LBD 결합 열을 씻어 열 배출을 할 수 있습니다. 컬럼의 바닥을 모자와 새로운 15 ml의 수집 관에 배수 Nur77 LBD 결합 열을 배치합니다. </li><li> 단백질 5 ml의 정제 된 안티 Nurr1 항체를 추가로 1 시간 동안 4 ℃에서 회전에 열과 장소 캡. 상단 및 하단 캡을 제거하고 통한 흐름을 수집한다. NOR1 LBD 결합 열을 추가 할 준비가 될 때까지 얼음에 따로 설정합니다. </li><li> PBS pH 7.4의 10 mL로 NOR1 LBD 결합 열을 씻어 열 배출을 할 수 있습니다. 컬럼의 바닥을 모자와 15 ml의 포집 관에 NOR1 LBD를 결합 열을 배치합니다. </li><li> Nur77 LBD 쿠데타에서 흐름을 통해 추가주도 컬럼은 1 시간 동안 4 ℃에서 회전에 열과 장소 캡. 상단 및 하단 캡을 제거하고 통한 흐름을 수집한다. </li><li> 280 nm에서 흡광도를 측정함으로써 항체 농도를 측정한다. </li></ol> 정제 된 안티 Nurr1 항체 5. ELISA 기반 분석 <ol><li> 96 웰 플레이트의 웰에 100 ㎕의 단백질 (2.5 μg의 / ㎖)를 첨가. 3 가지 단백질을 테스트하는 경우, H4에 우물 A1, H8에 우물 A5에 단백질이 100 ㎕, 및 H12에 우물 A9에 단백질 3 100 ㎕에 단백질 1의 100 μl를 추가합니다. 플레이트를 커버하고 4 ℃에서 밤새 품어. </li><li> pH 7.4의 PBS의 웰 당 300 μL로 두 번 코팅 된 웰을 세척하고, 전체 항원 코팅 된 ELISA 웰에 블로킹 완충액 300 ㎕를 추가하고 실온에서 2 시간 동안 배양한다. </li><li> 플레이트 정제 항 Nurr1 항체의 원하는 시작 희석을 준비하는 동안 차단 ELISA 블로킹 버퍼 (10 내지 100 μg의 / ㎖의 범위). </li><li> 차단의 2 시간 후, 모든 우물에 신선한 ELISA 블록 버퍼 100 ㎕와 ELISA 블록 버퍼를 교체합니다. </li><li> 직렬 C는 행 행 B에서 용액 100 μl를 전사 하였다 행 B의 웰에 로우에서 용액 100 μl를 전송하여 항체를 희석 행 A. 모든 웰에 희석 된 정제 된 안티 Nurr1 항체 100 ㎕를 추가 아래 계속하는 G가 추가 100 μl를 폐기 행의 우물에 솔루션을 혼합 한 후 샷을 행합니다. 행 H에 웰스는 버퍼를 차단의 초기 100 μl를받을 수 있습니다. 실온에서 1 시간 동안 인큐베이션. </li><li> PBS 산도 7.4의 판을 0.05 % 트윈 20을 잘 당 300 μL와 3 회 반복한다 과잉 세척 버퍼를 제거 판을시킨다. </li><li> 말 무 퍼 옥시 다제 (HRP) ELISA 블록 버퍼에 희석 결합 염소 항 - 토끼 IgG를 100 ㎕ 추가 (1 : 8000 희석, 일반적인 범위는 1 : 25000 : 5000 (1)). 실온에서 1 시간 동안 인큐베이션. </li><li> 판 일을 씻으십시오REE (3)은 5.6 배에 기재된. 탈 이온수 300 μL로를 작성하여 모든 우물을 씻어. 종이 흡수에 반전 판에 의해 과잉의 물을시킨다. </li><li> 모든 웰에 테트라 메틸 벤지딘 (실온으로 가온) (3)의 100 μL, 3, 5 &#39;, 5&#39;를 추가하고 실온에서 15 분간 어둠 속에서 30을 배양한다. </li><li> NH 2 SO 4 (2) 50 μl를 첨가하여 반응을 정지. </li><li> 650 nm에서 배경을 뺀 450 nm에서 흡광도를 참조하십시오. </li></ol>

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K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+protein+using+bicinchoninic+acid.">Measurement of protein using bicinchoninic acid.</a> Anal. Biochem. 150 (1), 76-85 (1985).</li><li>Zetterstr&#246;m, R. H., Williams, R., Perlmann, T., Olson, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+expression+of+the+immediate+early+transcription+factors+Nurr1+and+NGFI-B+suggests+a+gene+regulatory+role+in+several+brain+regions+including+the+nigrostriatal+dopamine+system.">Cellular expression of the immediate early transcription factors Nurr1 and NGFI-B suggests a gene regulatory role in several brain regions including the nigrostriatal dopamine system.</a> Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 41 (1-2), 111-120 (1996).</li><li>Xiao, Q., Castillo, S. O., Nikodem, V. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distribution+of+messenger+RNAs+for+the+orphan+nuclear+receptors+Nurr1+and+Nur77+(NGFI-B)+in+adult+rat+brain+using+in+situ+hybridization.">Distribution of messenger RNAs for the orphan nuclear receptors Nurr1 and Nur77 (NGFI-B) in adult rat brain using in situ hybridization.</a> Neuroscience. 75 (1), 221-230 (1996).</li></ol>

저자가 공개하는 게 없다.

이 프로토콜의 성공은 관심의 단백질 가족의 특정 멤버에 대해 제기 항체의 특성 분석을위한 순수한 단백질의 가용성에 의존합니다. 그것은 명확히 ELISA 및 웨스턴 블롯에 의하여 상당한 교차 반응성이 있다는 것을 확립 될 때까지의 단백질 A / G를 사용하여 항체를 정제 할 필요가 없다. 본문에 언급 된 바와 같이, 이러한 트리스 나 글리신과 같은 아민 - 함유 버퍼 열로 가교 ...

전사 인자 Nurr1 및 동족체 (Nur77 및 NOR1은) 핵 수용체 아과의 4A (NR4A 1)에 속한다. 자신의 내인성 리간드는 아직 확인되지 않기 때문에 그들은 또한 고아 수용체이다. Nurr1 먼저 1992 년에 복제되고 알려져 있지만 뇌 2로 표현되는, 개발 및 중뇌 도파민 신경 세포의 유지 보수를 위해 자사의 중요한 역할은 녹아웃 마우스 연구 (3)에 의해 밝혀졌다. 또한, 중뇌 도파민 신경 세포의 유지에 대한 중요한 역할은 최근 조건부 녹아웃 공부 (4)에 의해 입증되었다. 인해 중뇌 도파민 뉴런 Nurr1의 중요한 역할을 나타내는 이들 고급 연구에 많은 후속 연구는 주로 도파민 뉴런 및 도파민 - 관련 신경 변성 질환에 초점을 맞추고있다 중뇌 파킨슨 병 (PD) 5. 특히, Nurr1은 중뇌 도파민 (MDA) 신경 세포뿐만 아니라, 다이에서뿐만 아니라 발현강하게 Nurr1 다양한 뇌 기능에 중요한 역할을한다는 것을 보여주는 최근의 연구에 의해 지원되는 많은 비 다 분야에서 기능적인 역할을 할 수 있음을 시사 구절 뇌 영역 2. 예를 들어, 이러한 학습으로 해당 메모리 유도 활동을 보였다, 또는 다른 해마에 의존하는 작업까지 규제 해마 6,7에서 Nurr1의 발현을 초래. 또한, 다운 해마 Nurr1 발현 노크 강하게 Nurr1 많은 뇌 영역에서 다양한 역할을한다는 것을 제안하는, 장기 메모리 및 / 또는 시냅스 8-11을 저해하기에 충분했다. 따라서, 상기의 Nurr1 세포 형 특이 적 및 세포 내 발현을 이해하기 위해서는 그 동족체 Nur77 또는 NOR1 어떠한 교차 반응성을 나타내지 않는다 Nurr1 - 특이 적 항체를 사용하는 것이 바람직하다. 이 논문은 그것의 특이성을 보여주는 Nurr1 특정 항체와 현재 추가 데이터를 생성하는 사전 흡착 프로토콜을 설명합니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Purified Ligand Binding Domain from Nurr1, Nor 1 and Nur77</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Column Storage solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AminoLink Coupling Resin and Kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>44890</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protein A spin column</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>89978</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate-Buffered Saline</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>21-031-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96 well Flate-bottom plates, High Flange, 330&#956;L</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>3455</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10% Normal Goat Serum</td>
			<td>KPL</td>
			<td>50-675-69</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Milk Diluent/ Blocking Concentrate&#160;</td>
			<td>KPL</td>
			<td>50-82-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IgG Elution Buffer</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>21004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UltraPure 1 M Tris-HCI Buffer, pH 7.5</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15567-&#173;&#8208;027</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro BCA Protein Assay Kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>23235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Horse Radish Peroxidase conjugated Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L)</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>31460</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ni-NTA Resin</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>88221</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3, 3&#39;, 5, 5&#39; Tetramethylbenzydine</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>34028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2N H2SO4</td>
			<td>Macron Fine Chemicals</td>
			<td>H381 05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protein A IgG Binding Buffer</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>21001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IgG Elution Buffer</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>21004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neutralization Buffer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1M Tris-&#173;&#8208;HCl pH 8.5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Column Storage solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline containing 0.02% sodium azide</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spectra/Por 7 pre-treated dialysis tubing</td>
			<td>Spectrum Labs</td>
			<td>132128</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 ml Disposable columns</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>29924</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AminoLink Coupling Buffer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.1M sodium phosphate, 0.05% NaN3, pH 7.0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quenching buffer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1M Tris. HCI, 0.05% NaN3, pH 
			7.4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wash Solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1M NaCl, 0.05% NaN3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ELISA Blocking buffer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1% Normal Horse serum (NHS), 1% Normal Goat Serum (NGS) in 1X KPL milk diluent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Storage Solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>PBS pH 7.4 containing 0.02% sodium azide</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipettes: 10 &#956;l; 20 &#956;l; 200 &#956;l; 1000 &#956;l</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

production of nurr-1 specific polyclonal antibodies free of cross-reactivity against its close homologs, nor1 and nur77

The nuclear receptor subfamily 4 (NR4A) is composed of 3 related proteins sharing a DNA binding domain (DBD) and a ligand-binding domain (LBD). The nuclear receptor related 1 protein (Nurr1 or NR4A2) plays a key role in the maintenance of the dopaminergic system. Dopamine dysfunctions associated with the Nurr1 gene include Parkinson&#8217;s disease, schizophrenia and manic depression among others. Furthermore, recent evidence indicates that Nurr1 is also expressed in other brain areas such as the hippocampus and plays critical roles for learning and memory. The other members of the family are nerve growth factor IB (Nur77 or NR4A1) and neuron-derived orphan receptor 1 (NOR1 or NR4A3). To help investigate the precise functional roles of Nurr1 in dopaminergic and other brain region-related neuronal dysfunctions antibodies devoid of cross-reactivities against Nur77 and NOR1 were needed. Since the proteins are more divergent in their LBDs than in their DNA binding domains immunization with purified LBDs should yield antibodies specific for Nurr1 with minimal reactivities against Nur77 and/or NOR1. Although anti-Nurr1 antibodies were successfully generated these showed significant immunoreactivity against the other members of the family. Affinity chromatography over immobilized Protein A followed by pre-adsorption against immobilized Nur77 and NOR1 LBDs yielded Nurr1 specific antibodies free of cross-reactivity. Here, we selectively target antibodies against a specific member of a highly conserved family of proteins by immunizing animals with their most divergent regions followed by removing cross reactive antibodies by pre-adsorption. The goal of the protocol is to increase polyclonal antibodies specificity through pre-adsorption against cross-reactive antigens.

