Intravital Microscopy of Monocyte Homing and Tumor-Related Angiogenesis in a Murine Model of Peripheral Arterial Disease

Podsumowanie

Monocytes are important mediators of arteriogenesis in the context of peripheral arterial disease. Using a basement membrane-like matrix and intravital microscopy, this protocol investigates monocyte homing and tumor-related angiogenesis after monocyte injection in the femoral artery ligation murine model.

Streszczenie

The therapeutic goal for peripheral arterial disease and ischemic heart disease is to increase blood flow to ischemic areas caused by hemodynamic stenosis. Vascular surgery is a viable option in selected cases, but for patients without indications for surgery such as progression to rest pain, critical limb ischemia, or major disruptions to life or work, there are few possibilities for mitigating their disease. Cell therapy via monocyte-enhanced perfusion through the stimulation of collateral formation is one of a few non-invasive options.

Our group examines arteriogenesis after monocyte transplantation into mice using the hindlimb ischemia model. Previously, we have demonstrated improvement in hindlimb perfusion using tetanus-stimulated syngeneic monocyte transplantation. In addition to the effects on the collateral formation, tumor growth could be affected by this therapy as well. To investigate these effects, we use a basement membrane-like matrix mouse model by injecting the extracellular matrix of the Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm sarcoma into the flank of the mouse, after occlusion of the femoral artery.

After the artificial tumor studies, we use intravital microscopy to study in vivo tumor-angiogenesis and monocyte homing within collateral arteries. Previous studies have described the histological examination of animal models, which presupposes subsequent analysis to post-mortem artifacts. Our approach visualizes monocyte homing to areas of collateralization in real time sequences, is easy to perform, and investigates the process of arteriogenesis and tumor angiogenesis in vivo.

Wprowadzenie

Cardiovascular diseases, including coronary heart disease or peripheral arterial disease, are the most common causes of death globally¹. Cell therapy is a promising approach to treat cardiovascular disease, particularly for people who are not able to undergo surgical interventions. There are several approaches to use cells or their secreted substances as a therapeutic tool^2,3, with the overall goal to improve the perfusion and maintain function of ischemic and underperfused tissue. One attempt to achieve this goal is to improve arteriogenesis, which enhances the development of collatera

Protokół

Our study was performed with permission of the state of Saxony-Anhalt, Landesverwaltungsamt Halle, according to section 8 of the German law for animal protection. (§ 8, paragraph 1 of the German law for animal protection from 18.05.2016 - BGBI. I S. 1206, 1313, § 31 TierSchVersV from 13.08.2013).

NOTE: For the experiments here, 8 to 12 week old male BALB/c mice were used, and human monocytes from blood donors were used for the visualization of monocytes via intravital microscopy.

1. Cell Preparation

NOTE: For the isolation of monocytes, please see our previous published

Wyniki

Intravital microscopy for the examination of tumor and collateral vessel growth triggered by monocytes can help reveal new aspects in the molecular mechanisms of tumor angiogenesis and arteriogenesis. Cells must be prepared and injected carefully using the steps of the protocol. Differences can lead to variations between single experiments. The monocytes must be injected into the venous system (Figure 1) to maintain systemic effects and avoid emboli, which ca...

Dyskusje

The method described here sheds light on the development of collateral arteries, the behavior of monocytes in these vessels, and the process of arteriogenesis. The steps for applying this protocol are easy to learn and can be used in other fields of science. Despite these advantages, there are some disadvantages. For instance, microscopic equipment is required to execute the described techniques. Obtaining equipment for one experiment is unsustainable, so it is important to collaborate with other institutions to share th...

