이 작품은 샤론 E. 강사에 게 수 여 하는 NIH 그랜트 GM59354에 의해 지원 되었다. Confocal 현미경 검사 법에 대 한 앤 Lavanway와 기술 지원에 대 한 제이 에밀리 리드 형광 팔 프로브를 생성 하기 위한 프로토콜을 개발에 도움에 감사 위이 Q. 응웬 하 고. 우리는 또한 유용한 토론 및 조언을 위한 초파리 커뮤니티에서 수많은 동료를 감사합니다.

<ol>
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저자 아무 경쟁 금융 관심사를 선언합니다.

물고기를 사용 하 여 나 고 분열 prometaphase 팔 응집력의 상태를 평가 하기 위해 프로브 나 초파리 oocytes 초파리 감수 분열의 분야에서 중요 한 발전 이다. 역사적으로, 초파리 연구 성숙 oocytes11,,1819팔 응집력의 조 손실 유추를 유전자 검사로 제한 되었습니다. 자, 여기에 제시 된 방법으로 팔 단결력의 상태 ?...

유사 분열, 감수 분열 동안 염색체의 적절 한 분리 필요 그 자매 chromatid 단결력, 유지, 설립 될와 조정된 패션1,2에 발표. 단결력 S 단계 설정 되 고 복잡 한, 자매는 실제 관계를 형성 하는 cohesin에 의해 중재 chromatids 함께. 감수 분열에서 결합 한 크로스 오버를 원심 또한 함께 재조합 homologs를 기능과이 실제 협회를 통해 올바른 방향이는 분열에의 나는 (그림 1)3,4, 스핀 들 5. 팔의 릴리스 anaphase에 응집력 나 반대 스핀 들 극을 분리 하는 homologs 수 있습니다. 그러나, 팔 단결력은 경우 중간, 손실 재조합 homologs 그들의 물리적 연결을 잃게 되며 임의로, 분리는 aneuploid gametes (그림 1)에서 발생할 수 있습니다.
인간의 oocytes에서 염색체 분리에 오류 유산 및 기형 아 출산, 다운 증후군6, 등의 주요 원인이 되며 그들의 발생 산 모 나이7기 하 급수적으로 증가. 자매 chromatid 단결력 태아 oocytes에서 설정 되 고 meiotic 재결합 출생 하기 전에 완료 됩니다. Oocytes 다음 체포 중간 의향에 나 배 란까지 고이 체포 하는 동안, 재조합 homologs의 지속적인된 물리적 협회 의존 자매 chromatid 단결력. 따라서, 감수 분열과 정상 임신 결과 정확한 분리 결합 최대 5 년간 그대로 유지 해야 합니다.
인간의 oocytes의 장기간된 meiotic 체포 중 응집 조 손실 모성 연령 효과에 기여할 제안 되었습니다와 증거의 여러 줄이 가설8,9를 지원 합니다. 그러나,이 현상의 우리의 이해의 대부분 모델 생물5,10,,1112, 를 사용 하 여 의존 인간의 oocytes meiotic 응집력의 과제를 감안할 때, 13,,1415.
초파리 melanogaster oocytes meiotic 응집과 염색체 분리의 연구에 대 한 수많은 이점을 제공합니다. 간단한 유전자 분석 결과 수 aneuploid gametes에서 자손을 복구 하 고 X의 충실도 측정-대규모11,,1617에 염색체 분리. 또한, 하나 또한 나 팔 단결력11,18, 의 조 손실에 일치 하는 표현 형 감수 분열 시 재조합 homologs missegregate 때문에 염색체 분리 오류 발생 여부를 결정할 수 있습니다 19. 초파리 oocytes meiotic 응집력의 상태 관찰은 또한 형광 제자리에서 교 잡 (물고기)를 사용 하 여 직접. 비록 반복적인 위성 시퀀스에 교배 하는 형광 oligonucleotides 사용 되었습니다 10 년 이상 모니터링 성숙 초파리 oocytes4,20, 팔의 분석에서에서 pericentromeric 결합 하 단결력은 더욱 어려운 되었습니다. 팔 단결력의 상태 시각화 단일 복사본의 큰 영역에 걸쳐 프로브 시퀀스 이며 충분히 밝은 결과 개별 여동생에 대 한 표시 신호 chromatids 팔 단결력은 결 석 하는 경우 필요 합니다. 또한, oocyte 고정 조건 및 레이블이 지정 된 DNAs의 크기 큰 성숙한 초파리 oocyte (200 µ m 넓은 500 µ m 길이 의해)에 침투21 를 촉진 해야 합니다. 최근, 한 팔 조사는 성공적으로 활용, 하지만 저자 anaphase 동안 초파리 oocyte chromatids를 시각화 하기 위해 명시 된 그들은 prometaphase에 신호를 감지 하지 못했습니다 또는 분열 oocytes22를 체포. 여기 우리는 X의 생성에 대 한 자세한 프로토콜 제공-염색체 팔 물고기 조사 조건과 oocyte 준비 나 하 고 분열 chromatid 응집력 prometaphase 언 니의 조기 상실에 대 한 분석 결과 허용 난 oocytes. Meiotic 단결력의 유지 보수에 필요한 유전자 제품을 사용, 이러한 기술을 동생에 대 한 분석 결과를 다른 수 chromatid 단결력 다른 genotypes의 성숙한 초파리 oocytes에 결함.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Kits&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Midi Prep kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>12143</td><td>Prep BAC clone DNA</td></tr><tr><td>GenomePlex Complete Whole Genome Amplification (WGA) Kit</td><td>Sigma</td><td>WGA2</td><td>Amplify BAC clone DNA</td></tr><tr><td>ARES Alexa Fluor 647 DNA labeling kit</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>A21676</td><td>Label BAC clone DNA</td></tr><tr><td>PCR purification kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>28104</td><td>Remove non-conjugated dye following labeling of BAC clone DNA</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Chemicals &amp;amp; Solutions&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Note: &lt;/strong&gt;All solutions are prepared using sterile ultrapure water and should be sterilized either by autoclave or filter sterilization.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>BP1600-100</td><td>Prepare 10% stock&lt;br/&gt; Freeze aliquots</td></tr><tr><td>Calcium chloride</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>C75-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DAPI (4&amp;rsquo;, 6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole, Dihydrochloride)</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>D1306</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Toxic:&lt;/strong&gt; wear appropriate protection. Prepare 100&amp;micro;g/ml stock in 100% ethanol, store in aliquots at -20 &amp;deg;C. Prepare 1 &amp;micro;g/ml solution in 2X SSCT before use.</td></tr><tr><td>Dextran sulfate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D-8906</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Drierite</td><td>Drierite Company</td><td>23001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dithiothreitol (DTT)</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>15508-013</td><td>Prepare 10 mM stock</td></tr><tr><td>dTTP (10 &amp;micro;mol, 100 &amp;micro;l)</td><td>Boehringer Mannheim</td><td>1277049</td><td>Prepare 1 mM stock</td></tr><tr><td>EDTA (Disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S311-500</td><td>Prepare 250 mM stock</td></tr><tr><td>100% ethanol (molecular grade, 200 proof)</td><td>Decon Laboratories</td><td>2716</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tris (Ultra Pure)</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>15504-020</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EGTA (Ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo)tetraacetic acid)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>E-3889</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>16% formaldehyde</td><td>Ted Pella, Inc.