단백질의 비교 Nur77 LBD 및 NOR1 LBD 컬럼을 통과 한 다음 정제 된 안티 Nurr1 항체가 알 수있는도 1.로 도시되어 단백질과 컬럼 정제 Nurr1 특이 항체, 단백질 A-정제 Nurr1 항체는 강한 결합을 나타내 Nurr1 LBD에. 그러나, 그것은 또한 Nur77 LBD와 NOR1 LBD에 결합 중요한 보였다. 단백질 정제 Nurr1 항체 더 Nur77 LBD와 NOR1 LBD, Nurr1 항체가 Nur77과 NOR1과의 교차 반응 이었다는 것을 보여주는, Nur77 LBD 또는 NOR1...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Production of Nurr-1 Specific Polyclonal Antibodies Free of Cross-reactivity Against Its Close Homologs, Nor1 and Nur77 at JoVE.com

Production of Nurr-1 Specific Polyclonal Antibodies Free of Cross-reactivity Against Its Close Homologs, Nor1 and Nur77

Here, we selectively target antibodies against a specific member of a highly conserved family of proteins by immunizing animals with their most divergent regions followed by removing cross reactive antibodies by pre-adsorption.

그 닫기 동족체, NOR1 및 Nur77에 대하여 교차 반응의 Nurr-1 특정 클론 항체 무료 제작

The nuclear receptor subfamily 4 (NR4A) is composed of 3 related proteins sharing a DNA binding domain (DBD) and a ligand-binding domain (LBD). The ...

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Biology

7.4K 조회수.  McLean Hospital. Here, we selectively target antibodies against a specific member of a highly conserved family of proteins by immunizing animals with their most divergent regions followed by removing cross reactive antibodies by pre-adsorption.

비디오: Production of Nurr-1 Specific Polyclonal Antibodies Free of Cross-reactivity Against Its Close Homologs, Nor1 and Nur77

Principles of Site-Specific Recombinase (SSR) Technology

Site-specific recombinase (SSR) technology allows the manipulation of gene structure to explore gene function and has become an integral tool of molecular biology. Site-specific recombinases are proteins that bind to distinct DNA target sequences. The Cre/lox system was first described in bacteriophages during the 1980's. Cre recombinase is a Type I topoisomerase that catalyzes site-specific recombination of DNA between two loxP (locus of X-over P1) sites. The Cre/lox system does not require any cofactors. LoxP sequences contain distinct binding sites for Cre recombinases that surround a directional core sequence where recombination and rearrangement takes place. When cells contain loxP sites and express the Cre recombinase, a recombination event occurs. Double-stranded DNA is cut at both loxP sites by the Cre recombinase, rearranged, and ligated ("scissors and glue"). Products of the recombination event depend on the relative orientation of the asymmetric sequences.
SSR technology is frequently used as a tool to explore gene function. Here the gene of interest is flanked with Cre target sites loxP ("floxed"). Animals are then crossed with animals expressing the Cre recombinase under the control of a tissue-specific promoter. In tissues that express the Cre recombinase it binds to target sequences and excises the floxed gene. Controlled gene deletion allows the investigation of gene function in specific tissues and at distinct time points. Analysis of gene function employing SSR technology --- conditional mutagenesis -- has significant advantages over traditional knock-outs where gene deletion is frequently lethal.

Principles of Site-Specific Recombinase SSR Technology

The advent of site-specific recombinase (SSR) technology and the Cre/lox system has led to numerous advances in molecular biology, and has proven itself as a valuable tool for assessing gene function in transgenic animals. This interview discusses the mechanism of site specific recombination by Cyclization recombinase (Cre) and how the use of this enzyme has led to the development of conditional mutagenesis, which has significant advantages over traditional knock out strategies.

특정 사이트 Recombinase (SSR) 기술의 원리

Site-specific recombinase (SSR) technology allows the manipulation of gene structure to explore gene function and has become an integral tool of molecular ...

연구

생물학

Operant Learning of Drosophila at the Torque Meter

For experiments at the torque meter, flies are kept on standard fly medium at 25&deg;C and 60% humidity with a 12hr light/12hr dark regime. A standardized breeding regime assures proper larval density and age-matched cohorts. Cold-anesthetized flies are glued with head and thorax to a triangle-shaped hook the day before the experiment. Attached to the torque meter via a clamp, the fly's intended flight maneuvers are measured as the angular momentum around its vertical body axis. The fly is placed in the center of a cylindrical panorama to accomplish stationary flight. An analog to digital converter card feeds the yaw torque signal into a computer which stores the trace for later analysis. The computer also controls a variety of stimuli which can be brought under the fly's control by closing the feedback loop between these stimuli and the yaw torque trace. Punishment is achieved by applying heat from an adjustable infrared laser.

Measuring the yaw torque of tethered Drosophila with the torque meter allows the neuroscientist exquisite control of the stimulus situation of the experimental animal. Together with the unique genetic tools available in the fruit fly, this paradigm is used for a wide variety of neurobiological research.

토크 미터에서 Drosophila의 Operant 학습

For experiments at the torque meter, flies are kept on standard fly medium at 25&deg;C and 60% humidity with a 12hr light/12hr dark regime. A standardized ...

Technical Demonstration of Whole Genome Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization

Array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) is a method for detecting gains and losses of DNA segments or gene dosage in the genome 1. Recent advances in this technology have enabled high resolution comparison of whole genomes for the identification of genetic alterations in cancer and other genetic diseases 2. The Sub-Megabase Resolution Tiling-set array (or SMRT) array is comprised of a set of approximately thirty thousand overlapping bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones that span the human genome in ~100 kilobase pair (kb) segments 2. These BAC targets are individually synthesized and spotted in duplicate on a single glass slide 2-4. Array CGH is based on the principle of competitive hybridization. Sample and reference DNA are differentially labeled with Cyanine-3 and Cyanine-5 fluorescent dyes, and co-hybridized to the array. After an incubation period the unbound samples are washed from the slide and the array is imaged. A freely available custom software package called SeeGH (www.flintbox.ca) is used to process the large volume of data collected - a single experiment generates 53,892 data points. SeeGH visualizes the log2 signal intensity ratio between the 2 samples at each BAC target which is vertically aligned with chromosomal position 5,6. The SMRT array can detect alterations as small as 50 kb in size 7. The SMRT array can detect a variety of DNA rearrangement events including DNA gains, losses, amplifications and homozygous deletions. A unique advantage of the SMRT array is that one can use DNA isolated from formalin fixed paraffin embedded samples. When combined with the low input requirements of unamplified DNA (25-100ng) this allows profiling of precious samples such as those produced by microdissection 7,8. This is attributed to the large size of each BAC hybridization target that allows the binding of sufficient labeled samples to produce signals for detection. Another advantage of this platform is the tolerance of tissue heterogeneity, decreasing the need for tedious tissue microdissection 8. This video protocol is a step-by-step tutorial from labeling the input DNA through to signal acquisition for the whole genome tiling path SMRT array.

This video is a technical demonstration of the hybridization protocol for whole genome tiling path array CGH, which scans the entire human genome using only 25-100 ng of DNA that can be isolated from a variety of sources, including archival formalin fixed material.

전체 게놈 배열 비교 게놈 하이브 리다이 제이션의 기술의 데모

Array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) is a method for detecting gains and losses of DNA segments or gene dosage in the genome 1.  Recent ...

In vivo Ca2+- Imaging of Mushroom Body Neurons During Olfactory Learning in the Honey Bee

The in vivo and semi-in vivo preparation for Calcium imaging has been developed in our lab by Joerges, K&uuml;ttner and Galizia over ten years ago, to measure odor evoked activity in the antennal lobe1. From then on, it has been continuously refined and applied to different neuropiles in the bee brain. Here, we describe the preparation currently used in the lab to measure activity in mushroom body neurons using a dextran coupled calcium-sensitive dye (Fura-2). We retrogradely stain mushroom body neurons by injecting dye into their axons or soma region. We focus on reducing the invasiveness, to achieve a preparation in which it is still possible to train the bee using PER conditioning. We are able to monitor and quantify the behavioral response by recording electro-myograms from the muscle which controls the PER (M17)2.
After the physiological experiment the imaged structures are investigated in greater detail using confocal scanning microscopy to address the identity of the neurons.