Materiały

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
10% fetal calf serum (FCS)	Sigma Aldrich, Hamburg, Germany
1% penicillin/streptomycin	Sigma Aldrich, Hamburg, Germany
1mL Omnifix -F insuline syringe	B. Braun, Melsungen AG, Melsungen, Germany
50 ml syringe	Fresenius Kabi AG, Bad Homburg, Germany		Injectomat- syringe 50 ml with canule
6-well-ultra-low-attachement-plates	Corning Incorporated, NY, USA
8- 12 week old, male, C57BL/6, BalbC mice	Charles River, Sulzfeld, Germany
Adhesive tape	TESA SE, Hamburg, Germany
Acquisition Software	Leica, Wetzlar, Deutschland		Leica Application Suite Advanced Fluorescence (LAS AF); Version: 2.7.3.9723
Canules	B. Braun, Melsungen AG, Melsungen, Germany		29G, 30G
Cell culture dish	Greiner Bio-One GmbH, Frickenhausen, Germany
Cell culture medium	Manufactured by our group with single components		Medium199, 10% Fetal calf serum, 1% Antibiotic (penicillin/streptomycin)
Centrifuge	Beckman Coulter GmbH, Krefeld, Germany		Allegra X-15R centrifuge
Depilatory cream	Veet, Mannheim, Germany
DiO	Invitrogen Eugene, Oregon, USA
Disinfection agent	Schülke&Mayr GmbH, Norderstedt, Germany
Disposable scalpel No.10	Feather safety razor Co.Ltd, Osaka, Japan
EDTA	Sigma Aldrich, Hamburg, Germany
Erlenmeyer flask	GVB, Herzogenrath, Germany
Ethanol 70%	Otto Fischar GmbH und Co KG, Saarbrücken, Germany
Fetal Calf Serum	Sigma Aldrich, Hamburg, Germany
Fine Forceps	Rubis, Stabio, Switzerland
Flurophor/Rhodamindextran	Thermo Fischer Scientific, Waltham, MA USA	Katalognummer: D-1819
Gloves	Rösner-Matby Meditrade GmbH, Kiefersfelden, Germany
Heating pad	Labotect GmbH, Göttingen, Germany		Hot Plate 062
Human macrophage-colony stimulating factor	Sigma Aldrich, Hamburg, Germany	SRP3110
Humane leucocyte filters	Blood preservation
Incubator	Ewald Innovationstechnik GmbH, Bad Nenndorf, Germany
Isoflurane	Baxter Deutschland GmbH, Unterschleißheim, Germany
Ketamine (10%)	Ketavet, Pfizer Deutschland GmbH, Berlin , Germany
Leukocyte separation tubes (tubes with filter)	Bio one GmbH, Frickenhausen, Germany
Light microscope	Carl Zeiss SMT GmbH, Oberkochen, Germany		Axiovert 40 C
Lymphocyte separation medium LSM1077	GE Healthcare, Pasching, Austria
Matrigel	Becton, Dickinson and Company, Franklyn Lakes, New Jersey, USA
Medium M199	PAA Laboratories GmbH, Pasching, Austria
Microbiological work bench	Thermo Electron, LED GmbH, Langenselbold, Germany		Hera safe
Microscope slide	Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG, Karlsruhe	Art. Nr. 1879
Microscope stand with incubator and heating unit	Leica DMI 6000, Pecon, Germany
Monocyte wash buffer	Manufactured by our group with single components		PBS, 0,5% BSA, 2mM EDTA
Mouse restrainer	Various
Multi-photon microscope	Leica, Wetzlar, Deutschland		Leica SP5 Confocal microscope, Cameleon, Coherent
NaCl (0,9%)	Berlin Chemie AG, Berlin, Germany
Neubauer counting chamber	Paul Marienfeld GmbH und Co.KG, Lauda-Königshofen, Germany
Objective	Leica, Wetzlar, Deutschland		Leica HC PL APO 10x/0.4 CS
PBS	Life technologies GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany		ph 7,4 sterile
Penicillin/Streptomycin	Sigma Aldrich, Hamburg, Germany
Percoll	Manufactured by our group with single components		90 % Percoll, 10% 1,5M NaCl, ρ= 1,064 g cm-3
Percoll solution	GE Healthcare, Bio-Science AB, Uppsala, Sweden
Pipettes	Eppendorf AG, Hamburg, Germany		10µL/100µL/200µL/1000µL
Pipettes serological	Greiner Bio-One GmbH, Frickenhausen, Germany		Cellstar2ml, 5ml, 10ml
Pipetting heads	Eppendorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
Pipetus	Eppendorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
Polystyrol tube	Cellstar, Greiner Bio-One GmbH, Frickenhausen, Germany
Scissor	Word Precision Instruments, Inc., Sarasota, USA
Scale	Mettler PM4800 Delta Range, Mettler-Toledo GmbH, Gießen, Germany
Suction unit	Integra bioscience, Fernwald, Germany		Vacusafe comfort
Surgical scissors	Word Precision Instruments, Inc., Sarasota, USA
Trypan blue solution 0,4 %	Sigma Aldrich, Hamburg, Germany
Tubes with cap	Greiner Bio-One GmbH, Frickenhausen, Germany		15ml, 50ml Cellstar
Xylazine (2 %)	Ceva Tiergesundheit GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany