저자들은 북미 소아 정형외과 학회(Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America)의 Biomet Spine Grant와 National Institutes of Health Clinical and Translational Science Institute KL2 Grant, HH Lee Surgical Research Grant를 이 실험의 주요 자금 출처로 인정합니다.

모든 동물은 동물 복지법(AWA), 1996년 실험 동물 관리 및 사용 가이드, 실험 동물의 인도적 관리 및 사용을 위한 PHS 정책, 동물 관리 및 사용 교육 매뉴얼에 명시된 기관의 정책 및 절차에 명시된 연방 규정에 정의된 모범 동물 관행에 따라 엄격하게 취급되었습니다. 모든 동물 연구는 캘리포니아 대학교 로스 앤젤레스 총장의 동물 연구위원회 (ARC)의 승인을 받았습니다.
1. S. aureus 생물 발광 균주 선택
<ol><li>생물 발광 S. aureus 균주 Xen36을 관심 접종물로 사용하십시오. 참고: 이 균주는 패혈증 환자로부터 임상적으로 분리된 부모 균주 S. aureus ATCC-49525에서 파생되었습니다. 황색포도상구균(S. aureus) Xen36은 luxABCDE 오페론을 고유하게 활용하며, 이는 숙주의 네이티브 플라스미드에 최적화되고 통합됩니다. 19 결과적으로, Xen36 균주는 490nm의 피크 파장 방출을 갖는 청록색 생물 발광광을 생성할 수 있습니다. 이 방출 신호는 신진대사 활동을 하는 살아있는 박테리아 유기체에 의해서만 생성됩니다.</li>
</ol>2. S의 준비 접종용 아우레우스
<ol><li>Luria Broth에 200μg/mL의 카나마이신과 1.5% 한천을 첨가하여 럭스 오페론19에 연결된 카나마이신 내성 유전자를 활용하여 잠재적인 오염 물질로부터 S. aureus Xen36을 분리합니다.</li>
	<li>S. aureus Xen36 박테리아를 트립틱 대두 한천 플레이트(트립틱 대두 육수[TSB]에 1.5% 한천을 더한 값)에 줄무늬를 만들고 37°C에서 12-16시간 동안 배양합니다.</li>
	<li>S. aureus Xen36의 단일 콜로니를 분리하고 진탕 인큐베이터(200rpm)에서 37°C에서 12-16시간 동안 TSB에서 개별적으로 배양합니다.</li>
	<li>결과 배양액을 1:50 비율로 희석합니다.</li>
	<li>37°C에서 추가로 2시간 동안 배양하여 중간대수상 박테리아를 분리합니다.</li>
	<li>박테리아를 펠렛화하고, 재현탁하고, 인산염 완충 식염수(PBS)에 세 번 세척합니다.</li>
	<li>600nm에서 흡광도를 측정합니다. 이상적인 OD600은 0.700에서 0.750 사이이며 4x105 CFU/mL에 해당합니다. 원하는 박테리아 접종(1 x 103 CFU/2 μL)을 얻기 위해 연속 희석을 수행합니다. 참고: 만성 감염 확립을 위한 Xen36의 최적 농도는 1 x 103 CFU인 것으로 밝혀졌습니다. 박테리아의 낮은 투여량은 숙주 면역 체계에 의해 제거되고 더 높은 투여량은 상처 파괴를 일으켰습니다. 상처 파괴는 심부 임플란트 감염과 표재성 상처 감염을 구별하지 않으므로 이 모델에서는 피할 수 있습니다(그림 1)20.</li>
</ol>3. 생쥐
<ol><li>12주 된 수컷 C57BL/6J 야생형 마우스를 사용합니다.</li>
	<li>한 번에 최대 4마리의 새장에 있는 집 쥐.</li>
	<li>항상 물을 사용할 수 있도록 하십시오. 12시간의 밝음/어두움 주기를 유지하고 주기의 어두운 단계 동안에는 실험을 수행하지 마십시오.</li>
	<li>형광 신호에 대한 잠재적인 간섭으로 인해 먹이를 위해 알팔파가 없는 차우를 사용하십시오.</li>
	<li>연구 또는 수의사가 매일 쥐를 평가하여 실험 내내 동물의 웰빙을 보장하도록 합니다.</li>
</ol>4. 마우스 수술 절차
<ol><li>마우스를 이소플루란(2%) 챔버에 약 5분 동안 넣어 마취를 유도합니다. 호흡이 깨어 있을 때보다 리드미컬하고 느리게 유지되고 유해한 자극(예: 외과적 조작, 발가락 꼬집기)에 반응하여 변하지 않도록 모니터링하여 적절한 마취 깊이를 확인합니다.</li>
	<li>마취된 쥐를 준비 스테이션으로 옮기고 설치류 가위로 천골에서 상부 흉추로 털을 제거합니다.</li>
	<li>베타딘 용액과 이소프로필 알코올을 번갈아 가며 세 번 씻어 피부를 청소하고 살균합니다.</li>
	<li>엎드린 자세에서 마취 및 멸균된 마우스를 무균 수술 침대로 옮기고 노즈 콘을 통해 흡입된 이소플루란(2%)을 투여하여 마취를 유지합니다.</li>
	<li>엉덩이를 최대한 구부리고 척추 수준에서 무릎의 위치를 식별하여 요추 4 척추체에 근접합니다.</li>
	<li>15날 수술용 메스로 피부를 세로로 2cm 절개합니다.</li>
	<li>가시돌기를 촉진하여 정중선을 확인하고 뼈까지 절개를 계속합니다.</li>
	<li>L4 가시돌기의 오른쪽에서 횡돌기까지 측면으로 확장되는 골막하를 절개합니다.</li>
	<li>흡수성 편조 봉합사 크기 5-0 두부 및 근막을 통해 L4 몸체에 통과시키고 향후 폐쇄를 준비하기 위해 열린 상태로 둡니다.</li>
	<li>25G 척추 바늘을 사용하여 25G 척추 바늘을 사용하여 L4의 가시 돌기를 넓히고 긴 팔이 두부를 놓은 얇은 판을 따라 직경 0.1mm, 길이 1cm "L자형" 수술용 스테인리스 스틸 임플란트를 삽입합니다.</li>
	<li>임플란트에 1 x 103 CFU/2 μL 생물 발광 S. aureus Xen36을 접종하고 모든 용액이 임플란트에 닿도록 주의합니다.</li>
	<li>접종 후 이전에 통과된 흡수성 봉합사를 묶기 전에 약 10초 동안 기다렸다가 임플란트에 접종물이 포함되어 있는지 확인합니다.</li>
	<li>흡수성 봉합사로 달리는 방식으로 피부를 밀착시킵니다.</li>
	<li>진통제는 부프레노르핀(0.1mg/kg)을 즉시 피하주사로 투여한 후 3일간 12시간마다 투여한다.</li>
	<li>가열 패드에서 마우스를 회수하고 정상 활동으로 돌아가는지 모니터링합니다.</li>
	<li>임플란트의 적절한 배치를 확인하기 위해 수술 후 방사선 사진을 얻습니다.</li>
</ol>5. 세균 부담을 측정하기 위한 종방향 생체 내 생물 발광 이미징
<ol><li>흡입된 이소플루란(2%)으로 마우스를 마취합니다. 호흡이 깨어 있을 때보다 리드미컬하고 느리게 유지되고 유해한 자극(예: 외과적 조작, 발가락 꼬집기)에 반응하여 변하지 않도록 모니터링하여 적절한 마취 깊이를 확인합니다.</li>
	<li>설치류 가위로 천골에서 상부 흉추까지의 털을 제거합니다.</li>
	<li>생쥐를 생물 발광 이미징 플랫폼의 시야에 로드하여 생체 내 생물 발광 이미징(BLI)을 수행합니다19.</li>
	<li>획득 시간 5분 동안 생물 발광 신호를 캡처합니다. 15cm 시야각(B)의 큰 비닝 설정을 활용합니다.</li>
	<li>수술 후 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 18, 21, 25, 28 및 35일(또는 특정 실험 설계에 따라 다른 날)에 5.1-5.4단계를 반복하여 박테리아 부담을 모니터링합니다.</li>
	<li>컬러 스케일을 통해 BLI 데이터를 표시하고 그레이스케일 사진에 오버레이합니다. BLI 소프트웨어를 사용하여 표준 난형 관심 영역(ROI)을 분리하여 BLI를 총 플럭스(초당 광자) 또는 평균 최대 플럭스(광자/초/센티미터2/스테라디안)로 정량화합니다.</li>
</ol>6. 임플란트 및 주변 조직에 부착된 박테리아 정량화
<ol><li>AVMA 지침에 따라 POD 35 또는 이산화탄소에 노출된 대체 수술 후 날짜에 마우스를 안락사시킵니다. 이차성 자궁경부 탈구로 안락사를 확인합니다.</li>
	<li>4.3단계에 따라 등쪽 피부를 소독하고 멸균된 수술 부위에 엎드린 쥐를 놓습니다.</li>
	<li>15날 수술용 메스를 사용하여 이전 절개 부위를 날카롭게 절개합니다.</li>
	<li>멸균 가위를 사용하여 L4 가시돌기를 무뚝뚝하게 절개하고 수술용 임플란트를 식별합니다.</li>
	<li>니들 드라이버를 사용하여 L4 가시 돌기의 위치에서 임플란트를 부드럽게 비틀고 제거합니다.</li>
	<li>멸균 겸자와 가위를 사용하여 수술용 임플란트 바로 주변의 가시돌기 뼈와 연조직 약 0.1g을 채취하고 4개의 날카로운 균질화 구슬이 있는 작은 원뿔형 코뿔소 튜브에 PBS 1mL를 넣습니다.</li>
	<li>수확 전후에 원뿔형 튜브의 무게를 측정하여 연조직의 무게를 기록하십시오.</li>
	<li>TSB의 0.3% Tween-80 0.5mL에 임플란트를 넣고 15분 동안 초음파 처리합니다.</li>
	<li>결과 임플란트 현탁액을 2분 동안 와류하고 12-16시간 동안 밤새 배양합니다.</li>
	<li>균질화기를 사용하여 임플란트를 둘러싼 1ml PBS에 이전에 배치된 연조직 및 가시 돌기를 균질화합니다.</li>
	<li>생성된 연조직 현탁액을 5분 동안 와류시키고 12-16시간 동안 밤새 배양합니다.</li>
	<li>하룻밤 배양 후 임플란트와 주변 조직에서 각각 CFU를 계산합니다. 연조직용으로 수확한 총 CFU/g과 초음파 임플란트용으로 수확한 CFU/mL로 값을 표현합니다.</li>
</ol>

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M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+mouse+model+of+post-arthroplasty+Staphylococcus+aureus+joint+infection+to+evaluate+in+vivo+the+efficacy+of+antimicrobial+implant+coatings.">A mouse model of post-arthroplasty Staphylococcus aureus joint infection to evaluate in vivo the efficacy of antimicrobial implant coatings.</a> PLoS One. 5 (9), 12580 (2010).</li><li>Niska, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monitoring+bacterial+burden,+inflammation+and+bone+damage+longitudinally+using+optical+and+muCT+imaging+in+an+orthopaedic+implant+infection+in+mice.">Monitoring bacterial burden, inflammation and bone damage longitudinally using optical and muCT imaging in an orthopaedic implant infection in mice.</a> PLoS One. 7 (10), 47397 (2012).</li><li>Francis, K. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monitoring+bioluminescent+Staphylococcus+aureus+infections+in+living+mice+using+a+novel+luxABCDE+construct.">Monitoring bioluminescent Staphylococcus aureus infections in living mice using a novel luxABCDE construct.</a> Infection and Immunity. 68 (6), 3594-3600 (2000).</li><li>Dworsky, E. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+in+vivo+mouse+model+of+implant+related+spine+infection.">Novel in vivo mouse model of implant related spine infection.</a> Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 35 (1), 193-199 (2017).</li><li>Hegde, S. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activity+of+telavancin+against+heterogeneous+vancomycin-intermediate+Staphylococcus+aureus+(hVISA)+in+vitro+and+in+an+in+vivo+mouse+model+of+bacteraemia.">Activity of telavancin against heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (hVISA) in vitro and in an in vivo mouse model of bacteraemia.</a> Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 65 (4), 725-728 (2010).</li><li>Crandon, J. L., Kuti, J. L., Nicolau, D. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+efficacies+of+human+simulated+exposures+of+telavancin+and+vancomycin+against+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+with+a+range+of+vancomycin+MICs+in+a+murine+pneumonia+model.">Comparative efficacies of human simulated exposures of telavancin and vancomycin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with a range of vancomycin MICs in a murine pneumonia model.</a> Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 54 (12), 5115-5119 (2010).</li><li>Reyes, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficacy+of+telavancin+in+a+murine+model+of+bacteraemia+induced+by+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus.">Efficacy of telavancin in a murine model of bacteraemia induced by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.</a> Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 58 (2), 462-465 (2006).</li><li>Sakoulas, G., Eliopoulos, G. M., Alder, J., Eliopoulos, C. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficacy+of+daptomycin+in+experimental+endocarditis+due+to+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus.">Efficacy of daptomycin in experimental endocarditis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.</a> Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 47 (5), 1714-1718 (2003).</li><li>Hu, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combinatory+antibiotic+therapy+increases+rate+of+bacterial+kill+but+not+final+outcome+in+a+novel+mouse+model+of+Staphylococcus+aureus+spinal+implant+infection.">Combinatory antibiotic therapy increases rate of bacterial kill but not final outcome in a novel mouse model of Staphylococcus aureus spinal implant infection.</a> PLoS One. 12 (2), 0173019 (2017).</li><li>Poelstra, K. A., Barekzi, N. A., Grainger, D. W., Gristina, A. G., Schuler, T. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+spinal+implant+infection+model+in+rabbits.">A novel spinal implant infection model in rabbits.</a> Spine. 25 (4), 406-410 (2000).</li></ol>

저자는 공개할 이해 상충이 없습니다.

척추의 임플란트 관련 감염은 환자에게 좋지 않은 결과를 예고한다 1,2,3,4,5. 신체의 다른 많은 부위와 달리 척추의 감염된 하드웨어는 불안정성과 신경학적 손상의 위험으로 인해 제거할 수 없는 경우가 많습니다. 전신 항생제 치료에 내성이 있는 생물막 박테리아 설정에서 ...

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/60560">In vivo Mouse Model of Spinal Implant Infection</a>. The Authors section was updated from:
Benjamin V. Kelley1 
Stephen D. Zoller1 
Danielle Greig1 
Kellyn Hori1 
Nicolas Cevallos1 
Chad Ishmael1 
Peter Hsiue1 
Rishi Trikha1 
Troy Sekimura2 
Thomas Olson2 
Ameen Chaudry2 
Michael M. Le2 
Anthony A. Scaduto1 
Kevin P. Francis1 
Nicholas M. Bernthal1 
1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Los Angeles 
2David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles
to:
Benjamin V. Kelley1 
Christopher Hamad1 
Stephen D. Zoller1 
Danielle Greig1 
Zeinab Mamouei1 
Rene Chun1 
Kellyn Hori1 
Nicolas Cevallos1 
Chad Ishmael1 
Peter Hsiue1 
Rishi Trikha1 
Troy Sekimura2 
Brandon Gettleman3 
Autreen Golzar2 
Adrian Lin2 
Thomas Olson2 
Ameen Chaudry2 
Michael M. Le2 
Anthony A. Scaduto1 
Kevin P. Francis1 
Nicholas M. Bernthal1 
1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Los Angeles 
2David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles 
3University of South Carolina School of Medicine, University of South Carolina

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/60560">In vivo Mouse Model of Spinal Implant Infection</a>. The Authors section was updated.

Erratum: In vivo Mouse Model of Spinal Implant Infection

이 방법의 목적은 척추 임플란트 감염(SII)의 새로운 마우스 모델을 설명하는 것입니다. 이 모델은 생체 내에서 숙주, 병원체 및/또는 임플란트 변수의 영향을 유연하게 평가할 수 있는 저렴하고 정확한 도구를 제공하도록 설계되었습니다. 이 모델에서 척추 임플란트 감염에 대한 잠재적 치료법 및 치료 전략을 테스트하는 것은 대규모 동물 모델 및 임상 시험에 적용하기 전에 연구 개발을 안내하는 것을 목표로 합니다.
척추 수술 후 임플란트 관련 감염은 치명적인 합병증으로, 안타깝게도 선택적 척추 수술을 받은 환자의 약 3-8%에서 발생하며1,2,3,4,5 다 단계 또는재수술을 받은 환자의 최대 65%에서 발생한다6. 척추 임플란트 감염을 치료하려면 여러 번의 입원, 여러 번의 수술 및 장기간의 항생제 치료가 필요한 경우가 많습니다. SII는 신경학적 손상, 장애 및 사망 위험 증가를 포함하여 좋지 않은 환자 결과를 예고합니다. SII의 관리는 환자 한 명당 $900,000 이상의 비용이 들 정도로 매우 비쌉니다7.
황색포도상구균은 SII 8,9,10,11의 가장 흔한 악성 병원체입니다. 박테리아는 수술 중에 직접 하드웨어를 파종할 수 있으며, 수술 후 기간 동안 상처를 통해 또는 나중에 혈액 확산을 통해 시드될 수 있습니다. 금속 임플란트가 있는 경우 S. aureus는 항생제 요법 및 면역 세포로부터 박테리아를 보호하는 생물막을 형성합니다. 감염된 하드웨어를 제거하는 것은 감염을 효과적으로 근절하는 데 도움이 될 수 있지만, 척추를 불안정하게 만들고 신경학적 손상을 초래하지 않고는 척추에서 감염을 제거할 수 없는 경우가 많다12.
감염된 하드웨어를 이식하지 않는 경우 SII를 예방, 탐지 및 치료하기 위한 새로운 접근 방식이 필요합니다. 역사적으로 새로운 치료법의 안전성과 효능을 효율적으로 평가하기 위한 SII의 동물 모델은 제한적이었습니다. SII의 이전 동물 모델은 많은 수의 동물과 콜로니 카운팅, 조직학 및 배양을 포함하여 안락사를 필요로 하는 데이터 포인트의 수집을 필요로 한다13,14,15. 종단적 in vivo 모니터링이 없는 이러한 모델은 동물당 하나의 데이터 포인트만 제공하므로 비용이 많이 들고 비효율적입니다.
무릎 인공관절 치환술 감염의 마우스 모델을 연구한 이전 연구는 감염 부담을 종단적으로 모니터링하기 위한 비침습적 생체 내 광학 영상의 가치와 정확도를 확립했다16. 생물 발광의 검출을 통해 박테리아 부담을 단일 동물의 종적 시간 과정에 걸쳐 인도적이고 정확하며 효율적으로 정량화할 수 있습니다. 더욱이, 선행 연구들은 생체 내 생물 발광과 임플란트에 부착된 CFU 사이에 높은 상관관계가 있음을 보여주었다17. 시간이 지남에 따라 감염을 추적할 수 있는 능력은 임플란트 관련 감염에 대한 보다 미묘한 이해로 이어졌습니다. 또한 이러한 방식으로 종단 감염을 모니터링하여 항생제 요법 및 새로운 항균제의 효과를 정확하게 평가할 수 있었습니다16,17,18.
이러한 도구를 활용하여 수술 후 척추 임플란트 감염 모델을 개발하고 검증했습니다. 제시된 방법에서, 우리는 박테리아 부담 16,17,18을 종방향으로 모니터링하기 위해 SII의 생체 내 마우스 모델을 확립하기 위해 생물 발광 S. aureus Xen36의 접종물을 사용합니다. 이 새로운 모델은 대규모 동물 모델 및 임상 시험에 적용하기 전에 SII에 대한 잠재적 검출, 예방 및 치료 전략을 효율적으로 테스트할 수 있는 귀중한 도구를 제공합니다.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Analytical Balance ME104</td>
			<td>Mettler Toledo</td>
			<td>30029067</td>
			<td>120 g capacity, 0.1 mg readability, backlit LCD, internal adjustment, metal base</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Bacto Tryptic Soy Broth</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson (BD)</td>
			<td>BD 211825</td>
			<td>BD Bacto Tryptic Soy Broth (Soybean-Casein Digest Medium)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biomate 3S UV-VIS Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>840-208300</td>
			<td>Spectrophotometer; Thermo Scientific; BioMate 3S; Six-position cell holder; Spectral bandwidth: 1.8nm; Long-life xenon lamp; Store up to 40 test methods; 16L x 13W x 9 in. H; 19 lb.; 100/240V US line cord</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bioshield 720+ swinging bucket rotor</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>75003183</td>
			<td>Rotor, Swinging bucket; Thermo Scientific; BIOShield 720 high speed; Capacity: 4 x 180mL (0.72L); Angle: 90 deg. ; Max. speed/RCF: 6300rpm/7188 x g; Max. radius: 16.2cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Branson Ultrasonics 2510R-MTH (Sonicator)</td>
			<td>Branson Ultrasonics</td>
			<td>CPX952217R</td>
			<td>*similar model, our model is discontinued* Branson Ultrasonics MH Series Heated Ultrasonic Cleaning Bath, 120V, 0.75 gal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bullet Blender Storm Homogenizer</td>
			<td>Next Advance</td>
			<td>BBY24M</td>
			<td>The Bullet Blender Storm is the most powerful member of the Bullet Blender family. Homogenize up to 24 of your toughest samples (mouse femur, skin, cartilage, tumor, etc.) in just minutes. Air cooling&#8482; minimizes sample heat up. Uses 1.5ml screw-cap RINO&#174; tubes or snap-cap Eppendorf&#174; Safe-lock&#8482; tubes.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Germinator 500</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>66118-10</td>
			<td>The Germinator 500 is designed to decontaminate metal micro-dissecting instruments only. It is to be 
			used exclusively for research purposes. The Germinator 500 should not be used as a substitute for 
			traditional methods of terminal sterilization. Effective sterilization cannot be assured due to lack of routine 
			sterilization-efficacy monitoring methods for glass bead sterilization. The Germinator 500 has been 
			designed and built to pass the Validation of Dry Sterilizer Spore Suspension Test: USP XXIII, Part 1211.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heracell 150i CO2 Incubator</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>51026282</td>
			<td>Single 150L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IVIS Lumina X5 Imaging System</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>CLS148590</td>
			<td>The IVIS Lumina X5 high-throughput 2D optical imaging system combines high-sensitivity bioluminescence and fluorescence with high-resolution x-ray into a compact system that fits on your benchtop. With an expanded 5 mouse field of view for 2D optical imaging plus our unique line of accessories to accelerate setup and labeling, it has never been easier or faster to get robust data&#8212;and answers&#8212;on anatomical and molecular aspects of disease.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MAXQ 4450 Digtial Incubating Bench Shaker</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>SHKE4450</td>
			<td>Shaker, Incubated; Thermo Scientific; Digital; MaxQ 4450; Speed 15 to 500rpm +/-1rpm; 5 deg. C above ambient to 80 deg. C; 120V 50/60Hz</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS, Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td>Fisher Bioreagents</td>
			<td>BP24384</td>
			<td>PBS, Phosphate Buffered Saline, 1X Solution, pH 7.4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sorvall Legend Micro 21 Centrifuge, Ventilated</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>75002436</td>
			<td>24 x 1.5/2.0mL rotor with ClickSeal biocontainment lid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SORVALL LEGEND X1R 120V Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>75004261</td>
			<td>Centrifuge, Benchtop; Thermo Scientific; Sorvall Legend X1R (Refrigerated), 1L capacity; Max. Speed/RCF 15,200rpm/25,830 x g; CFC-free cooling -10C to +40C; 120V 60Hz</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Staphylococcus aureus - Xen36</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>119243</td>
			<td>Staphylococcus aureus - Xen36 bioluminescent pathogenic bacteria for in vivo and in vitro drug discovery. This product was derived from a parental strain from the American Type Culture Collection, used under license. Staph. aureus-Xen36 possesses a stable copy of the Photorhabdus luminescens lux operon on the native plasmid.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TUTTNAUER AUTOCLAVE 2540E 120V</td>
			<td>Heidolph Tuttnauer</td>
			<td>23210401</td>
			<td>Sterilizer, Benchtop; Heidolph; Tuttnauer; Model 2540E; Self-contained design with refillable reservoir controls water purity for sterilization; 120V 50/60Hz; 1400w. With electronic controls</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween 80</td>
			<td>Fisher Bioreagents</td>
			<td>BP338-500</td>
			<td>Tween 80, Fisher BioReagents, Non-ionic detergent for selective protein extraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vortex mixer VX-200</td>
			<td>Labnet Internation</td>
			<td>S0200</td>
			<td>120V touch or continuous mixer, 230V: 0 - 2,850 rpm,120V: 0 - 3,400 rpm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.9% Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>Pfizer Injectables/Hospira</td>
			<td>00409-4888-10</td>
			<td>0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vivo mouse model of spinal implant infection