</td><td>18505</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Toxic:&lt;/strong&gt; wear appropriate protection</td></tr><tr><td>Formamide</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>AM9342</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Toxic: &lt;/strong&gt;wear appropriate protection</td></tr><tr><td>Glucose</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>D16-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glycogen</td><td>Roche</td><td>901393</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HEPES</td><td>Boehringer Mannheim</td><td>737-151</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heptane</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>H350-4</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Toxic:&lt;/strong&gt; wear appropriate protection.</td></tr><tr><td>Hydrochloric acid</td><td>Millipore</td><td>HX0603-4</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Toxic:&lt;/strong&gt; wear appropriate protection.</td></tr><tr><td>Hydroxylamine</td><td>Sigma</td><td>438227</td><td>Prepare 3 M stock</td></tr><tr><td>4.9 M Magnesium chloride</td><td>Sigma</td><td>104-20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;HPO&lt;sub&gt;4 &lt;/sub&gt;&amp;Yuml; 7H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S373-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4 &lt;/sub&gt;&amp;Yuml; 2H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S369-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Poly-L-lysine (0.1mg/ml)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P8920-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium acetate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>BP364-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium acetate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S209-500</td><td>Prepare 3M stock</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium cacodylate</td><td>Polysciences, Inc.</td><td>1131</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Toxic: &lt;/strong&gt;wear appropriate protection. Prepare 400mM stock</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium citrate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>BP327-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium chloride</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S271-3</td><td>Sodium chloride</td></tr><tr><td>Sucrose</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S5-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10% Tween 20</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>28320</td><td>Surfact-Amps</td></tr><tr><td>10% Triton X-100</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>28314</td><td>Surfact-Amps</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Solutions&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Note: &lt;/strong&gt;All solutions are prepared using sterile ultrapure water and should be sterilized either by autoclave or filter sterilization.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TE buffer</td><td></td><td></td><td>10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, pH = 8.0</td></tr><tr><td>20X SSC (Saline Sodium Citrate)</td><td></td><td></td><td>3 M NaCl, 300 mM sodium citrate</td></tr><tr><td>2X cacodylate fix solution</td><td></td><td></td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Toxic:&lt;/strong&gt; wear appropriate protection. 200 mM sodium cacodylate, 200 mM sucrose, 80 mM sodium acetate, 20 mM EGTA</td></tr><tr><td>1.1X Hybridization buffer</td><td></td><td></td><td>3.3X SSC, 55% formamide, 11% dextran sulfate</td></tr><tr><td>Fix solution</td><td></td><td></td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Toxic: &lt;/strong&gt;wear appropriate protection. 4% formaldehyde, 1X cacodylate fix solution</td></tr><tr><td>PBSBTx</td><td></td><td></td><td>1X PBS, 0.5% BSA, 0.1% Trition X-100</td></tr><tr><td>PBSTx</td><td></td><td></td><td>1X PBS, 1% Trition X-100</td></tr><tr><td>Extraction buffer (PBSTx + Rnase)</td><td></td><td></td><td>1X PBS, 1% Trition X-100, 100 &amp;micro;g/mL RNase</td></tr><tr><td>2X SSCT</td><td></td><td></td><td>2X SSC, 0.1% Tween 20</td></tr><tr><td>2X SSCT + 20% formamide</td><td></td><td></td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Toxic:&lt;/strong&gt; wear appropriate protection. 2X SSC, 0.1% Tween 20, 20% formamide</td></tr><tr><td>2X SSCT + 40% formamide</td><td></td><td></td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Toxic:&lt;/strong&gt; wear appropriate protection. 2X SSC, 0.1% Tween 20, 40% formamide</td></tr><tr><td>2X SSCT + 50% formamide</td><td></td><td></td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Toxic:&lt;/strong&gt; wear appropriate protection. 