In vivo Ca2+- Imaging of Mushroom Body Neurons During Olfactory Learning in the Honey Bee

Bees can be conditioned in an appetitive olfactory learning paradigm (PER-conditioning). Using odors as stimuli, we established a method in which behavior is recorded while simultaneously Calcium Imaging is used to measure odor evoked activity in mushroom body neurons in vivo.

생체내 칼슘 2 + - 허니 비에 강한 학습하는 동안 버섯 바디 뉴런의 영상

The in vivo and semi-in vivo preparation for Calcium imaging has been developed in our lab by Joerges, K&uuml;ttner and Galizia over ten years ago, to ...

Autonomously Bioluminescent Mammalian Cells for Continuous and Real-time Monitoring of Cytotoxicity

Mammalian cell-based in vitro assays have been widely employed as alternatives to animal testing for toxicological studies but have been limited due to the high monetary and time costs of parallel sample preparation that are necessitated due to the destructive nature of firefly luciferase-based screening methods. This video describes the utilization of autonomously bioluminescent mammalian cells, which do not require the destructive addition of a luciferin substrate, as an inexpensive and facile method for monitoring the cytotoxic effects of a compound of interest. Mammalian cells stably expressing the full bacterial bioluminescence (luxCDABEfrp) gene cassette autonomously produce an optical signal that peaks at 490 nm without the addition of an expensive and possibly interfering luciferin substrate, excitation by an external energy source, or destruction of the sample that is traditionally performed during optical imaging procedures. This independence from external stimulation places the burden for maintaining the bioluminescent reaction solely on the cell, meaning that the resultant signal is only detected during active metabolism. This characteristic makes the lux-expressing cell line an excellent candidate for use as a biosentinel against cytotoxic effects because changes in bioluminescent production are indicative of adverse effects on cellular growth and metabolism. Similarly, the autonomous nature and lack of required sample destruction permits repeated imaging of the same sample in real-time throughout the period of toxicant exposure and can be performed across multiple samples using existing imaging equipment in an automated fashion.

Mammalian cells expressing the bacterial bioluminescence gene cassette (lux) produce light autonomously. The resulting bioluminescent dynamics upon chemical exposure have been demonstrated to reflect the treatment effects on cellular growth and metabolism, making these cells an inexpensive, continuous, real-time toxicity screening tool that can easily be adapted for high-throughput automation.

세포 독성의 지속적인 실시간 모니터링을위한 자율적으로 바이오 루미 네 센트 포유 동물 세포

Mammalian  cell-based in vitro assays have been  widely employed as alternatives to animal testing for toxicological studies but  have been limited due to ...

Residue-specific Incorporation of Noncanonical Amino Acids into Model Proteins Using an Escherichia coli Cell-free Transcription-translation System

The canonical set of amino acids leads to an exceptionally wide range of protein functionality. Nevertheless, the set of residues still imposes limitations on potential protein applications. The incorporation of noncanonical amino acids can enlarge this scope. There are two complementary approaches for the incorporation of noncanonical amino acids. For site-specific incorporation, in addition to the endogenous canonical translational machineries, an orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase-tRNA pair must be provided that does not interact with the canonical ones. Consequently, a codon that is not assigned to a canonical amino acid, usually a stop codon, is also required. This genetic code expansion enables the incorporation of a noncanonical amino acid at a single, given site within the protein. The here presented work describes residue-specific incorporation where the genetic code is reassigned within the endogenous translational system. The translation machinery accepts the noncanonical amino acid as a surrogate to incorporate it at canonically prescribed locations, i.e., all occurrences of a canonical amino acid in the protein are replaced by the noncanonical one. The incorporation of noncanonical amino acids can change the protein structure, causing considerably modified physical and chemical properties. Noncanonical amino acid analogs often act as cell growth inhibitors for expression hosts since they modify endogenous proteins, limiting in vivo protein production. In vivo incorporation of toxic noncanonical amino acids into proteins remains particularly challenging. Here, a cell-free approach for a complete replacement of L-arginine by the noncanonical amino acid L-canavanine is presented. It circumvents the inherent difficulties of in vivo expression. Additionally, a protocol to prepare target proteins for mass spectral analysis is included. It is shown that L-lysine can be replaced by L-hydroxy-lysine, albeit with lower efficiency. In principle, any noncanonical amino acid analog can be incorporated using the presented method as long as the endogenous in vitro translation system recognizes it.

