이 작품은 NIH 보조금 5R01NS051305-14 및 5R01NS076980-08에 의해 지원되었습니다.

1. 실험 준비
<ol><li>그들은 바이알에 가까이로 파리를 수집, 남성과 여성의 파리를 분리. 참고: 수면 실험은 일반적으로 암컷 파리로 수행됩니다. 처녀 여성을 수집하는 것이 중요합니다. 짝짓기 암컷은 유충에 부화하는 알을 낳아 데이터 분석을 복잡하게 만듭니다.</li>
	<li>집은 <20의 그룹에서 단일 섹스의 파리. 참고: 주택은 사회적으로 풍요로운 환경(>50그룹)에서 비행하여 수면 운전6,13개의 잠재적으로 리바운드 수면측정을 방해합니다. 또한, 사회적 풍요로움에 따라 수면은 며칠 동안 감소할 것이다6. 따라서, 기준선 수면은 리바운드 수면의 안정적인 복잡한 분석이 아니다. <20의 그룹으로 파리를 유지하는 것은이 잠재적 인 혼동을 피할 수 있습니다.</li>
	<li>가볍고 습도가 조절된 환경에서 3-5일 동안 유리병에 파리를 보관하십시오. 참고: 파리의 나이와 성숙도는 수면에 큰 영향을 미칩니다. 수면은 하루 오래된 파리에서 높고4세의 3-5 일까지 안정화됩니다. 파리는 일반적으로 12h 빛으로 유지됩니다: 습도 50%에서 12h 어두운 일정.</li>
</ol>2. 수면 녹음을위한 튜브 준비
참고: 수면은 운동 활동 모니터를 사용하여 모니터링됩니다. 모니터는 직경 5mm 튜브에 개별적으로 보관된 32개의 파리를 수용할 수 있습니다. 전형적으로, 유전자형은 16 또는 32파리의 그룹으로 분석된다.
<ol><li>한쪽 끝에 플라이 푸드가 있는 적절한 수의 튜브를 준비합니다. 참고 : 식이 요법과 신진 대사는수면 33,34에영향을 미치는 것으로 알려져 있으므로 사육 된 동일한 음식에 파리를 배치하는 것이 특히 중요합니다.</li>
	<li>튜브 끝을 왁스로 밀봉합니다. 참고: 수면 부족과 리바운드는 5일간의 실험이며, 제대로 밀봉되지 않으면 음식이 건조될 수 있습니다. 제대로 밀봉 된 튜브에서 음식은 10 일 이상 유지할 수 있습니다. 따라서 튜브의 끝이 잘 밀봉되도록하는 것이 중요합니다. 그러나 파리는 젖은 음식에 붙어 얻을 수 있습니다. 따라서, 실험시작 1-2일 전에 튜브를 만드는 데 도움이 된다.</li>
	<li>개별적으로 웨이크를 배치, 행동 은 아스피레이터를 사용하여 수면 기록을 위해 65mm 길이의 유리 튜브로 날아 와 폼 스토퍼와 튜브의 끝을 연결합니다. 참고: 파리는 수면 기록을 위해 튜브에 파리를 배치할 때 CO2 마취에 다시 노출되지 않습니다. 아스피레이터는 치즈클로로 덮인 한쪽 끝이 있는 고무 튜빙으로 만들어졌으며 1mL 파이펫 팁에 삽입됩니다.</li>
</ol>3. 수면 기록
<ol><li>하중은 튜브에서 수면을 모니터링하기 위해 활동 모니터로 날아갑니다. 참고: SNAP 바위는 -60°에서 +60°까지 앞뒤로 모니터링합니다. 모니터는 ~5.9s에 대해 -60°에서 유지됩니다. 모니터를 들고 있는 트레이가 -60°에서 +60°로 이동하고 ~1s가 +60°에서 -60°로 다시 이동하는 데는 ~2.9s가 걸립니다. 모터에 제공된 전압을 조정하여 필요에 따라 사이클 길이를 변경할 수 있습니다.<ol>
<li>튜브가 올바른 방향으로 활동 모니터에 배치되도록 주의하십시오. 올바른 방향으로, 음식과 튜브의 끝은 파리가 음식에 밀려되지 않도록 하기 위해 SNAP의 상단에 있습니다. 또한, 음식과 끝은 수면 기록 잭모니터의 측면에 있다. 이를 통해 활동 모니터는 SNAP에서 올바르게 방향을 정하여 효율적인 수면 부족을 동시에 모니터링할 수 있습니다.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>수면을 모니터링하기 위해 기록 챔버에 활동 모니터를 배치합니다.</li>
	<li>기준선 수면을 추정하기 위해 적어도 2일 동안 수면을 모니터링합니다. 참고: 파리가 활동 모니터에 적재되는 날은 일반적으로 파리가 튜브에 수용되는 것에 적응할 수 있도록 적응의 날로 제외됩니다. 기준선 수면은 파리가 적재된 다음날 아침부터 최소 2일(48시간)동안 기록됩니다.</li>
	<li>활동 기록 소프트웨어(예: 오전 8시부터 오전 8시까지)를 사용하여 전날 조명을 켜기 까지 1분 간 쓰레기통에 있는 소운동 활동 수를 저장합니다.</li>
	<li>수면35의시합에 대한 임계값으로 비활성 5분 동안 사용자 지정 매크로를 사용하여 운동 활동 데이터에서 수면을 추정합니다. 참고: 여러 수면 메트릭은 운동 활동 수에서 계산됩니다. 여기에는 24시간 이상 분/h에서 수면, 24시간 의 총 수면 시간, 평균 및 최대 주간 및 야간 수면 시합 길이36이포함됩니다.</li>
</ol>4. 수면 부족 과 회복
<ol><li>파리는 가변 시간 길이(예를 들어, 12h, 24h 및 36h)에 대해 수면을 박탈할 수 있고 회복 수면은 다양한 간격(예를 들어, 6h, 12h, 24h 및 48h)으로 평가될 수 있기 때문에 실험적 필요에 의한 회복 기간을 결정한다. 수면 회복은 수면 이득/손실 플롯을 사용하거나 소정의 간격(예를 들어, 6h)을 통해 회복된 백분율 수면을 검사하여 시각화할 수 있다.</li>
	<li>수면이 2기준일 동안 안정되면, 셋째 날에는 활동 모니터를 SNAP에 배치하여 밤새 수면 부족을 극복합니다. 참고: 파리는 수면 시간8,32,37,38의범위에 걸쳐 강력한 수면 리바운드를 나타내지만, 수면은 안정적으로 리바운드 수면을 평가하기 위해 안정적이어야 합니다. 수 면은 기준일 간의 수면 차가 100분 ± 때 안정적입니다.</li>
	<li>모니터 홀더 핀, 모니터 코드가 연결된 모니터, 뒷면의 음식, 앞면의 플라스틱 장벽으로 끝을 올바르게 지향하는모니터(그림 1)로활동 모니터가 제자리에 고정되어 있는지 확인합니다. 참고 : SNAP는 캠이 10 s(그림 1)에한 번 회전하도록 설계되었습니다. 플라스틱 인서트가 장치가 "위로" 위치에 있을 때 튜브를 다시 밀어 튜브를 재설정합니다. 튜브를 재설정하는 것은 모든 튜브가 각 주기의 시작 부분에 전체 운동 범위를 갖도록 하는 것이 중요합니다.</li>
	<li>활동 모니터를 분리하고 밤새 수면 부족 후 의 조명 시 즉시 SNAP에서 모니터를 꺼내십시오. 참고: 수면 부족이 종료되는 것이 중요하며, 파리는 하룻밤 사이에 12시간 동안 수면 부족을 겪은 다음 의 조명 시 즉시 회복에 배치됩니다. 파리를 회복에 넣는 데 20-30분 지연이 있어도 리바운드 수면의 정도를 방해할 수 있습니다.</li>
	<li>그들은 복구 수면을 모니터링하기 위해 이틀 (48 시간) 동안 방해받지 않을 것이다 녹음 챔버에 파리를 배치합니다. 참고: 다른 실험에 기록 챔버가 사용되는 경우 파리를 복구하는 자극을 피하기 위해 각별한 주의를 기울여야 합니다.</li>
	<li>잃어버린 수면의 양을 계산합니다. 각 개별 비행에 대 한, 수 면 부족 동안 얻은 수 면 과 기준 기 동안 해당 시간 사이의 시간당 차이를 계산; 시간당 차이를 합산하여 손실된 총 수면을 계산합니다.</li>
	<li>복구된 수면량을 계산합니다. 각 개별 비행에 대해, 회복 중에 얻은 수면과 기준선 동안 해당 시간 사이의 시간당 차이를 계산합니다. 시간당 차이를 합산하여 총 수면을 계산합니다. 참고 : 비행이 실제로 수면 박탈인지 여부는 경험적입니다. 따라서, 실험자는 잃어버린 % 수면을 검사해야합니다. 비행이 충분한 양의 수면을 잃지 않으면 분석에서 제외될 수 있습니다. 이것은 그밖 잠 부족 접근을 위해 필요할지도 모르지만, SNAP를 위해 이제까지 요구하는 경우에 거의 없습니다. 더 일반적으로, 수 면 은 수 면 부족의 개시 하기 전에 주어진된 비행에서 안정 되지 않을 수 있습니다. 수면이 안정적이지 않으면 항상성을 계산할 수 없습니다. 우리는 포함 후보로 수면 부족의 개시 전에 계산 된 수면의 ± 100 분의 최대 차이를 받아 들입니다. 경우에 따라, 개별 비행의 수 면은 24 시간 일에 걸쳐 고르지 않게 분포됩니다 (예를 들어, 일부 개인은 낮동안 수면 할당량의 60-70 %를 얻을 수 있으므로 밤에 12 시간 동안 박탈 될 때 24 h 수면 할당량의 작은 비율을 잃을 수 있습니다). 이러한 파리는 별도로 평가할 수 있습니다.</li>
	<li>각 유전자형에 대한 회복 기간의 12시간, 24시간 및 48h 이상 회복된 수면의 평균 백분율(기준선에 상대)을 계산합니다.</li>
	<li>수면 데이터에서 기준선에서 평균 및 최대 주간 수면 시합 길이와 각 유전자형에 대한 회복 일을 계산합니다. 참고: 파리의 리바운드 수면은 수면량이 증가하고 회복일 수 있는 수면 깊이가 증가하는 것이 특징입니다. 수면 통합은 수면 깊이의 척도로 사용됩니다. 각성 임계값은 또한 수면 깊이의 측정으로 사용될 수 있었습니다.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Nath, R. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Jellyfish+Cassiopea+Exhibits+a+Sleep-like+State.">The Jellyfish Cassiopea Exhibits a Sleep-like State.</a> Current Biology. 27 (19), 2984-2990 (2017).</li><li>Vorster, A. P., Krishnan, H. C., Cirelli, C., Lyons, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+sleep+in+Aplysia+californica.">Characterization of sleep in Aplysia californica.</a> Sleep. 37 (9), 1453-1463 (2014).</li><li>Zhdanova, I. V., Wang, S. Y., Leclair, O. U., Danilova, N. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Melatonin+promotes+sleep-like+state+in+zebrafish.">Melatonin promotes sleep-like state in zebrafish.</a> Brain Research. 903 (1-2), 263-268 (2001).</li><li>Shaw, P. J., Cirelli, C., Greenspan, R. J., Tononi, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Correlates+of+sleep+and+waking+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Correlates of sleep and waking in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Science. 287 (5459), 1834-1837 (2000).</li><li>Hendricks, J. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rest+in+Drosophila+is+a+sleep-like+state.">Rest in Drosophila is a sleep-like state.</a> Neuron. 25 (1), 129-138 (2000).</li><li>Ganguly-Fitzgerald, I., Donlea, J., Shaw, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Waking+experience+affects+sleep+need+in+Drosophila.">Waking experience affects sleep need in Drosophila.</a> Science. 313 (5794), 1775-1781 (2006).</li><li>Seugnet, L., Suzuki, Y., Vine, L., Gottschalk, L., Shaw, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=D1+receptor+activation+in+the+mushroom+bodies+rescues+sleep-loss-induced+learning+impairments+in+Drosophila.">D1 receptor activation in the mushroom bodies rescues sleep-loss-induced learning impairments in Drosophila.</a> Current Biology. 18 (15), 1110-1117 (2008).</li><li>Donlea, J. M., Thimgan, M. S., Suzuki, Y., Gottschalk, L., Shaw, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inducing+sleep+by+remote+control+facilitates+memory+consolidation+in+Drosophila.">Inducing sleep by remote control facilitates memory consolidation in Drosophila.</a> Science. 332 (6037), 1571-1576 (2011).</li><li>Seidner, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+Neurons+with+a+Privileged+Role+in+Sleep+Homeostasis+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Identification of Neurons with a Privileged Role in Sleep Homeostasis in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Current Biology. 25 (22), 2928-2938 (2015).</li><li>Li, X., Yu, F., Guo, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+deprivation+specifically+impairs+short-term+olfactory+memory+in+Drosophila.">Sleep deprivation specifically impairs short-term olfactory memory in Drosophila.</a> Sleep. 32 (11), 1417-1424 (2009).</li><li>Melnattur, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+conserved+role+for+sleep+in+supporting+Spatial+Learning+in+Drosophila.">A conserved role for sleep in supporting Spatial Learning in Drosophila.</a> Sleep. , 197 (2020).</li><li>Seugnet, L., Suzuki, Y., Donlea, J. M., Gottschalk, L., Shaw, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+deprivation+during+early-adult+development+results+in+long-lasting+learning+deficits+in+adult+Drosophila.">Sleep deprivation during early-adult development results in long-lasting learning deficits in adult Drosophila.</a> Sleep. 34 (2), 137-146 (2011).</li><li>Donlea, J. M., Ramanan, N., Shaw, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use-dependent+plasticity+in+clock+neurons+regulates+sleep+need+in+Drosophila.">Use-dependent plasticity in clock neurons regulates sleep need in Drosophila.</a> Science. 324 (5923), 105-108 (2009).</li><li>Bushey, D., Tononi, G., Cirelli, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+and+synaptic+homeostasis:+structural+evidence+in+Drosophila.">Sleep and synaptic homeostasis: structural evidence in Drosophila.</a> Science. 332 (6037), 1576-1581 (2011).</li><li>Huang, S., Piao, C., Beuschel, C. B., G&#246;tz, T., Sigrist, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Presynaptic+Active+Zone+Plasticity+Encodes+Sleep+Need+in+Drosophila.">Presynaptic Active Zone Plasticity Encodes Sleep Need in Drosophila.</a> Current Biology. 30 (6), 1077-1091 (2020).</li><li>Kirszenblat, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+regulates+visual+selective+attention+in+Drosophila.">Sleep regulates visual selective attention in Drosophila.</a> Journal of Experimental Biology. 221, (2018).</li><li>Singh, P., Donlea, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bidirectional+Regulation+of+Sleep+and+Synapse+Pruning+after+Neural+Injury.">Bidirectional Regulation of Sleep and Synapse Pruning after Neural Injury.</a> Current Biology. 30 (6), 1063-1076 (2020).</li><li>Stanhope, B. A., Jaggard, J. B., Gratton, M., Brown, E. B., Keene, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+Regulates+Glial+Plasticity+and+Expression+of+the+Engulfment+Receptor+Draper+Following+Neural+Injury.">Sleep Regulates Glial Plasticity and Expression of the Engulfment Receptor Draper Following Neural Injury.</a> Current Biology. 30 (6), 1092-1101 (2020).</li><li>Kayser, M. S., Yue, Z., Sehgal, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+critical+period+of+sleep+for+development+of+courtship+circuitry+and+behavior+in+Drosophila.">A critical period of sleep for development of courtship circuitry and behavior in Drosophila.</a> Science. 344 (6181), 269-274 (2014).</li><li>Kayser, M. S., Mainwaring, B., Yue, Z., Sehgal, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+deprivation+suppresses+aggression+in+Drosophila.">Sleep deprivation suppresses aggression in Drosophila.</a> Elife. 4, 07643 (2015).</li><li>Szuperak, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+sleep+state+in+Drosophila+larvae+required+for+neural+stem+cell+proliferation.">A sleep state in Drosophila larvae required for neural stem cell proliferation.</a> Elife. 7, (2018).</li><li>Vaccaro, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+Loss+Can+Cause+Death+through+Accumulation+of+Reactive+Oxygen+Species+in+the+Gut.">Sleep Loss Can Cause Death through Accumulation of Reactive Oxygen Species in the Gut.</a> Cell. 181 (6), 1307-1328 (2020).</li><li>Kempf, A., Song, S. M., Talbot, C. B., Miesenb&#246;ck, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+potassium+channel+&#946;-subunit+couples+mitochondrial+electron+transport+to+sleep.">A potassium channel &#946;-subunit couples mitochondrial electron transport to sleep.</a> Nature. 568 (7751), 230-234 (2019).</li><li>Donlea, J. M., Pimentel, D., Miesenb&#246;ck, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuronal+machinery+of+sleep+homeostasis+in+Drosophila.">Neuronal machinery of sleep homeostasis in Drosophila.</a> Neuron. 81 (4), 860-872 (2014).</li><li>Liu, S., Liu, Q., Tabuchi, M., Wu, M. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+Drive+Is+Encoded+by+Neural+Plastic+Changes+in+a+Dedicated+Circuit.">Sleep Drive Is Encoded by Neural Plastic Changes in a Dedicated Circuit.</a> Cell. 165 (6), 1347-1360 (2016).