2X SSC, 0.1% Tween 20, 50% formamide</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Enzymes&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>AluI</td><td>New England Biolabs</td><td>R0137S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HaeIII</td><td>New England Biolabs</td><td>R0108S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MseI</td><td>New England Biolabs</td><td>R0525S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MspI</td><td>New England Biolabs</td><td>R0106S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RsaI</td><td>New England Biolabs</td><td>R0167S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BfuCI</td><td>New England Biolabs</td><td>R0636S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100X BSA</td><td>New England Biolabs</td><td></td><td>Comes with NEB enzymes</td></tr><tr><td>10X NEB buffer #2</td><td>New England Biolabs</td><td></td><td>Restriction enzyme digestion buffer. Comes with NEB enzymes</td></tr><tr><td>Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) 400 U/&amp;micro;l</td><td>Roche/Sigma</td><td>3333566001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TdT buffer</td><td>Roche/Sigma</td><td></td><td>Comes with TdT enzyme</td></tr><tr><td>Cobalt chloride</td><td>Roche/Sigma</td><td></td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Toxic: &lt;/strong&gt;wear appropriate protection. Comes with TdT enzyme</td></tr><tr><td>RNase A (10 mg/mL)</td><td>Thermo-Scientific</td><td>EN0531</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Cytology Tools etc.&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Forceps</td><td>Dumont</td><td></td><td>#5 INOX, Biologie</td></tr><tr><td>9&amp;rdquo; Disposable glass Pasteur pipettes</td><td>Fisher</td><td>13-678-20C</td><td>Autoclave to sterilize</td></tr><tr><td>Shallow glass dissecting dish</td><td></td><td></td><td>Custom made</td></tr><tr><td>Deep well dish (3 wells)</td><td>Pyrex</td><td>7223-34</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fisherfinest Premium microscope slides</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>22-038-104</td><td>Used to cover deep well dishes</td></tr><tr><td>Frosted glass slides, 25 x 75 mm</td><td>VWR Scientific</td><td>48312-002</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass slides, 3 x 1 in, 1 mm thick</td><td>Thermo-Scientific</td><td>3051</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Coverslips, 10 x 10 mm, No. 1.5</td><td>Thermo-Scientific</td><td>3405</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tungsten needle</td><td></td><td></td><td>homemade</td></tr><tr><td>Prolong GOLD mounting media</td><td>Molecular Probes</td><td>P36930</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Compressed-air in can</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Equipment&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PCR machine</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nanodrop 2000, spectrophotometer</td><td>Thermo-Scientific</td><td></td><td>microvolume spectrophotometer</td></tr><tr><td>Vortexer</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Table top microfuge at room temperature</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Table top microfuge at 4 &amp;deg;C</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heat block</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hybridization oven or incubator with rotator</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nutator</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>A1RSi laser scanning confoal</td><td>Nikon</td><td></td><td>40X oil Plan Fluor DIC (NA 1.3)</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Consumables etc.&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>50 mL conical tubes</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>15 mL conical tubes</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1.5 mL microfuge tubes</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>500 &amp;micro;l microfuge tubes</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>200 &amp;micro;l PCR tubes</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plastic container with tight fitting lid</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td>To hold Drierite</td></tr><tr><td>Kimwipes</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td>disposable wipes</td></tr><tr><td>Parafilm</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td>paraffin film</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Other&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HPLC purified 5&#039;-labeled oligonucleotides</td><td>Integrated DNA Technologies</td><td></td><td>Cy3-labeled probes that recognize the 359 bp satellite repeat of the &lt;em&gt;X&lt;/em&gt; chromosome</td></tr><tr><td>Volocity 3D Image Analysis Software</td><td>PerkinElmer</td><td></td><td>Version 6.3</td></tr></tbody></table>

using fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) to monitor the state of arm cohesion in prometaphase and metaphase i drosophila oocytes

인간에서는, oocytes에서 염색체 분리 오류 유산 및 기형 아 출산의 대부분에 대 한 책임이 있습니다. 또한, 여자 나이, 그들 마음속에 aneuploid 태아는 극적으로 증가 하 고이 현상의 위험 모성 연령 효과로 알려져 있다. Meiotic 분열 동안 정확한 염색체 분리에 대 한 요구 사항 중 하나는 자매의 유지 보수 oocytes 경험 확장된 의향 기간 chromatid 단결력. 인간 및 모형 유기 체에서 cytological 증거 meiotic 단결력 노화 과정 동안 악화 나왔다. 또한, 인간의 oocytes에서 분리 오류는 감수 분열 중 가장 널리 퍼진 나 팔 단결력의 조 손실와 일치. 모델 생물의 사용은 기초가 단결력의 연령에 따라 손실 메커니즘을 탈피 중요 합니다. 초파리 melanogaster oocytes meiotic 응집력의 규칙을 공부에 대 한 몇 가지 장점이 있습니다. 그러나, 최근까지, 유전 시험만 팔 응집력 oocytes 다른 genotypes 또는 다른 실험 조건에서의 손실에 대 한 분석 결과를 사용할 수 없었습니다. 여기, 상세한 프로토콜 형광에서 제자리에서 사용 하기 위한 교 잡 (물고기)을 직접 시각화 결함 prometaphase 팔 응집력에 나 고 분열 초파리 oocytes를 체포 하는 제공 됩니다. X 염색체의 원심 팔 hybridizes를 물고기 프로브를 생성 하 여 수집 하는 confocal Z 스택 연구원 수 3 차원에서 개별 물고기 신호의 수를 시각화 하 고 자매 여부 결정 chromatid 무기 분리. 설명한 팔 단결력 결함 초파리 oocytes의 수백에 계량을 가능 하 게. 따라서,이 방법은 단결력 유지 보수 뿐만 아니라 노화 과정의 죽음으로 이어질 요인에 기여 하는 메커니즘을 조사는 중요 한 도구를 제공 합니다.

그림 5 는 X 염색체에 cytological 지역 6E-7B에 hybridizes는 팔 조사로 얻은 이미지를 선물 한다. 공동의 DAPI, localizes 신호에서이 조사 결과 배경에서 쉽게 구별할 수 이며 팔 단결력 결함 다른 genotypes19에 척도를 성공적으로 사용 되었습니다. 단결력 결함의 부 량 제한 되었다 prometaphase에 어 분열 I 단계; 핵 붕괴 이전 oocytes 분석<sup cl...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization FISH to Monitor the State of Arm Cohesion in Prometaphase and Metaphase I Drosophila Oocytes at JoVE.com

Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization FISH to Monitor the State of Arm Cohesion in Prometaphase and Metaphase I Drosophila Oocytes

Prometaphase 팔 응집력과 분열의 상태를 모니터링 하려면 형광 제자리에서 교 잡 (물고기)를 사용 하 여 나 초파리 Oocytes

이 원고 X를 생성 하는 자세한 방법을 제공-염색체 팔 프로브 및 수행 형광 제자리에서 교 잡 (물고기) 자매의 상태를 검사 하 chromatid 응집력 prometaphase 및 를 체포 하는 분열 초파리 oocytes. 이 프로토콜은 meiotic 팔 단결력은 그대로 또는 다른 genotypes에 방해 여부 결정 하는 데 적합 합니다.

In humans, chromosome segregation errors in oocytes are responsible for the majority of miscarriages and birth defects. Moreover, as women age, their risk ...

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Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) to Monitor the State of Arm Cohesion in Prometaphase and Metaphase I Drosophila Oocytes

Meiosis

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

11.3K 조회수.  Dartmouth College. 이 원고 X를 생성 하는 자세한 방법을 제공-염색체 팔 프로브 및 수행 형광 제자리에서 교 잡 (물고기) 자매의 상태를 검사 하 chromatid 응집력 prometaphase 및 를 체포 하는 분열 초파리 oocytes. 이 프로토콜은 meiotic 팔 단결력은 그대로 또는 다른 genotypes에 방해 여부 결정 하는 데 적합 합니다.

