<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Drosophila Eye 모델에서 Ommatidia의 편향되지 않은 정량화

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	<li>Iyer, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+assessment+of+eye+phenotypes+for+functional+genetic+studies+using+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Quantitative assessment of eye phenotypes for functional genetic studies using Drosophila melanogaster.</a> G3. 6 (5), 1427-1437 (2016).</li><li>Thomas, B. J., Wassarman, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+fly's+eye+view+of+biology.">A fly's eye view of biology.</a> Trends Genet. 15 (5), 184-190 (1999).</li><li>Roignant, J. -. Y., Treisman, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pattern+formation+in+the+Drosophila+eye+disc.">Pattern formation in the Drosophila eye disc.</a> Int J Dev Biol. 53 (5-6), 795-804 (2009).</li><li>Diez-Hermano, S., Ganfornina, M. D., Vegas, E., Sanchez, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Machine+learning+representation+of+loss+of+eye+regularity+in+a+Drosophila+neurodegenerative+model.">Machine learning representation of loss of eye regularity in a Drosophila neurodegenerative model.</a> Front Neurosci. 14 (1), 1-14 (2020).</li><li>Appocher, C., Klima, R., Feiguin, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+screening+in+Drosophila+reveals+the+conserved+role+of+REEP1+in+promoting+stress+resistance+and+preventing+the+formation+of+Tau+aggregates.">Functional screening in Drosophila reveals the conserved role of REEP1 in promoting stress resistance and preventing the formation of Tau aggregates.</a> Hum Mol Genet. 23 (25), 6762-6772 (2014).</li><li>Pandey, U. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HDAC6+rescues+neurodegeneration+and+provides+an+essential+link+between+autophagy+and+the+UPS.">HDAC6 rescues neurodegeneration and provides an essential link between autophagy and the UPS.</a> Nature. 447 (7146), 860-864 (2007).</li><li>Outa, A. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+of+a+Drosophila+model+of+wild-type+and+T315I+mutated+BCR-ABL1+in+chronic+myeloid+leukemia:+an+effective+platform+for+treatment+screening.">Validation of a Drosophila model of wild-type and T315I mutated BCR-ABL1 in chronic myeloid leukemia: an effective platform for treatment screening.</a> Haematologica. 105 (2), 387-397 (2019).</li><li>Shirinian, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+transgenic+Drosophila+melanogaster+model+to+study+human+T-lymphotropic+virus+oncoprotein+Tax-1-driven+transformation+in+vivo.">A transgenic Drosophila melanogaster model to study human T-lymphotropic virus oncoprotein Tax-1-driven transformation in vivo.</a> J Virol. 89 (15), 8092-8095 (2015).</li><li>Diez-Hermano, S., Valero, J., Rueda, C., Ganfornina, M. D., Sanchez, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+automated+image+analysis+method+to+measure+regularity+in+biological+patterns:+a+case+study+in+a+Drosophila+neurodegenerative+model.">An automated image analysis method to measure regularity in biological patterns: a case study in a Drosophila neurodegenerative model.</a> Mol Neurodegener. 10 (1), 1-10 (2015).</li><li>Yusuff, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+models+of+pathogenic+copy-number+variant+genes+show+global+and+non-neuronal+defects+during+development.">Drosophila models of pathogenic copy-number variant genes show global and non-neuronal defects during development.</a> PLoS Genet. 16 (6), e1008792-e1008792 (2020).</li><li>Berg, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ilastik:+interactive+machine+learning+for+(bio)image+analysis.">ilastik: interactive machine learning for (bio)image analysis.</a> Nat Methods. 16, 1226-1232 (2019).</li><li>Chalmers, M. 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<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Computer specifications</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Ryzen 5, 16 GB RAM, Nvidia RTX 3070 Super, Windows 10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flynotyper</td>
			<td>Iyer, J. et al. (2016)</td>
			<td>Download software here: https://flynotyper.sourceforge.net/imageJ.html</td>
			<td>Open source software. Do not use Flynotyper 2.0. At the time of publication, 2.0 was fairly new and this protocol is optimized for the original version of Flynotyper.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ilastik</td>
			<td>Berg, S. et al. (2019)</td>
			<td>Download software here: https://www.ilastik.org/download.html</td>
			<td>Open source software. Download Version 1.4.0.post1 under Regular Builds corresponding to your computer operating system.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ImageJ</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Download software here: https://imagej.net/ij/download.html</td>
			<td>Open source software. Versions 1.53 and 1.54 were used. 1.54 is the updated version and is the default download.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leica Application Suite (LAS X)</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td>LASX Office 1.4.6 28433</td>
			<td>System and software used for z-stack acquisition.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leica Z16 APO microscope with a DMC2900 camera</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td>10 447 173, 12 730 466</td>
			<td>Referred to as Z-stack microscope and camera in the text. This product is now archived.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

quantifying drosophila melanogaster eye phenotypes: a computational approach integrating ilastik and flynotyper