</li><li>Pimentel, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Operation+of+a+homeostatic+sleep+switch.">Operation of a homeostatic sleep switch.</a> Nature. 536 (7616), 333-337 (2016).</li><li>Sitaraman, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Propagation+of+Homeostatic+Sleep+Signals+by+Segregated+Synaptic+Microcircuits+of+the+Drosophila+Mushroom+Body.">Propagation of Homeostatic Sleep Signals by Segregated Synaptic Microcircuits of the Drosophila Mushroom Body.</a> Current Biology. 25 (22), 2915-2927 (2015).</li><li>Foltenyi, K., Greenspan, R. J., Newport, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activation+of+EGFR+and+ERK+by+rhomboid+signaling+regulates+the+consolidation+and+maintenance+of+sleep+in+Drosophila.">Activation of EGFR and ERK by rhomboid signaling regulates the consolidation and maintenance of sleep in Drosophila.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 10 (9), 1160-1167 (2007).</li><li>Seugnet, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Notch+signaling+modulates+sleep+homeostasis+and+learning+after+sleep+deprivation+in+Drosophila.">Notch signaling modulates sleep homeostasis and learning after sleep deprivation in Drosophila.</a> Current Biology. 21 (10), 835-840 (2011).</li><li>Seugnet, L., Galvin, J. E., Suzuki, Y., Gottschalk, L., Shaw, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Persistent+short-term+memory+defects+following+sleep+deprivation+in+a+Drosophila+model+of+Parkinson+disease.">Persistent short-term memory defects following sleep deprivation in a Drosophila model of Parkinson disease.</a> Sleep. 32 (8), 984-992 (2009).</li><li>Tabuchi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+interacts+with+a&#946;+to+modulate+intrinsic+neuronal+excitability.">Sleep interacts with a&#946; to modulate intrinsic neuronal excitability.</a> Current Biology. 25 (6), 702-712 (2015).</li><li>Melnattur, K., Zhang, B., Shaw, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disrupting+flight+increases+sleep+and+identifies+a+novel+sleep-promoting+pathway+in+Drosophila.">Disrupting flight increases sleep and identifies a novel sleep-promoting pathway in Drosophila.</a> Science Advances. 6 (19), 2166 (2020).</li><li>Thimgan, M. S., Suzuki, Y., Seugnet, L., Gottschalk, L., Shaw, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+perilipin+homologue,+lipid+storage+droplet+2,+regulates+sleep+homeostasis+and+prevents+learning+impairments+following+sleep+loss.">The perilipin homologue, lipid storage droplet 2, regulates sleep homeostasis and prevents learning impairments following sleep loss.</a> PLOS Biology. 8 (8), (2010).</li><li>Keene, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clock+and+cycle+limit+starvation-induced+sleep+loss+in+Drosophila.">Clock and cycle limit starvation-induced sleep loss in Drosophila.</a> Current Biology. 20 (13), 1209-1215 (2010).</li><li>Shaw, P. J., Tononi, G., Greenspan, R. J., Robinson, D. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stress+response+genes+protect+against+lethal+effects+of+sleep+deprivation+in+Drosophila.">Stress response genes protect against lethal effects of sleep deprivation in Drosophila.</a> Nature. 417 (6886), 287-291 (2002).</li><li>Andretic, R., Shaw, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Essentials+of+sleep+recordings+in+Drosophila:+moving+beyond+sleep+time.">Essentials of sleep recordings in Drosophila: moving beyond sleep time.</a> Methods Enzymol. 393, 759-772 (2005).</li><li>Seugnet, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identifying+sleep+regulatory+genes+using+a+Drosophila+model+of+insomnia.">Identifying sleep regulatory genes using a Drosophila model of insomnia.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 29 (22), 7148-7157 (2009).</li><li>Bushey, D., Huber, R., Tononi, G., Cirelli, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+Hyperkinetic+mutants+have+reduced+sleep+and+impaired+memory.">Drosophila Hyperkinetic mutants have reduced sleep and impaired memory.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 27 (20), 5384-5393 (2007).</li><li>Geissmann, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ethoscopes:+An+open+platform+for+high-throughput+ethomics.">Ethoscopes: An open platform for high-throughput ethomics.</a> PLOS Biology. 15 (10), 2003026 (2017).</li><li>Faville, R., Kottler, B., Goodhill, G. J., Shaw, P. J., van Swinderen, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+deeply+does+your+mutant+sleep?+Probing+arousal+to+better+understand+sleep+defects+in+Drosophila.">How deeply does your mutant sleep? Probing arousal to better understand sleep defects in Drosophila.</a> Scientific Reports. 5, 8454 (2015).</li><li>Huber, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+homeostasis+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Sleep homeostasis in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Sleep. 27 (4), 628-639 (2004).</li><li>Klose, M., Shaw, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep-drive+reprograms+clock+neuronal+identity+through+CREB-binding+protein+induced+PDFR+expression.">Sleep-drive reprograms clock neuronal identity through CREB-binding protein induced PDFR expression.</a> bioRxiv. , (2019).</li><li>Dissel, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+restores+behavioral+plasticity+to+Drosophila+mutants.">Sleep restores behavioral plasticity to Drosophila mutants.</a> Current Biology. 25 (10), 1270-1281 (2015).</li><li>Gerstner, J. R., Vanderheyden, W. M., Shaw, P. J., Landry, C. F., Yin, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fatty-acid+binding+proteins+modulate+sleep+and+enhance+long-term+memory+consolidation+in+Drosophila.">Fatty-acid binding proteins modulate sleep and enhance long-term memory consolidation in Drosophila.</a> PLoS One. 6 (1), 15890 (2011).</li></ol>

저자는 공개 할 것이 없습니다.

드로소필라의 수면은 2000년에 독립적으로 특징지어졌으며, 2개 그룹4,5. 이러한 선구적인 연구에서 파리는 부드러운 취급 (즉, 손 부족)에 의해 수면을 박탈하고 하룻밤 수면 부족에 대한 강력한 동종 반응을 나타내는 것으로 나타났습니다. 중요한 것은, 어떤 잠 부족 실험든지와 함께 동물을 깨어 있는 것을 지키기 위하여 이용된 방법의 잠재적인...

수면은 동물에서 보편적 인 근처에 있지만 그 기능은 불분명합니다. 수면 항상성, 수면 부족 후 수면의 보상 증가는 수면의 결정적인 특성이며, 이는 수면상태1,2,3,4,5의수면 상태를 특성화하는 데 사용되어 왔다.
즉석에서 수면은 수면 손실에 대한 강력한 정근성 반응을 포함하여 인간의 수면과 많은 유사점이 있습니다4,5. 즉석에서 수면의 수많은 연구는 확장 된 깨어에서 발생하는 불리한 결과를 검사하여 수면 기능을 추론하기 위해 수면 부족을 모두 사용하고, 수면의 정충성 조절을 제어하는 신경 생물학적 메커니즘을 결정하여 수면 조절을 이해합니다. 이와 같이 수면 박탈파리는 학습 및기억6,7,8,9,10,11,12,구조적 가소성13,14,15,시각주의16,뉴런 상해로부터의회복,17,18,짝짓기 및 공격적인행동(19)에장애를 나타내는 것으로나타났다. 20,세포증식(21)은산화스트레스(22)및23에 대한 반응으로 몇 가지 이름을 지정한다. 또한, 리바운드 수면을 제어하는 신경생물학적 메커니즘에 대한 조사는수면항상성을 구성하는 신경 기계에 대한 중요한 통찰력을 산출했다8,9,23,24,25,26,27,28,29 . 마지막으로, 건강한 동물의 수면 기능에 대한 근본적인 통찰력을 밝히는 것 외에도 수면 부족 연구는 병든 상태에서 수면 기능에 대한 통찰력을30,31로나타냈습니다.
수면 부족은 명백히 강력한 도구이지만, 수면 부족 실험과 함께, 동물을 깨우는 데 사용되는 자극에 의해 유도된 것과 는 함께 깨어있는 현상을 구별하는 것이 중요합니다. 손 부족 또는 부드러운 취급에 의한 수면 부족은 일반적으로 최소한의 파괴적인 수면 부족을 위한 표준으로 간주됩니다. 여기서 우리는 수면 무효화 장치 (SNAP)를 사용하여 수면 박탈 파리에 대한 프로토콜을 설명합니다. SNAP는 10대마다 비행하는 기계적 자극을 제공하여 음의 지질택시(그림1)를유도하여 파리를 깨어 있게 하는 장치입니다. SNAP는 높은 수면 드라이브8,32로 비행할 때도 야간 수면의 >98%를 효율적으로박탈합니다. SNAP는 강타 민감한 파리에서 보정되었으며 SNAP에서 파리가 파리에 해를 끼치지 않습니다. SNAP를 가진 수면 부족은 손 박탈에 의해 얻어진 것과 비교되는 리바운드를 유도합니다7. SNAP는 따라서 자극자극의 효과를 조절하면서 파리를 잠들게 하는 강력한 방법입니다.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Locomotor activity tubes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fisher Tissue Prep Wax</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>13404-122</td>
			<td>Wax used for sealing tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass tubes</td>
			<td>Wale Apparatus</td>
			<td>244050</td>
			<td>We cut 5mm diameter Pyrex glass&#160;tubes into 65mm long tubes&#160;to record sleep. Pre-cut tubes&#160;can also be purchased.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nutri Fly Bloomington Formulation fly food</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>66-113</td>
			<td>Labs might use their own fly food recipe. It is important that sleep be recorded on the same food that flies were reared in.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotary glass cutting tool</td>
			<td>Dremel Multi Pro</td>
			<td>395</td>
			<td>Used to cut 65mm long glass tubes&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monitoring Sleep</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAM System and DAMFileScan software</td>
			<td>Trikinetics</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Software used to acquire data from DAM monitors and save the acquired data in an appropriate format</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Data acquisition computer</td>
			<td>Lenovo</td>
			<td>Idea Centre AIO3</td>
			<td>A equivalent computer from any manufacturer can substitute</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drosophila Activity Monitors</td>
			<td>Trikinetics</td>
			<td>DAM2</td>
			<td>These monitors are used to record flies&#39; locomotor activity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Environment Monitor</td>
			<td>Trikinetics</td>
			<td>DEnM</td>
			<td>Not essential, but an easy way to monitor environmental conditions in the chamber where sleep is recorded</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Light Controller</td>
			<td>Trikinetics</td>
			<td>LC4</td>
			<td>A convenient way to control the timing of when the SNAP is turned on and off</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Power Supply Interface Unit for DAM</td>
			<td>Trikinetics</td>
			<td>PSIU-9</td>
			<td>Required for data acquisition computers to record Trikinetics locomotor acitvity data</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RJ11 connector</td>
			<td>7001-64PC</td>
			<td>Multicomp</td>
			<td>DAM monitors accept RJ11 jacks</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Splitters</td>
			<td>Trikinetics</td>
			<td>SPLT5</td>
			<td>Used to connect upto 5 DAM monitors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Telephone cable wire</td>
			<td>Radioshack</td>
			<td>278-367</td>
			<td>Phone cables to acquire data from DAM monitors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sleep Deprivation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Power supply</td>
			<td>Gw INSTEK</td>
			<td>GPS-30300</td>
			<td>Power supply for the SNAP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sleep Nullifying Apparatus</td>
			<td>Washington University School of Medicine machine shop</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the sleep nullifying apparatus: a highly efficient method of sleep depriving drosophila