비디오: Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization FISH to Monitor the State of Arm Cohesion in Prometaphase and Metaphase I Drosophila Oocytes

High Resolution Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization in Drosophila Embryos and Tissues Using Tyramide Signal Amplification

In our efforts to determine the patterns of expression and subcellular localization of Drosophila RNAs on a genome-wide basis, and in a variety of tissues, we have developed numerous modifications and improvements to our original fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) protocol. To facilitate throughput and cost effectiveness, all steps, from probe generation to signal detection, are performed using exon 96-well microtiter plates. Digoxygenin (DIG)-labelled antisense RNA probes are produced using either cDNA clones or genomic DNA as templates. After tissue fixation and permeabilization, probes are hybridized to transcripts of interest and then detected using a succession of anti-DIG antibody conjugated to biotin, streptavidin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and fluorescently conjugated tyramide, which in the presence of HRP, produces a highly reactive intermediate that binds to electron dense regions of immediately adjacent proteins. These amplification and localization steps produce a robust and highly localized signal that facilitates both cellular and subcellular transcript localization. The protocols provided have been optimized to produce highly specific signals in a variety of tissues and developmental stages. References are also provided for additional variations that allow the simultaneous detection of multiple transcripts, or transcripts and proteins, at the same time.

High Resolution Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization in Drosophila Embryos and Tissues Using Tyramide Signal Amplification

The described RNA in situ hybridization protocol allows the detection of RNA in whole Drosophila embryos or dissected tissues. Using 96-well microtiter plates and tyramide signal amplification, transcripts can be detected at high resolution, sensitivity, and throughput, and at a relatively low cost.

높은 해상도 교 잡 형광 제자리에 초파리 태아와 Tyramide 신호 증폭을 사용 하 여 조직에서

In our efforts to determine the patterns of expression and subcellular localization of Drosophila RNAs on a genome-wide basis, and in a variety of ...

연구

유전학

Use of Single Molecule Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (SM-FISH) to Quantify and Localize mRNAs in Murine Oocytes

Current methods routinely used to quantify mRNA in oocytes and embryos include digital reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (dPCR), quantitative, real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) and RNA sequencing. When these techniques are performed using a single oocyte or embryo, low-copy mRNAs are not reliably detected. To overcome this problem, oocytes or embryos can be pooled together for analysis; however, this often leads to high variability amongst samples. In this protocol, we describe the use of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using branched DNA chemistry. This technique identifies the spatial pattern of mRNAs in individual cells. When the technique is coupled with Spot Finding and Tracking&#160;computer software, the abundance of mRNAs in the cell can also be quantified. Using this technique, there is reduced variability within an experimental group and fewer oocytes and embryos are required to detect significant differences between experimental groups. Commercially available branched-DNA SM-FISH kits have been optimized to detect mRNAs in sectioned tissues or adherent cells on slides. However, oocytes do not effectively adhere to slides and some reagents in the kit were too harsh resulting in oocyte lysis. To prevent this lysis, several modifications were made to the FISH kit. Specifically, oocyte permeabilization and wash&#160;buffers designed for the immunofluorescence of oocytes and embryos replaced the proprietary buffers. The permeabilization, washes, and incubations with probes and amplifier were performed in 6-well plates and oocytes were placed on slides at the end of the protocol using mounting media. These modifications were able to overcome the limitations of the commercially available kit, in particular, the oocyte lysis. To accurately and reproducibly count the number of mRNAs in individual oocytes, computer software was used. Together, this protocol represents an alternative to PCR and sequencing to compare the expression of specific transcripts in single cells.

Use of Single Molecule Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization SM-FISH to Quantify and Localize mRNAs in Murine Oocytes

To reproducibly count the numbers of mRNAs in individual oocytes, single molecule RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (RNA-FISH) was optimized for non-adherent cells. Oocytes were collected, hybridized with the transcript specific probes, and quantified using an image quantification software.

Murine Oocytes에 계량 및 방화 mRNAs 단일 분자 형광에서 제자리 교 잡 (SM-물고기)의 사용

Current methods routinely used to quantify mRNA in oocytes and embryos include digital reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (dPCR), ...

Nuclear Migration in the Drosophila Oocyte

Live cell imaging is particularly necessary to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate organelle movements, cytoskeleton rearrangements, or polarity patterning within the cells. When studying oocyte nucleus positioning, live-imaging techniques are essential to capture the dynamic events of this process. The Drosophila egg chamber is a multicellular structure and an excellent model system to study this phenomenon because of its large size and availability of numerous genetic tools. During Drosophila mid-oogenesis, the nucleus migrates from a central position within the oocyte to adopt an asymmetric position mediated by microtubule-generated forces. This migration and positioning of the nucleus are necessary to determine the polarity axes of the embryo and the subsequent adult fly. One characteristic of this migration is that it occurs in three dimensions (3D), creating a necessity for live imaging. Thus, to study the mechanisms that regulate nuclear migration, we have developed a protocol to culture the dissected egg chambers and perform live imaging for 12 h by time-lapse acquisitions using spinning-disk confocal microscopy. Overall, our conditions allow us to preserve Drosophila egg chambers alive for a long period of time, thereby enabling the completion of nuclear migration to be visualized in a large number of samples in 3D.