Residue-specific Incorporation of Noncanonical Amino Acids into Model Proteins Using an Escherichia coli Cell-free Transcription-translation System

An easy-to-use, cell-free expression protocol for the residue-specific incorporation of noncanonical amino acid analogs into proteins, including downstream analysis, is presented for medical, pharmaceutic, structural and functional studies.

를 사용하여 모델 단백질로 비정규 아미노산의 잔류 특정 법인 설립<em&gt; 대장균</em&gt; 휴대없는 전사 번역 시스템

The canonical set of amino acids leads to an exceptionally wide range of protein functionality. Nevertheless, the set of residues still imposes ...

Use of Anti-phospho-girdin Antibodies to Visualize Intestinal Tuft Cells in Free-Floating Mouse Jejunum Cryosections

The actin binding protein girdin is a cytosolic protein that is required for actin remodeling to trigger cell migration in various tissues. Girdin is phosphorylated by both receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinases at tyrosine 1798. Omori et al. developed site- and phosphorylation status-specific antibodies against human girdin at tyrosine-1798 (pY1798), which specifically bind to phosphorylated tyrosine-1798, but not to unphosphorylated tyrosine-1798. pY1798 antibodies have been used to specifically label tuft cells (TCs) that are present in mammalian gastrointestinal tissues, but the function of these cells is unclear. This protocol allows the robust visualization of TCs in the jejunum using pY1798 antibodies and immunofluorescence. To ensure successful and simple TC visualization, this protocol includes two histological techniques: production of free-floating cryosections from gelatin-filled jejunum tissue, and low-temperature antigen retrieval at 50 &#176;C for 3 h. Filling the jejunum with gelatin maintains the shape of free-floating sections throughout the staining procedure, whereas low-temperature antigen retrieval ensures robust signals from TCs. Successful use of this protocol results in pY1798 staining of TCs distributed from villus tip to crypt. Stained TCs have a spool-shaped soma and fluorescent signals condense at the lumenal tip, which corresponds to the protruding &#39;tuft.&#39;&#160;Phalloidin staining colocalized with pY1798-positive TCs at the thickened brush border, and corresponds to a rootlet mass extending from the TC tuft. This protocol could be used to examine TCs in human biopsy samples collected with gastrointestinal endoscopes. Furthermore, TCs were recently reported to accumulate following parasite infection in mice, suggesting that this protocol could have applications for diagnosis of parasite infections in the human gut.

Kuga et al. discovered that phosphorylation-status specific antibodies against the actin binding protein girdin phosphorylated at tyrosine 1798 (pY1798) can be used to label tuft cells (TCs). This protocol allows robust visualization of TCs using immunofluorescent staining of free-floating jejunum cryosections with pY1798 antibodies.

장 술 셀 부동성 마우스 공장 Cryosections에 시각화에 안티 인 girdin 항 체의 사용

The actin binding protein girdin is a cytosolic protein that is required for actin remodeling to trigger cell migration in various tissues. Girdin is ...

Agrobacterium-Mediated Genetic Transformation, Transgenic Production, and Its Application for the Study of Male Reproductive Development in Rice

Male sterility is an important agronomic trait for hybrid seed production that is usually characterized by functional defects in male reproductive organs/gametes. Recent advances in CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology allow for high editing efficacy and timesaving knockout mutations of endogenous candidate genes at specific sites. Additionally, Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of rice is also a key method for gene modification, which has been widely adopted by many public and private laboratories. In this study, we applied CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing tools and successfully generated three male sterile mutant lines by targeted genome editing of OsABCG15 in a japonica cultivar. We used a modified Agrobacterium-mediated rice transformation method that could provide excellent means of genetic emasculation for hybrid seed production in rice. Transgenic plants can be obtained within 2&#8211;3 months and homozygous transformants were screened by genotyping using PCR amplification and Sanger sequencing. Basic phenotypic characterization of the male sterile homozygous line was performed by microscopic observation of the rice male reproductive organs, pollen viability analysis by iodine potassium iodide (I2-KI) staining semi-thin cross-sectioning of developing anthers.