수면 항상성, 수면 손실 다음 관찰 수 면의 증가, 동물의 왕국을 통해 수 면을 식별 하는 데 사용 하는 정의 기준 중 하나입니다. 결과적으로, 수 면 부족 및 수 면 제한은 일반적으로 수 면 기능에 대 한 통찰력을 제공 하는 데 사용 되는 강력한 도구. 그럼에도 불구 하 고, 수 면 부족 실험은 본질적으로 문제가 박탈 자극 자체 생리학 및 행동에 관찰 된 변화의 원인 수 있습니다. 따라서 성공적인 수면 부족 기술은 동물을 깨어 있게 해야 하며, 이상적으로는 의도하지 않은 많은 결과를 유도하지 않고도 강력한 수면 리바운드를 초래합니다. 여기에서, 우리는 Drosophila 멜라노가스터에대한 수면 부족 기술을 설명합니다. 수면 무효화 장치(SNAP)는 10대마다 자극을 투여하여 부정적인 지질택시를 유발합니다. 자극은 예측 가능하지만 SNAP는 높은 수면 드라이브가있는 파리에서도 야간 수면의 >95 %를 효과적으로 방지합니다. 중요한 것은, 후속 동종 반응은 손 박탈을 사용하여 달성한 것과 매우 유사합니다. 자극의 타이밍과 간격은 수면 손실을 최소화하고 따라서 생리학 및 행동에 자극의 비 특이적 효과를 검사하기 위해 수정 될 수있다. SNAP는 또한 수면 제한및 각성 임계값을 평가하기 위하여 이용될 수 있습니다. SNAP는 수면 기능을 더 잘 이해하는 데 사용할 수있는 강력한 수면 장애 기술입니다.

캔톤 S(Cs)는 야생형 변형으로 사용되었다. 파리는 12h 빛으로 유지되었습니다 : 12 시간 어두운 일정, 수면은 하룻밤 사이에 12 시간 동안 박탈되었습니다. Cs의 수면 프로파일 검사는 기준선일(bs), 수면 부족일(sd), 2일 회복일(rec1 및 rec2)(그림 2A)에파리가 SNAP에서 효과적으로 수면을 취하지 않았으며, 문헌4,5에서</s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Sleep Nullifying Apparatus: A Highly Efficient Method of Sleep Depriving Drosophila at JoVE.com

The Sleep Nullifying Apparatus: A Highly Efficient Method of Sleep Depriving Drosophila

수면 부족은 수면 기능과 조절을 조사하는 강력한 도구입니다. 우리는 수면 무효화 장치를 사용하여 Drosophila를 수면 박탈하는 프로토콜을 설명하고, 박탈에 의해 유도된 리바운드 수면의 정도를 결정하기 위하여.

수면 무효화 장치: 수 면 박탈 Drosophila의 매우 효율적인 방법

Sleep homeostasis, the increase in sleep observed following sleep loss, is one of the defining criteria used to identify sleep throughout the animal ...

the-sleep-nullifying-apparatus-highly-efficient-method-sleep

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

The Sleep Nullifying Apparatus: A Highly Efficient Method of Sleep Depriving Drosophila

3.3K 조회수.  Washington University School of Medicine. 수면 부족은 수면 기능과 조절을 조사하는 강력한 도구입니다. 우리는 수면 무효화 장치를 사용하여 Drosophila를 수면 박탈하는 프로토콜을 설명하고, 박탈에 의해 유도된 리바운드 수면의 정도를 결정하기 위하여.

비디오: The Sleep Nullifying Apparatus: A Highly Efficient Method of Sleep Depriving Drosophila

Novel Apparatus and Method for Drug Reinforcement

Animal models of reinforcement have proven to be useful for understanding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying drug addiction. Operant drug self-administration and conditioned place preference (CPP) procedures are expansively used in animal research to model various components of drug reinforcement, consumption, and addiction in humans. For this study, we used a novel approach to studying drug reinforcement in rats by combining traditional CPP and self-administration methodologies. We assembled an apparatus using two Med Associate operant chambers, sensory stimuli, and a Plexiglas-constructed neutral zone. These modifications allowed our experiments to encompass motivational aspects of drug intake through self-administration and drug-free assessment of drug/cue conditioning strength with the CPP test. In our experiments, rats self-administered cocaine (0.75 mg/kg/inj, i.v.) during either four (e.g., the "short-term") or eight (e.g., the "long-term") alternating-day sessions in an operant environment containing distinctive sensory cues (e.g., olfactory and visual). On the alternate days, in the other (differently-cued) operant environment, saline was available for self-infusion (0.1 ml, i.v.). Twenty-four hours after the last self-administration/cue-pairing session, a CPP test was conducted. Consistent with typical CPP findings, there was a significant preference for the chamber associated with cocaine self-administration. In addition, in animals undergoing the long-term experiment, a significant positive correlation between CPP magnitude and the number of cocaine-reinforced lever responses. In conclusion, this apparatus and approach is time and cost effective, can be used to examine a wide array of topics pertaining to drug abuse, and provides more flexibility in experimental design than CPP or self-administration methods alone.

Operant drug self-administration and conditioned place preference (CPP) procedures are expansively used in research to model various components of drug reinforcement, consumption, and addiction in humans. In this report, we combined traditional CPP and self-administration methods as a novel approach to studying drug reinforcement and addiction in rats.

Animal models of reinforcement have proven to be useful for understanding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying drug addiction.  Operant drug ...

연구

신경과학

Assaying Locomotor Activity to Study Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Parameters in Drosophila

Most life forms exhibit daily rhythms in cellular, physiological and behavioral phenomena that are driven by endogenous circadian (&equiv;24 hr) pacemakers or clocks. Malfunctions in the human circadian system are associated with numerous diseases or disorders. Much progress towards our understanding of the mechanisms underlying circadian rhythms has emerged from genetic screens whereby an easily measured behavioral rhythm is used as a read-out of clock function. Studies using Drosophila have made seminal contributions to our understanding of the cellular and biochemical bases underlying circadian rhythms. The standard circadian behavioral read-out measured in Drosophila is locomotor activity. In general, the monitoring system involves specially designed devices that can measure the locomotor movement of Drosophila. These devices are housed in environmentally controlled incubators located in a darkroom and are based on using the interruption of a beam of infrared light to record the locomotor activity of individual flies contained inside small tubes. When measured over many days, Drosophila exhibit daily cycles of activity and inactivity, a behavioral rhythm that is governed by the animal's endogenous circadian system. The overall procedure has been simplified with the advent of commercially available locomotor activity monitoring devices and the development of software programs for data analysis. We use the system from Trikinetics Inc., which is the procedure described here and is currently the most popular system used worldwide. More recently, the same monitoring devices have been used to study sleep behavior in Drosophila. Because the daily wake-sleep cycles of many flies can be measured simultaneously and only 1 to 2 weeks worth of continuous locomotor activity data is usually sufficient, this system is ideal for large-scale screens to identify Drosophila manifesting altered circadian or sleep properties.

Assaying Locomotor Activity to Study Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Parameters in Drosophila

We describe procedures for recording daily locomotor activity rhythms of Drosophila and subsequent data analysis. Locomotor activity rhythms are a reliable behavioral output of animal circadian clocks and are used as the standard readout of clock function when studying circadian mutants or examining how the environment regulates the circadian system.

Circadian 리듬을 연구 및 매개 변수 잠을 전위의 활동 시금 Drosophila</em

Most life forms exhibit daily rhythms in cellular, physiological and behavioral phenomena that are driven by endogenous circadian (&equiv;24 hr) ...

Non-Laser Capture Microscopy Approach for the Microdissection of Discrete Mouse Brain Regions for Total RNA Isolation and Downstream Next-Generation Sequencing and Gene Expression Profiling

As technological platforms, approaches such as next-generation sequencing, microarray, and qRT-PCR have great promise for expanding our understanding of the breadth of molecular regulation. Newer approaches such as high-resolution RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq)1 provides new and expansive information about tissue- or state-specific expression such as relative transcript levels, alternative splicing, and micro RNAs2-4. Prospects for employing the RNA-Seq method in comparative whole transcriptome profiling5 within discrete tissues or between phenotypically distinct groups of individuals affords new avenues for elucidating molecular mechanisms involved in both normal and abnormal physiological states. Recently, whole transcriptome profiling has been performed on human brain tissue, identifying gene expression differences associated with disease progression6. However, the use of next-generation sequencing has yet to be more widely integrated into mammalian studies.
Gene expression studies in mouse models have reported distinct profiles within various brain nuclei using laser capture microscopy (LCM) for sample excision7,8. While LCM affords sample collection with single-cell and discrete brain region precision, the relatively low total RNA yields from the LCM approach can be prohibitive to RNA-Seq and other profiling approaches in mouse brain tissues and may require sub-optimal sample amplification steps. Here, a protocol is presented for microdissection and total RNA extraction from discrete mouse brain regions. Set-diameter tissue corers are used to isolate 13 tissues from 750-&mu;m serial coronal sections of an individual mouse brain. Tissue micropunch samples are immediately frozen and archived. Total RNA is obtained from the samples using magnetic bead-enabled total RNA isolation technology. Resulting RNA samples have adequate yield and quality for use in downstream expression profiling. This microdissection strategy provides a viable option to existing sample collection strategies for obtaining total RNA from discrete brain regions, opening possibilities for new gene expression discoveries.

Non-Laser Capture Microscopy Approach for the Microdissection of Discrete Mouse Brain Regions for Total RNA Isolation and Downstream Next-Generation Sequencing and Gene Expression Profiling  |

RNA expression profiling of discrete mouse brain regions requires a precise and repeatable tissue collection strategy. A protocol that uses both coronal brain sectioning and tissue corer-assisted microdissection is described here. The yield and quality of total RNA obtained from the resulting samples confirms the utility of the outlined method.

총 RNA의 분리 및 다운 스트림 차세대 시퀀싱 및 유전자 발현 프로 파일링에 대한 개별 마우스 뇌 영역의 Microdissection 아닌 레이저 캡처 현미경 접근법

As technological platforms, approaches such as next-generation sequencing, microarray, and qRT-PCR have great promise for expanding our understanding of ...

Simultaneous Electroencephalography, Real-time Measurement of Lactate Concentration and Optogenetic Manipulation of Neuronal Activity in the Rodent Cerebral Cortex

Although the brain represents less than 5% of the body by mass, it utilizes approximately one quarter of the glucose used by the body at rest1. The function of non rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS), the largest portion of sleep by time, is uncertain. However, one salient feature of NREMS is a significant reduction in the rate of cerebral glucose utilization relative to wakefulness2-4. This and other findings have led to the widely held belief that sleep serves a function related to cerebral metabolism. Yet, the mechanisms underlying the reduction in cerebral glucose metabolism during NREMS remain to be elucidated.
	One phenomenon associated with NREMS that might impact cerebral metabolic rate is the occurrence of slow waves, oscillations at frequencies less than 4 Hz, in the electroencephalogram5,6. These slow waves detected at the level of the skull or cerebral cortical surface reflect the oscillations of underlying neurons between a depolarized/up state and a hyperpolarized/down state7. During the down state, cells do not undergo action potentials for intervals of up to several hundred milliseconds. Restoration of ionic concentration gradients subsequent to action potentials represents a significant metabolic load on the cell8; absence of action potentials during down states associated with NREMS may contribute to reduced metabolism relative to wake.
	Two technical challenges had to be addressed in order for this hypothetical relationship to be tested. First, it was necessary to measure cerebral glycolytic metabolism with a temporal resolution reflective of the dynamics of the cerebral EEG (that is, over seconds rather than minutes). To do so, we measured the concentration of lactate, the product of aerobic glycolysis, and therefore a readout of the rate of glucose metabolism in the brains of mice. Lactate was measured using a lactate oxidase based real time sensor embedded in the frontal cortex. The sensing mechanism consists of a platinum-iridium electrode surrounded by a layer of lactate oxidase molecules. Metabolism of lactate by lactate oxidase produces hydrogen peroxide, which produces a current in the platinum-iridium electrode. So a ramping up of cerebral glycolysis provides an increase in the concentration of substrate for lactate oxidase, which then is reflected in increased current at the sensing electrode. It was additionally necessary to measure these variables while manipulating the excitability of the cerebral cortex, in order to isolate this variable from other facets of NREMS.
	We devised an experimental system for simultaneous measurement of neuronal activity via the elecetroencephalogram, measurement of glycolytic flux via a lactate biosensor, and manipulation of cerebral cortical neuronal activity via optogenetic activation of pyramidal neurons. We have utilized this system to document the relationship between sleep-related electroencephalographic waveforms and the moment-to-moment dynamics of lactate concentration in the cerebral cortex. The protocol may be useful for any individual interested in studying, in freely behaving rodents, the relationship between neuronal activity measured at the electroencephalographic level and cellular energetics within the brain.

A procedure is described for manipulating the activity of cerebral cortical pyramidal neurons optogenetically while the electroencephalogram, electromyogram, and cerebral lactate concentration are monitored. Experimental recordings are performed on cable-tethered mice while they undergo spontaneous sleep/wake cycles. Optogenetic equipment is assembled in our laboratory; recording equipment is commercially available.

동시 Electroencephalography, 설치류 대뇌 피질의 젖산 농도와 Neuronal 활동 Optogenetic 조작의 실시간 측정

Although the brain represents less than 5% of the body  by mass, it utilizes approximately one quarter of the glucose used by the body  at rest1. The ...

A Method of Nodose Ganglia Injection in Sprague-Dawley Rat

Afferent signaling via the vagus nerve transmits important general visceral information to the central nervous system from many diverse receptors located in the organs of the abdomen and thorax. The vagus nerve communicates information from stimuli such as heart rate, blood pressure, bronchopulmonary irritation, and gastrointestinal distension to the nucleus of solitary tract of the medulla. The cell bodies of the vagus nerve are located in the nodose and petrosal ganglia, of which the majority are located in the former. The nodose ganglia contain a wealth of receptors for amino acids, monoamines, neuropeptides, and other neurochemicals that can modify afferent vagus nerve activity. Modifying vagal afferents through systemic peripheral drug treatments targeted at the receptors on nodose ganglia has the potential of treating diseases such as sleep apnea, gastroesophageal reflux disease, or chronic cough. The protocol here describes a method of injection neurochemicals directly into the nodose ganglion. Injecting neurochemicals directly into the nodose ganglia allows study of effects solely on cell bodies that modulate afferent nerve activity, and prevents the complication of involving the central nervous system as seen in systemic neurochemical treatment. Using readily available and inexpensive equipment, intranodose ganglia injections are easily done in anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats.

Afferent vagal signaling transmits important information to central nervous system from receptors located in organs of the abdomen and thorax. The nodose ganglia of vagus nerves contain many types of receptors that modulate vagal activity. This protocol describes a method of local injections of neurochemicals into the nodose ganglia.

스프 라그 - 돌리 쥐에 Nodose 신경절 주입하는 방법

Afferent signaling via the vagus nerve transmits important general visceral information to the central nervous system from many diverse receptors located ...

Polygraphic Recording Procedure for Measuring Sleep in Mice

Recording of the epidural electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) in small animals, like mice and rats, has been pivotal to study the homeodynamics and circuitry of sleep-wake regulation. In many laboratories, a cable-based sleep recording system is used to monitor the EEG and EMG in freely behaving mice in combination with computer software for automatic scoring of the vigilance states on the basis of power spectrum analysis of EEG data. A description of this system is detailed herein. Steel screws are implanted over the frontal cortical area and the parietal area of 1 hemisphere for monitoring EEG signals. In addition, EMG activity is monitored by the bilateral placement of wires in both neck muscles. Non-rapid eye movement (Non-REM; NREM) sleep is characterized by large, slow brain waves with delta activity below 4 Hz in the EEG, whereas a shift from low-frequency delta activity to a rapid low-voltage EEG in the theta range between 6 and 10 Hz can be observed at the transition from NREM to REM sleep. By contrast, wakefulness is identified by low- to moderate-voltage brain waves in the EEG trace and significant EMG activity.

The recording of electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) in freely behaving mice is a critical step to correlate behavior and physiology with sleep and wakefulness. The experimental protocol described herein provides a cable-based system for acquiring EEG and EMG recordings in mice.

Recording of the epidural electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) in small animals, like mice and rats, has been pivotal to study the ...

Optogenetic Manipulation of Neural Circuits During Monitoring Sleep/wakefulness States in Mice

In recent years, optogenetics has been widely used in many fields of neuroscientific research. In many cases, an opsin, such as channel rhodopsin 2 (ChR2), is expressed by a virus vector in a particular type of neuronal cells in various Cre-driver mice. Activation of these opsins is triggered by application of light pulses which are delivered by laser or LED through optic cables, and the effect of activation is observed with very high time resolution. Experimenters are able to acutely stimulate neurons while monitoring behavior or another physiological outcome in mice. Optogenetics can enable useful strategies to evaluate function of neuronal circuits in the regulation of sleep/wakefulness states in mice. Here we describe a technique for examining the effect of optogenetic manipulation of neurons with a specific chemical identity during electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) monitoring to evaluate the sleep stage of mice. As an example, we describe manipulation of GABAergic neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). Acute optogenetic excitation of these neurons triggers a rapid transition to wakefulness when applied during NREM sleep. Optogenetic manipulation along with EEG/EMG recording can be applied to decipher the neuronal circuits that regulate sleep/wakefulness states.