Nuclear Migration in the Drosophila Oocyte

In Drosophila, the oocyte nucleus undergoes microtubule-dependent migration during oogenesis. Here, we describe a protocol that was developed to follow the migration by performing live imaging on egg chambers ex-vivo. Our procedure maintains egg chambers alive for 12 h to acquire multi-position 3D time-lapse movies using spinning-disk confocal microscopy.

드로소필라 오키테의 핵 이주

Live cell imaging is particularly necessary to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate organelle movements, cytoskeleton ...

발생학

Studying Mitotic Checkpoint by Illustrating Dynamic Kinetochore Protein Behavior and Chromosome Motion in Living Drosophila Syncytial Embryos

The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) mechanism is an active signal, which monitors the interaction between chromosome kinetochores and spindle microtubules to prevent anaphase onset until the chromosomes are properly connected. Cells use this mechanism to prevent aneuploidy or genomic instability, and hence cancers and other human diseases like birth defects and Alzheimer's1. A number of the SAC components such as Mad1, Mad2, Bub1, BubR1, Bub3, Mps1, Zw10, Rod and Aurora B kinase have been identified and they are all kinetochore dynamic proteins2. Evidence suggests that the kinetochore is where the SAC signal is initiated. The SAC prime regulatory target is Cdc20. Cdc20 is one of the essential APC/C (Anaphase Promoting Complex or Cyclosome) activators3 and is also a kinetochore dynamic protein4-6. When activated, the SAC inhibits the activity of the APC/C to prevent the destruction of two key substrates, cyclin B and securin, thereby preventing the metaphase to anaphase transition7,8. Exactly how the SAC signal is initiated and assembled on the kinetochores and relayed onto the APC/C to inhibit its function still remains elusive.
Drosophila is an extremely tractable experimental system; a much simpler and better-understood organism compared to the human but one that shares fundamental processes in common. It is, perhaps, one of the best organisms to use for bio-imaging studies in living cells, especially for visualization of the mitotic events in space and time, as the early embryo goes through 13 rapid nuclear division cycles synchronously (8-10 minutes for each cycle at 25 &deg;C) and gradually organizes the nuclei in a single monolayer just underneath the cortex9.
Here, I present a bio-imaging method using transgenic Drosophila expressing GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) or its variant-targeted proteins of interest and a Leica TCS SP2 confocal laser scanning microscope system to study the SAC function in flies, by showing images of GFP fusion proteins of some of the SAC components, Cdc20 and Mad2, as the example.

Studying Mitotic Checkpoint by Illustrating Dynamic Kinetochore Protein Behavior and Chromosome Motion in Living Drosophila Syncytial Embryos

The kinetochore is where the SAC initiates its signal monitoring the mitotic segregation of the sister chromatids. A method is described to visualize the recruitment and turnover of one of the kinetochore proteins and its coordination with the chromosome motion in Drosophila embryos using a Leica laser scanning confocal system.

생활에서 보여주는 동적 Kinetochore 단백질 행동과 염색체 모션으로 Mitotic 검사 점 유학<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Syncytial 태아

The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) mechanism is an active signal, which monitors the interaction between chromosome kinetochores and spindle ...

생물학

Live Imaging of GFP-labeled Proteins in Drosophila Oocytes

The Drosophila oocyte has been established as a versatile system for investigating fundamental questions such as cytoskeletal function, cell organization, and organelle structure and function. The availability of various GFP-tagged proteins means that many cellular processes can be monitored in living cells over the course of minutes or hours, and using this technique, processes such as RNP transport, epithelial morphogenesis, and tissue remodeling have been described in great detail in Drosophila oocytes1,2.
The ability to perform video imaging combined with a rich repertoire of mutants allows an enormous variety of genes and processes to be examined in incredible detail. One such example is the process of ooplasmic streaming, which initiates at mid-oogenesis3,4. This vigorous movement of cytoplasmic vesicles is microtubule and kinesin-dependent5 and provides a useful system for investigating cytoskeleton function at these stages.
Here I present a protocol for time lapse imaging of living oocytes using virtually any confocal microscopy setup.

Live Imaging of GFP-labeled Proteins in Drosophila Oocytes

A protocol for live imaging of GFP-tagged proteins or autofluorescent structures in individual Drosophila oocytes is described.

에 GFP-라벨 단백질의 영상을 라​​이브<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Oocytes

The  Drosophila oocyte has been established as a versatile system for investigating  fundamental questions such as cytoskeletal function, cell ...

Whole Mount RNA Fluorescent in situ Hybridization of Drosophila Embryos

Assessing the expression pattern of a gene, as well as the subcellular localization properties of its transcribed RNA, are key features for understanding its biological function during development. RNA in situ hybridization (RNA-ISH) is a powerful method used for visualizing RNA distribution properties, be it at the organismal, cellular or subcellular levels 1. RNA-ISH is based on the hybridization of a labeled nucleic acid probe (e.g. antisense RNA, oligonucleotides) complementary to the sequence of an mRNA or a non-coding RNA target of interest 2. As the procedure requires primary sequence information alone to generate sequence-specific probes, it can be universally applied to a broad range of organisms and tissue specimens 3. Indeed, a number of large-scale ISH studies have been implemented to document gene expression and RNA localization dynamics in various model organisms, which has led to the establishment of important community resources 4-11. While a variety of probe labeling and detection strategies have been developed over the years, the combined usage of fluorescently-labeled detection reagents and enzymatic signal amplification steps offer significant enhancements in the sensitivity and resolution of the procedure 12. Here, we describe an optimized fluorescent in situ hybridization method (FISH) employing tyramide signal amplification (TSA) to visualize RNA expression and localization dynamics in staged Drosophila embryos. The procedure is carried out in 96-well PCR plate format, which greatly facilitates the simultaneous processing of large numbers of samples.

Whole Mount RNA Fluorescent in situ Hybridization of Drosophila Embryos

Here we describe a whole-mount fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) protocol for determining the expression and localization properties of RNAs expressed during embryogenesis in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster.

전체 마운트 RNA 형광<em&gt; 현장에서</em의&gt; 하이브리드<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; 태아

Assessing  the expression pattern of a gene, as well as the subcellular localization  properties of its transcribed RNA, are key features for ...

Cytological Analysis of Spermatogenesis: Live and Fixed Preparations of Drosophila Testes

Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful model system that has been widely used to elucidate a variety of biological processes. For example, studies of both the female and male germ lines of Drosophila have contributed greatly to the current understanding of meiosis as well as stem cell biology. Excellent protocols are available in the literature for the isolation and imaging of Drosophila ovaries&#160;and testes3-12. Herein, methods for the dissection and preparation of Drosophila testes for microscopic analysis are described with an accompanying video demonstration. A protocol for isolating testes from the abdomen of adult males and preparing slides of live tissue for analysis by phase-contrast microscopy as well as a protocol for fixing and immunostaining testes for analysis by fluorescence microscopy are presented. These techniques can be applied in the characterization of Drosophila mutants that exhibit defects in spermatogenesis as well as in the visualization of subcellular localizations of proteins.

Cytological Analysis of Spermatogenesis: Live and Fixed Preparations of Drosophila Testes

Methods for isolating and preparing Drosophila testes samples (live and fixed) for imaging by phase-contrast and fluorescence microscopy are described herein.&#160;

정자의 세포 학적 분석 : 라이브와 고정 준비<em&gt; 초파리</em&gt; 고환

Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful model system that has been widely used to elucidate a variety of biological processes. For example, studies of both ...

Techniques for Imaging Prometaphase and Metaphase of Meiosis I in Fixed Drosophila Oocytes

Chromosome segregation in human oocytes is error prone, resulting in aneuploidy, which is the leading genetic cause of miscarriage and birth defects. The study of chromosome behavior in oocytes from model organisms holds much promise to uncover the molecular basis of the susceptibility of human oocytes to aneuploidy. Drosophila melanogaster is amenable to genetic manipulation, with over 100 years of research, community, and technique development. Visualizing chromosome behavior and spindle assembly in Drosophila oocytes has particular challenges, however, due primarily to the presence of membranes surrounding the oocyte that are impenetrable to antibodies. We describe here protocols for the collection, preparation, and imaging of meiosis I spindle assembly and chromosome behavior in Drosophila oocytes, which allow the molecular dissection of chromosome segregation in this important model organism.

Techniques for Imaging Prometaphase and Metaphase of Meiosis I in Fixed Drosophila Oocytes

We present protocols for the collection, preparation, and imaging of mature Drosophila oocytes. These methods allow the visualization of chromosome behavior and spindle assembly and function during meiosis.

고정의 이미지 Prometaphase 및 중기 감수 분열의 I위한 기술<em&gt; 초파리</em&gt; 난 모세포

Chromosome segregation in human oocytes is error prone, resulting in aneuploidy, which is the leading genetic cause of miscarriage and birth defects. The ...