Agrobacterium-Mediated Genetic Transformation, Transgenic Production, and Its Application for the Study of Male Reproductive Development in Rice

This work describes the use of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology to knockout endogenous gene OsABCG15 followed by a modified Agrobacterium-mediated transformation protocol to produce a stable male-sterile line in rice.

Agrobacterium-매개 유전 변환, 트랜스 제닉 생산, 그리고 쌀에서 남성 생식 개발의 연구에 대 한 그것의 응용 프로그램

Male sterility is an important agronomic trait for hybrid seed production that is usually characterized by functional defects in male reproductive ...

A Simple Dry Sectioning Method for Obtaining Whole-Seed-Sized Resin Section and Its Applications

The morphology, size and quantity of cells, starch granules&#160;and protein bodies in seed determine the weight and quality of seed. They are significantly different among different regions of seed. In order to view the morphologies of cells, starch granules and protein bodies clearly, and quantitatively analyze their morphology parameters accurately, the whole-seed-sized section is needed. Though the whole-seed-sized paraffin section can investigate the accumulation of storage materials in seeds, it is very difficult to quantitatively analyze the morphology parameters of cells and storage materials due to the low resolution of the thick section. The thin resin section has high resolution, but the routine resin sectioning method is not suitable to prepare the whole-seed-sized section of mature seeds with a large volume and high starch content. In this study, we present a simple dry sectioning method for preparing the whole-seed-sized resin section. The technique can prepare the cross and longitudinal whole-seed-sized sections of developing, mature, germinated, and cooked seeds embedded in LR White resin, even for large seeds with high starch content. The whole-seed-sized section can be stained with fluorescent brightener 28, iodine, and Coomassie brilliant blue R250 to specifically exhibit the morphology of cells, starch granules, and protein bodies clearly, respectively. The image obtained can also be analyzed quantitatively to show the morphology parameters of cells, starch granules, and protein bodies in different regions of seed.

This technique allows for the fast and simple preparation of whole-seed-sized resin section for the observation and analysis of cells, starch granules, and protein bodies in different regions of the seed.

전체 종자 크기의 수지 섹션 및 응용 프로그램을 얻기위한 간단한 건조 단면 방법

The morphology, size and quantity of cells, starch granules&#160;and protein bodies in seed determine the weight and quality of seed. They are ...

Rapid, Affordable, and Uncomplicated Production of Bacterial Cell-free Lysate

Cell-free gene expression offers the power of biology without the complications of a living organism. Although many such gene expression systems exist, most are quite expensive to buy and/or require special equipment and finely honed expertise to produce effectively. This protocol describes a method to produce bacterial cell-free lysate that supports high levels of gene expression, using only standard laboratory equipment and requiring minimal processing. The method uses an Escherichia coli strain producing an endolysin that does not affect growth, but which efficiently lyses a harvested cell pellet following a simple freeze-thaw cycle. The only further processing required is a brief incubation followed by centrifugation to clear the autolysate of cellular debris. Dynamic gene circuits can be achieved through heterologous expression of the ClpX protease in the cells before harvesting. An E. coli strain lacking the lacZ gene can be used for high-sensitivity, cell-free biosensing applications using a colorimetric or fluorescent readout. The entire protocol requires as few as 8-9 hours, with only 1-2 hours of hands-on labor from inoculation to completion. By reducing the cost and time to obtain cell-free lysate, this method should increase the affordability of cell-free gene expression for various applications.

This protocol describes a rapid and simple method to produce bacterial lysate for cell-free gene expression, using an engineered strain of Escherichia coli and requiring only standard laboratory equipment.

세균 세포 없는 Lysate의 신속하고 저렴하며 단순한 생산

Cell-free gene expression offers the power of biology without the complications of a living organism. Although many such gene expression systems exist, ...