Here, we describe methods of optogenetic manipulation of particular types of neurons during monitoring of sleep/wakefulness states in mice, presenting our recent work on the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis as an example.

마우스에서 수면/각성 상태를 모니터링하는 동안 신경 회로의 광유전학 적 조작

In recent years, optogenetics has been widely used in many fields of neuroscientific research. In many cases, an opsin, such as channel rhodopsin 2 ...

How to Obtain Reliable Visual Event-related Potentials in Newborns

The present study discusses the characteristics of visual event-related potentials (VEPs) and outlines methodological steps for obtaining reliable measurements in newborns. Obtaining high-quality, reliable VEPs is crucial for the early detection of abnormal development of the central nervous system in at-risk newborns, and for implementing successful early interventions. Recommendations are based on a previous study which showed that when post-conceptional age, polysomnography-identified sleep stages, and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) googles as the luminous source are controlled, no more than 4 repetitions of VEP averages are required to obtain replicable recordings, variability decreases, and reliable VEPs can be obtained. By controlling for these sources of variability and using statistical analyses, we were able to clearly and reliably identify the amplitude and latency of three main components (NII, PII and NIII) present in 100% of newborns (n = 20) during active sleep. Recording VEPs during awake states, quiet sleep and transitional sleep is not recommended because VEP morphology may differ significantly from one average to the next, leading to the risk of misleading clinical prognoses. Moreover, it is easier to obtain VEPs during active sleep because this state can be clearly and reliably identified at this stage of development, sleep cycles are short enough to allow measurements to be taken in a reasonable time, and the method does not require new o expensive equipment.

Several important points for obtaining high-quality reliable visual evoked potentials (VEPs) in newborns while minimizing variability and the risk of misleading prognoses are presented.

신생아에서 신뢰할 수있는 시각적 이벤트 관련 잠재력을 얻는 방법

The present study discusses the characteristics of visual event-related potentials (VEPs) and outlines methodological steps for obtaining reliable ...

Measuring Neural Mechanisms Underlying Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation During Naps in Early Childhood

Sleep is critical for daily functioning. One important function of sleep is the consolidation of memories, a process that makes them stronger and less vulnerable to interference. The neural mechanisms underlying the benefit of sleep for memory can be investigated using polysomnography (PSG). PSG is a combination of physiological recordings including signals from the brain (EEG), eyes (EOG), and muscles (EMG) that are used to classify sleep stages. In this protocol, we describe how PSG can be used in conjunction with behavioral memory assessments, actigraphy, and parent-report to examine sleep-dependent memory consolidation. The focus of this protocol is on early childhood, a period of significance as children transition from biphasic sleep (consisting of a nap and overnight sleep) to monophasic sleep (overnight sleep only). The effects of sleep on memory performance are measured using a visuospatial memory assessment across periods of sleep and wakeful-rest. A combination of actigraphy and parent report is used to assess sleep rhythms (i.e., characterizing children as habitual or non-habitual nappers). Finally, PSG is used to characterize sleep stages and qualities of those stages (such as frequencies and the presence of spindles) during naps. The advantage of using PSG is that it is the only tool currently available to assess sleep quality and sleep architecture, pointing to the relevant brain state that supports memory consolidation. The main limitations of PSG are the length of time it takes to prepare the recording montage and that recordings are typically taken over one sleep bought. These limitations can be overcome by engaging young participants in distracting tasks during application and combining PSG with actigraphy and self/parent-report measures to characterize sleep cycles. Together, this unique combination of methods allows for investigations into how naps support learning in preschool children.

This protocol describes methods used to examine neural mechanisms underlying sleep-dependent memory consolidation during naps in early childhood. It includes procedures for examining the effect of sleep on behavioral memory performance, as well as the application and recording of both polysomnography and actigraphy.

초기 유년기에 낮잠 중 수면 의존적 기억 통합의 근본적인 신경 메커니즘 측정

Sleep is critical for daily functioning. One important function of sleep is the consolidation of memories, a process that makes them stronger and less ...

Electrocorticographic Recording of Cerebral Cortex Areas Manipulated Using an Adeno-Associated Virus Targeting Cofilin in Mice

The use of electrocorticographic (ECoG) recordings in rodents is relevant to sleep research and to the study of a wide range of neurological conditions. Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are increasingly used to improve understanding of brain circuits and their functions. The AAV-mediated manipulation of specific cell populations and/or of precise molecular components has been tremendously useful to identify new sleep regulatory circuits/molecules and key proteins contributing to the adverse effects of sleep loss. For instance, inhibiting activity of the filamentous actin-severing protein&#160;cofilin&#160;using AAV prevents sleep deprivation-induced memory impairment. Here, a protocol is&#160;described that combines the manipulation of cofilin function in a cerebral cortex area with the recording of ECoG activity to examine whether cortical cofilin modulates the wakefulness and sleep ECoG signals. AAV injection is performed during the same surgical procedure as the implantation of ECoG and electromyographic (EMG) electrodes in adult male and female mice. Mice are anesthetized, and their heads are shaved. After skin cleaning and incision, stereotaxic coordinates of the motor cortex are determined, and the skull is pierced at this location. A cannula prefilled with an AAV expressing cofilinS3D, an inactive form of cofilin, is slowly positioned in the cortical tissue. After AAV infusion, gold-covered screws (ECoG electrodes) are screwed through the skull and cemented to the skull with gold wires inserted in the neck muscles (EMG electrodes). The animals are allowed three weeks to recover and to ensure sufficient expression of cofilinS3D. The infected area and cell type are verified using immunohistochemistry, and the ECoG is analyzed using visual identification of vigilance states and spectral analysis. In summary, this combined methodological approach allows the investigation of the precise contribution of molecular components regulating neuronal morphology and connectivity to the regulation of synchronized cerebral cortex activity during wakefulness and sleep.

This article describes a protocol for the manipulation of molecular targets in the cerebral cortex using adeno-associated viruses and for monitoring the effects of this manipulation during wakefulness and sleep using electrocorticographic recordings.

쥐에서 코필린을 표적으로 하는 아데노 관련 바이러스를 사용하여 조작된 대뇌 피질 지역의 전기 코르티코그래피 기록

The use of electrocorticographic (ECoG) recordings in rodents is relevant to sleep research and to the study of a wide range of neurological conditions. ...

Methods Article

수면 무효화 장치: 수 면 박탈 Drosophila의 매우 효율적인 방법