Multiplex Detection of Gene Expression in the Intact Drosophila Brain Using Expansion-Assisted Iterative Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

Understanding gene expression is essential for deciphering cellular functions. However, methods for analyzing the expression of numerous genes in situ within a given tissue remain limited. The EASI-FISH protocol described here has been adapted to detect the expression of dozens of genes in the intact adult Drosophila central nervous system (CNS) using commercially available reagents. This protocol includes a new gel formulation that enhances gel robustness, enabling multiple rounds of hybridization and allowing the embedding of multiple brains per gel. This improvement increases throughput, facilitates optimal comparison of experimental conditions, and reduces reagent costs. Additionally, by employing the GAL4-UAS system for co-detection of green fluorescent protein (GFP), gene expression can be visualized in specific neuronal or glial cell types. Notably, the high resolution achieved through expansion microscopy, combined with the sensitivity of the method, allows for the detection of single RNA transcripts. This approach effectively integrates high image quality with high throughput, making it a powerful tool for studying gene expression throughout the intact fly brain.

Expansion-Assisted Iterative Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (EASI-FISH) is a robust technique that combines expansion microscopy with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to detect the expression of multiple genes in thick tissue. This protocol outlines recent advancements in the method and its adaptation for labeling the intact Drosophila central nervous system..

Understanding gene expression is essential for deciphering cellular functions. However, methods for analyzing the expression of numerous genes in situ ...

신경과학

Immunofluorescent Staining for Visualization of Heterochromatin Associated Proteins in Drosophila Salivary Glands

Visualization of heterochromatin aggregates by immunostaining can be challenging. Many mammalian components of chromatin are conserved in Drosophila melanogaster. Therefore, it is an excellent model to study heterochromatin formation and maintenance. Polytenized cells, such as the ones found in salivary glands of third instar D. melanogaster larvae, provide an excellent tool to observe the chromatin amplified nearly a thousand times and have allowed researchers to study changes in the distribution of heterochromatin in the nucleus. Although the observation of heterochromatin components can be carried out directly in polytene chromosome preparations, the localization of some proteins can be altered by the severity of the treatment. Therefore, the direct visualization of heterochromatin in cells complements this type of study. In this protocol, we describe the immunostaining techniques used for this tissue, the use of secondary fluorescent antibodies, and confocal microscopy to observe these heterochromatin aggregates with greater precision and detail.

Immunofluorescent Staining for Visualization of Heterochromatin Associated Proteins in Drosophila Salivary Glands

This protocol aims to visualize heterochromatin aggregates in Drosophila polytene cells.

드로소필라 살리바리 땀샘의 이종로크로마티닌 관련 단백질의 시각화를 위한 면역형성 염색

Visualization of heterochromatin aggregates by immunostaining can be challenging. Many mammalian components of chromatin are conserved in Drosophila ...

Prometaphase 팔 응집력과 분열의 상태를 모니터링 하려면 형광 제자리에서 교 잡 (물고기)를 사용 하 여 나 초파리 Oocytes

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

이 비디오의 챕터

높은 해상도 교 잡 형광 제자리에 초파리 태아와 Tyramide 신호 증폭을 사용 하 여 조직에서

Murine Oocytes에 계량 및 방화 mRNAs 단일 분자 형광에서 제자리 교 잡 (SM-물고기)의 사용

드로소필라 오키테의 핵 이주

생활에서 보여주는 동적 Kinetochore 단백질 행동과 염색체 모션으로 Mitotic 검사 점 유학

에 GFP-라벨 단백질의 영상을 라이브

전체 마운트 RNA 형광

정자의 세포 학적 분석 : 라이브와 고정 준비

고정의 이미지 Prometaphase 및 중기 감수 분열의 I위한 기술

Multiplex Detection of Gene Expression in the Intact Drosophila Brain Using Expansion-Assisted Iterative Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

드로소필라 살리바리 땀샘의 이종로크로마티닌 관련 단백질의 시각화를 위한 면역형성 염색

Prometaphase 팔 응집력과 분열의 상태를 모니터링 하려면 형광 제자리에서 교 잡 (물고기)를 사용 하 여 나 초파리 Oocytes

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

이 비디오의 챕터

높은 해상도 교 잡 형광 제자리에 초파리 태아와 Tyramide 신호 증폭을 사용 하 여 조직에서

Murine Oocytes에 계량 및 방화 mRNAs 단일 분자 형광에서 제자리 교 잡 (SM-물고기)의 사용

드로소필라 오키테의 핵 이주

생활에서 보여주는 동적 Kinetochore 단백질 행동과 염색체 모션으로 Mitotic 검사 점 유학

에 GFP-라벨 단백질의 영상을 라​​이브

전체 마운트 RNA 형광

정자의 세포 학적 분석 : 라이브와 고정 준비

고정의 이미지 Prometaphase 및 중기 감수 분열의 I위한 기술

Multiplex Detection of Gene Expression in the Intact Drosophila Brain Using Expansion-Assisted Iterative Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

드로소필라 살리바리 땀샘의 이종로크로마티닌 관련 단백질의 시각화를 위한 면역형성 염색

에 GFP-라벨 단백질의 영상을 라이브