척추 임플란트 감염은 진단이 어렵고 외과적 박멸이 기계적 척추 안정성과 상충되기 때문에 좋지 않은 결과를 예고합니다. 이 방법의 목적은 척추 임플란트 감염에 대한 잠재적인 치료법 및 치료 전략을 테스트하기 위해 저렴하고 신속하며 정확한 생체 내 도구를 제공하기 위해 만들어진 척추 임플란트 감염(SII)의 새로운 마우스 모델을 설명하는 것입니다.
이 방법에서는 12주 된 C57BL/6J 야생형 마우스의 L4 가시 돌기에 스테인리스 스틸 k-와이어를 고정하고 황색포도상구균 Xen36 박테리아의 생물 발광 균주 1 x 103 CFU를 접종하는 후방 접근 척추 수술 모델을 제시합니다. 그런 다음 마우스는 수술 후 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 18, 21, 25, 28 및 35일에 생체 내 생물 발광을 위해 종방향으로 이미징됩니다. 표준화된 시야의 생물발광 이미징(BLI) 신호를 정량화하여 생체 내 박테리아 부담을 측정합니다.
임플란트 및 임플란트 주위 조직에 부착하는 박테리아를 정량화하기 위해 마우스를 안락사시키고 임플란트와 주변 연조직을 채취합니다. 박테리아는 초음파 처리에 의해 임플란트에서 분리되고 밤새 배양 된 다음 콜로니 형성 단위 (CFU)가 계산됩니다. 이 방법에서 얻은 결과에는 in vivo S. aureus bioluminescence(평균 최대 플럭스)로 측정한 종적 박테리아 수와 안락사 후 CFU 수가 포함됩니다.
기구 척추 감염의 이전 동물 모델에는 침습적 생체 외 조직 분석이 포함되었지만, 이 논문에서 제시된 SII의 마우스 모델은 정적 조직 연구를 대체하기 위해 생물 발광 박테리아의 비침습적 실시간 생체 내 광학 이미징을 활용합니다. 이 모델의 응용 분야는 광범위하며 대체 생물 발광 박테리아 균주를 활용하고, 숙주 면역 반응을 동시에 연구하기 위해 다른 유형의 유전자 조작 마우스를 통합하고, 항생제 또는 임플란트 코팅과 같은 현재 또는 새로운 진단 및 치료 방식을 평가하거나 조사하는 것이 포함될 수 있습니다.

여기에 제시된 절차는 SII의 생체내 마우스 모델에서 항생제 요법의 효능을 평가하는 데 사용되었습니다. 구체적으로, 반코마이신과 리팜핀 항생제 병용요법의 효능을 반코마이신 단독요법 및 치료되지 않은 감염 대조군과 비교하였다.
수술 전에 마우스는 병용 요법, 단일 요법 또는 감염 대조군에 무작위 배정되었습니다. 표본 크기를 계산하기 위해 통계적 검정력 분석을 수...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vivo Mouse Model of Spinal Implant Infection at JoVE.com

In Vivo Mouse Model of Spinal Implant Infection

이 프로토콜은 스테인리스강 k-와이어 임플란트가 생물 발광 황색포도상구균 Xen36에 감염된 척추 임플란트 감염의 새로운 생체 내 마우스 모델을 설명합니다. 박테리아 부담은 생물 발광 이미징으로 종단적으로 모니터링되고 안락사 후 콜로니 형성 단위 수로 확인됩니다.

척추 임플란트 감염의 In Vivo 마우스 모델

Spine implant infections portend poor outcomes as diagnosis is challenging and surgical eradication is at odds with mechanical spinal stability. The ...

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2.3K 조회수.  University of California Los Angeles. 이 프로토콜은 스테인리스강 k-와이어 임플란트가 생물 발광 황색포도상구균 Xen36에 감염된 척추 임플란트 감염의 새로운 생체 내 마우스 모델을 설명합니다. 박테리아 부담은 생물 발광 이미징으로 종단적으로 모니터링되고 안락사 후 콜로니 형성 단위 수로 확인됩니다.

비디오: In Vivo Mouse Model of Spinal Implant Infection

Longitudinal Evaluation of Mouse Hind Limb Bone Loss After Spinal Cord Injury using Novel, in vivo, Methodology

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is often accompanied by osteoporosis in the sublesional regions of the pelvis and lower extremities, leading to a higher frequency of fractures 1. As these fractures often occur in regions that have lost normal sensory function, the patient is at a greater risk of fracture-dependent pathologies, including death. SCI-dependent loss in both bone mineral density (BMD, grams/cm2) and bone mineral content (BMC, grams) has been attributed to mechanical disuse 2, aberrant neuronal signaling 3 and hormonal changes 4. The use of rodent models of SCI-induced osteoporosis can provide invaluable information regarding the mechanisms underlying the development of osteoporosis following SCI as well as a test environment for the generation of new therapies 5-7 (and reviewed in 8). Mouse models of SCI are of great interest as they permit a reductionist approach to mechanism-based assessment through the use of null and transgenic mice. While such models have provided important data, there is still a need for minimally-invasive, reliable, reproducible, and quantifiable methods in determining the extent of bone loss following SCI, particularly over time and within the same cohort of experimental animals, to improve diagnosis, treatment methods, and/or prevention of SCI-induced osteoporosis.
An ideal method for measuring bone density in rodents would allow multiple, sequential (over time) exposures to low-levels of X-ray radiation. This study describes the use of a new whole-animal scanner, the IVIS Lumina XR (Caliper Instruments) that can be used to provide low-energy (1-3 milligray (mGy)) high-resolution, high-magnification X-ray images of mouse hind limb bones over time following SCI. Significant bone density loss was seen in the tibiae of mice by 10 days post-spinal transection when compared to uninjured, age-matched control (na&iuml;ve) mice (13% decrease, p&lt;0.0005). Loss of bone density in the distal femur was also detectable by day 10 post-SCI, while a loss of density in the proximal femur was not detectable until 40 days post injury (7% decrease, p&lt;0.05). SCI-dependent loss of mouse femur density was confirmed post-mortem through the use of Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA), the current "gold standard" for bone density measurements. We detect a 12% loss of BMC in the femurs of mice at 40 days post-SCI using the IVIS Lumina XR. This compares favorably with a previously reported BMC loss of 13.5% by Picard and colleagues who used DXA analysis on mouse femurs post-mortem 30 days post-SCI 9. Our results suggest that the IVIS Lumina XR provides a novel, high-resolution/high-magnification method for performing long-term, longitudinal measurements of hind limb bone density in the mouse following SCI.

Longitudinal Evaluation of Mouse Hind Limb Bone Loss After Spinal Cord Injury using Novel, in vivo, Methodology

A longitudinal examination of bone loss in the femurs and tibiae of adult mice was performed following spinal cord injury using sequential low-dose X-ray scans. Tibia bone loss was detected throughout the study, while bone loss in the femur was not detected until 40 days post injury.

소설을 사용하여 척수 상해 후에 마우스 뒷다리 뼈 손실의 세로 평가, 생체내에 방법론

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is often accompanied by osteoporosis in the sublesional regions of the pelvis and lower extremities, leading to a higher ...

연구

의학

Acute and Chronic Tactile Sensory Testing after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats

Spinal cord injury (SCI) impairs sensory systems causing allodynia1-8. To identify cellular and molecular causes of allodynia, sensitive and valid sensory testing in rat SCI models is needed. However, until recently, no single testing approach had been validated for SCI so that standardized methods have not been implemented across labs. Additionally, available testing methods could not be implemented acutely or when severe motor impairments existed, preventing studies of the development of SCI-induced allodynia3. Here we present two validated sensory testing methods using von Frey Hair (VFH) monofilaments which quantify changes in tactile sensory thresholds after SCI4-5. One test is the well-established Up-Down test which demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity across different SCI severities when tested chronically5. The other test is a newly-developed dorsal VFH test that can be applied acutely after SCI when allodynia develops, prior to motor recovery4-5. Each VFH monofilament applies a calibrated force when touched to the skin of the hind paw until it bends. In the up-down method, alternating VFHs of higher or lower forces are used on the plantar L5 dermatome to delineate flexor withdrawal thresholds. Successively higher forces are applied until withdrawal occurs then lower force VFHs are used until withdrawal ceases. The tactile threshold reflects the force required to elicit withdrawal in 50% of the stimuli. For the new test, each VFH is applied to the dorsal L5 dermatome of the paw while the rat is supported by the examiner. The VFH stimulation occurs in ascending order of force until at least 2 of 3 applications at a given force produces paw withdrawal. Tactile sensory threshold is the lowest force to elicit withdrawal 66% of the time. Acclimation, testing and scoring procedures are described. Aberrant trials that require a retest and typical trials are defined. Animal use was approved by Ohio State University Animal Care and Use Committee.

We describe two tactile sensory testing methods for acute or chronic periods of spinal cord injury in rats. These validated procedures can detect the development and maintenance of allodynia-like sensations.

쥐의 척수를 다친 후에 급성 및 만성 촉각 감각 테스트

Spinal cord injury (SCI) impairs sensory systems causing allodynia1-8. To identify cellular and molecular causes of allodynia, sensitive and valid sensory ...

Clinical Testing and Spinal Cord Removal in a Mouse Model for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder resulting in progressive degeneration of motoneurons. Peak of onset is around 60 years for the sporadic disease and around 50 years for the familial disease. Due to its progressive course, 50% of the patients die within 30 months of symptom onset. In order to evaluate novel treatment options for this disease, genetic mouse models of ALS have been generated based on human familial mutations in the SOD gene, such as the SOD1 (G93A) mutation. Most important aspects that have to be evaluated in the model are overall survival, clinical course and motor function. Here, we demonstrate the clinical evaluation, show the conduction of two behavioural motor tests and provide quantitative scoring systems for all parameters. Because an in depth analysis of the ALS mouse model usually requires an immunohistochemical examination of the spinal cord, we demonstrate its preparation in detail applying the dorsal laminectomy method. Exemplary histological findings are demonstrated. The comprehensive application of the depicted examination methods in studies on the mouse model of ALS will enable the researcher to reliably test future therapeutic options which can provide a basis for later human clinical trials.

Clinical Testing and Spinal Cord Removal in a Mouse Model for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS

A mouse model for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is examined clinically and behaviorally. As a prerequisite for an accompanying immunohistological analysis the preparation of the spinal cord is depicted in detail.

루게릭병에 대한 마우스 모델 (ALS)의 임상 시험 및 척수 제거

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder resulting in progressive degeneration of motoneurons. Peak of onset is around 60 ...

A Contusion Model of Severe Spinal Cord Injury in Rats

The translational potential of novel treatments should be investigated in severe spinal cord injury (SCI) contusion models. A detailed methodology is described to obtain a consistent model of severe SCI. Use of a stereotactic frame and computer controlled impactor allows for creation of reproducible injury. Hypothermia and urinary tract infection pose significant challenges in the post-operative period. Careful monitoring of animals with daily weight recording and bladder expression allows for early detection of post-operative complications. The functional results of this contusion model are equivalent to transection models. The contusion model can be utilized to evaluate the efficacy of both neuroprotective and neuroregenerative approaches.

A contusion model of severe spinal cord injury is described. Detailed pre-operative, operative and post-operative steps are described to obtain a consistent model.

쥐에 심각한 척수 손상의 타박상 모델

The translational potential of novel treatments should be investigated in severe spinal cord injury (SCI) contusion models. A detailed methodology is ...

Combined In vivo Optical and &#181;CT Imaging to Monitor Infection, Inflammation, and Bone Anatomy in an Orthopaedic Implant Infection in Mice

Multimodality imaging has emerged as a common technological approach used in both preclinical and clinical research. Advanced techniques that combine in vivo optical and &#956;CT imaging allow the visualization of biological phenomena in an anatomical context. These imaging modalities may be especially useful to study conditions that impact bone. In particular, orthopaedic implant infections are an important problem in clinical orthopaedic surgery. These infections are difficult to treat because bacterial biofilms form on the foreign surgically implanted materials, leading to persistent inflammation, osteomyelitis and eventual osteolysis of the bone surrounding the implant, which ultimately results in implant loosening and failure. Here, a mouse model of an infected orthopaedic prosthetic implant was used that involved the surgical placement of a Kirschner-wire implant into an intramedullary canal in the femur in such a way that the end of the implant extended into the knee joint. In this model, LysEGFP mice, a mouse strain that has EGFP-fluorescent neutrophils, were employed in conjunction with a bioluminescent Staphylococcus aureus strain, which naturally emits light. The bacteria were inoculated into the knee joints of the mice prior to closing the surgical site. In vivo bioluminescent and fluorescent imaging was used to quantify the bacterial burden and neutrophil inflammatory response, respectively. In addition, &#956;CT imaging was performed on the same mice so that the 3D location of the bioluminescent and fluorescent optical signals could be co-registered with the anatomical &#956;CT images. To quantify the changes in the bone over time, the outer bone volume of the distal femurs were measured at specific time points using a semi-automated contour based segmentation process. Taken together, the combination of in vivo bioluminescent/fluorescent imaging with &#956;CT imaging may be especially useful for the noninvasive monitoring of the infection, inflammatory response and anatomical changes in bone over time.

Combined In vivo Optical and  &#181;CT Imaging to Monitor Infection, Inflammation, and Bone Anatomy in an Orthopaedic Implant Infection in Mice

Combined optical and &#956;CT imaging in a mouse model of orthopaedic implant infection, utilizing a bioluminescent engineered strain of Staphylococcus aureus, provided the capability to noninvasively and longitudinally monitor the dynamics of the bacterial infection, as well as the corresponding inflammatory response and anatomical changes in the bone.

결합<em&gt; 생체</em&gt; 광학 및 μCT 이미징 마우스의 정형 외과 임플란트 감염에 감염, 염증 및 뼈 해부학을 모니터링

Multimodality imaging has emerged as a common technological approach used in both preclinical and clinical research. Advanced techniques that combine in ...

Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury

Every year over a million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Combined with the incidence of TBIs worldwide, the physical, emotional, social, and economical effects are staggering. Therefore, further research into the effects of TBI and effective treatments is necessary. The controlled cortical impact (CCI) model induces traumatic brain injuries ranging from mild to severe. This method uses a rigid impactor to deliver mechanical energy to an intact dura exposed following a craniectomy. Impact is made under precise parameters at a set velocity to achieve a pre-determined deformation depth. Although other TBI models, such as weight drop and fluid percussion, exist, CCI is more accurate, easier to control, and most importantly, produces traumatic brain injuries similar to those seen in humans. However, no TBI model is currently able to reproduce pathological changes identical to those seen in human patients. The CCI model allows investigation into the short-term and long-term effects of TBI, such as neuronal death, memory deficits, and cerebral edema, as well as potential therapeutic treatments for TBI.

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) remain a serious health problem. Using the controlled cortical impact surgery model, research on the effects of TBI and possible treatment methods may be performed.

외상성 뇌 손상에 대한 제어 피질 충격 모델

Every year over a million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI).  Combined with the incidence of TBIs worldwide, the physical, emotional, ...

Intrauterine Telemetry to Measure Mouse Contractile Pressure In Vivo

A complex integration of molecular and electrical signals is needed to transform a quiescent uterus into a contractile organ at the end of pregnancy. Despite the discovery of key regulators of uterine contractility, this process is still not fully understood. Transgenic mice provide an ideal model in which to study parturition. Previously, the only method to study uterine contractility in the mouse was ex vivo isometric tension recordings, which are suboptimal for several reasons. The uterus must be removed from its physiological environment, a limited time course of investigation is possible, and the mice must be sacrificed. The recent development of radiometric telemetry has allowed for longitudinal, real-time measurements of in vivo intrauterine pressure in mice. Here, the implantation of an intrauterine telemeter to measure pressure changes in the mouse uterus from mid-pregnancy until delivery is described. By comparing differences in pressures between wild type and transgenic mice, the physiological impact of a gene of interest can be elucidated. This technique should expedite the development of therapeutics used to treat myometrial disorders during pregnancy, including preterm labor.

Intrauterine Telemetry to Measure Mouse Contractile Pressure In Vivo

This manuscript provides a protocol for implanting telemeters in the mouse for the purpose of measuring intrauterine pressures during pregnancy.

자궁 원격 측정은 마우스 수축 압력을 측정하는<em&gt; 생체</em

A complex integration of molecular and electrical signals is needed to transform a quiescent uterus into a contractile organ at the end of pregnancy. ...

A Neonatal Mouse Spinal Cord Compression Injury Model

Spinal cord injury (SCI) typically causes devastating neurological deficits, particularly through damage to fibers descending from the brain to the spinal cord. A major current area of research is focused on the mechanisms of adaptive plasticity that underlie spontaneous or induced functional recovery following SCI. Spontaneous functional recovery is reported to be greater early in life, raising interesting questions about how adaptive plasticity changes as the spinal cord develops. To facilitate investigation of this dynamic, we have developed a SCI model in the neonatal mouse. The model has relevance for pediatric SCI, which is too little studied. Because neural plasticity in the adult involves some of the same mechanisms as neural plasticity in early life1, this model may potentially have some relevance also for adult SCI. Here we describe the entire procedure for generating a reproducible spinal cord compression (SCC) injury in the neonatal mouse as early as postnatal (P) day 1. SCC is achieved by performing a laminectomy at a given spinal level (here described at thoracic levels 9-11) and then using a modified Yasargil aneurysm mini-clip to rapidly compress and decompress the spinal cord. As previously described, the injured neonatal mice can be tested for behavioral deficits or sacrificed for ex vivo physiological analysis of synaptic connectivity using electrophysiological and high-throughput optical recording techniques1. Earlier and ongoing studies using behavioral and physiological assessment have demonstrated a dramatic, acute impairment of hindlimb motility followed by a complete functional recovery within 2 weeks, and the first evidence of changes in functional circuitry at the level of identified descending synaptic connections1.

This article describes a method for generating a reproducible spinal cord compression injury (SCI) in the neonatal mouse. The model provides an advantageous platform for studying mechanisms of adaptive plasticity that underlie spontaneous functional recovery.

신생아 마우스 척수 압축 부상 모델

Spinal cord injury (SCI) typically causes devastating neurological deficits, particularly through damage to fibers descending from the brain to the spinal ...

Stem-cell Based Engineered Immunity Against HIV Infection in the Humanized Mouse Model

With the rapid development of stem cell-based gene therapies against HIV, there is pressing requirement for an animal model to study the hematopoietic differentiation and immune function of the genetically modified cells. The humanized Bone-marrow/Liver/Thymus (BLT) mouse model allows for full reconstitution of a human immune system in the periphery, which includes T cells, B cells, NK cells and monocytes. The human thymic implant also allows for thymic selection of T cells in autologous thymic tissue. In addition to the study of HIV infection, the model stands as a powerful tool to study differentiation, development and functionality of cells derived from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Here we outline the construction of humanized non-obese diabetic (NOD)-severe combined immunodeficient (SCID)-common gamma chain knockout (c&#947;-/-)-Bone-marrow/Liver/Thymus (NSG-BLT) mice with HSCs transduced with CD4 chimeric antigen receptor (CD4CAR) lentivirus vector. We show that the CD4CAR HSCs can successfully differentiate into multiple lineages and have anti-HIV activity. The goal of the study is to demonstrate the use of NSG-BLT mouse model as an in vivo model for engineered immunity against HIV. It is worth noting that, because lentivirus and human tissue is used, experiments and surgeries should be performed in a Class II biosafety cabinet in a Biosafety Level 2 (BSL2) with special precautions (BSL2+) facility.

This protocol describes the methods in constructing a humanized bone-marrow/liver/thymus mouse model with stem cell-based engineered immunity against HIV infection.

인간화 된 마우스 모델에 HIV 감염에 대 한 줄기 세포를 기반으로 설계된 내성

With the rapid development of stem cell-based gene therapies against HIV, there is pressing requirement for an animal model to study the hematopoietic ...

Depletion of Mouse Cells from Human Tumor Xenografts Significantly Improves Downstream Analysis of Target Cells

The use of in vitro cell line models for cancer research has been a useful tool. However, it has been shown that these models fail to reliably mimic patient tumors in different assays1. Human tumor xenografts represent the gold standard with respect to tumor biology, drug discovery, and metastasis research 2-4. Tumor xenografts can be derived from different types of material like tumor cell lines, tumor tissue from primary patient tumors4 or serially transplanted tumors. When propagated in vivo, xenografted tissue is infiltrated and vascularized by cells of mouse origin. Multiple factors such as the tumor entity, the origin of xenografted material, growth rate and region of transplantation influence the composition and the amount of mouse cells present in tumor xenografts. However, even when these factors are kept constant, the degree of mouse cell contamination is highly variable.
Contaminating mouse cells significantly impair downstream analyses of human tumor xenografts. As mouse fibroblasts show high plating efficacies and proliferation rates, they tend to overgrow cultures of human tumor cells, especially slowly proliferating subpopulations. Mouse cell derived DNA, mRNA, and protein components can bias downstream gene expression analysis, next-generation sequencing, as well as proteome analysis 5. To overcome these limitations, we have developed a fast and easy method to isolate untouched human tumor cells from xenografted tumor tissue. This procedure is based on the comprehensive depletion of cells of mouse origin by combining automated tissue dissociation with the benchtop tissue dissociator and magnetic cell sorting. Here, we demonstrate that human target cells can be can be obtained with purities higher than 96% within less than 20 min independent of the tumor type.

Human tumor xenografts are vascularized and infiltrated by cells of mouse origin during the growth phase in vivo. To circumvent the bias caused by these contaminating cells during downstream analysis, we developed a method allowing for comprehensive depletion of all mouse cells by magnetic cell sorting.

인간 종양 이종 이식에서 마우스 세포의 고갈은 크게 대상 세포의 다운 스트림 분석을 향상

The use of in vitro cell line models for cancer research has been a useful tool. However, it has been shown that these models fail to reliably mimic ...