The Drosophila melanogaster genome contains ~75% of human disease-related gene orthologs. Additionally, during Drosophila eye development, approximately two-thirds of the genes in the genome are expressed, making the Drosophila eye an outstanding genetic system to investigate various molecular and cellular functions, development, and disease models1,2. Thus, the Drosophila eye system is a useful experimental tool to study various biological processes.
The Drosophila compound eye is a well-structured and comprehensive array of ~800 ommatidia that exhibit a symmetrical and hexagonal pattern3. The regularity of this hexagonal pattern can be used to estimate the effect of introducing mutations and gene expression changes in eye morphology4. Previous studies that require evaluation of eye morphology have heavily relied on manual ranking of the severity of eye phenotypes detected by the naked eye. To rank the eye phenotypes, external eye morphology images are taken by a stereomicroscope5,6. The eye phenotype of each group is assessed by splitting the external eye into four areas and calculating the proportion of degeneration in each area5,6. Then, the values are used to calculate averages that are compared with the values obtained from control flies7. The scoring is based on the extent of fusion, loss of ommatidia, and bristle organization7,8. Fly eye photos taken with a stereomicroscope are acquired by one researcher, and the eye phenotype analysis is performed by another researcher with triple validation sets7,8.
When it comes to ranking weak alterations in eye morphology with the naked eye, there are limitations4. To overcome these limitations, computational approaches such as FLEYE and Flynotyper have been developed1,9. Flynotyper is a novel computational method for quantitatively estimating morphological changes in the Drosophila eye system1. It automatically detects the Drosophila eye and individual ommatidium, calculating Phenotypic Scores (P-Scores) based on the irregularity of theeye1. A higher P-Score indicates the fly eye is more degenerated. This software was successfully used in quantifying the abnormality of Drosophila eyes10. Although Flynotyper ensures an automated process, it still cannot be successfully applied to some eye images taken by various light microscopy methods.
Qualitatively, we prefer a ring light source compared to a single-point light source, as it offers a more accurate representation of each ommatidium. However, when the ring light is used, it generates a ring-shaped shadow at the top of each ommatidium due to the hemispherical shape of the ommatidium. This ring-shaped shadow inhibits accurate ommatidial detection by Flynotyper, leading to incorrect calculation of P-Scores.
To overcome these issues, we implemented ilastik, a machine learning-based tool for various analyses, to classify ommatidia in fly eye images11. We then fed the ilastik-generated images into Flynotyper to calculate P-Scores. This allows us to quantify the Drosophila eye morphological defects unbiasedly1.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>저자 스포트라이트: Quantifying Rough Eye Phenotypes in Drosophila Models of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis with Frontotemporal Dementia (전두측두엽 치매를 동반한 근위축성 측삭 경화증의

Drosophila melanogaster 눈 표현형 정량화: ilastik과 Flynotyper를 통합하는 계산적 접근 방식

We're interested in developing disease models for diseases like ALS, FTD, and multisystem proteinopathy to understand their molecular pathologies. One model we use is the Drosophila eye system. The regularity and symmetrical pattern of the eye can be used to evaluate the effect of introducing mutations and gene expression changes.Our protocol addresses a gap in ways of quantifying rough eye phenotypes, specifically, the gap created by manual ranking. Manual ranking is based on fusion, loss of ommatidia, and bristle organization. However, it can lead to bias.Therefore, combining ilastik and Flynotyper creates for a more robust method for ranking abnormal eye phenotypes. Our protocol can be advantageous to manual ranking due to its robustness. Even non-trained laboratory members can perform successful quantification, whereas a more trained researcher is likely needed for manual ranking to avoid score-to-score differences between two different researchers.Therefore, this protocol can save time and resources. Our findings advance research because this protocol allows for more accurate quantification of rough eye phenotypes, especially weak alterations in eye morphology, Due to bias when manually ranking, combining ilastik and Flynotyper will lead to more accurate scoring, and therefore, result in more accurate published results.

The Drosophila melanogaster compound eye is a well-structured and comprehensive array of around 800 ommatidia, exhibiting a symmetrical and hexagonal ...

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Quantifying Drosophila melanogaster Eye Phenotypes: A Computational Approach Integrating ilastik and Flynotyper

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Developmental Biology

394 조회수.  University of Minnesota. 우리는 ALS, FTD 및 다계통 단백질병증과 같은 질병에 대한 질병 모델을 개발하여 분자 병리학을 이해하는 데 관심이 있습니다. 우리가 사용하는 한 가지 모델은 초파리 눈 시스템입니다. 눈의 규칙성과 대칭 패턴은 돌연변이 및 유전자 발현 변화의 도입 효과를 평가하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다.당사의 프로토콜은 거친 눈 표현형을 정량화하는 방...

비디오: 저자 스포트라이트: Quantifying Rough Eye Phenotypes in Drosophila  Models of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis with Frontotemporal Dementia (전두측두엽 치매를 동반한 근위축성 측삭 경화증의 