Name: a culture method to maintain quiescent human hematopoietic stem cells
Uploaded: 2021-05-17T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 14 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Culture Method to Maintain Quiescent Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells at JoVE.com

We thank M. Haraguchi and S. Tamaki for technical support and laboratory management and K. Shiroshita for taking photographs. HK was supported in part by the KAKENHI Grant from MEXT/JSPS (grant no. 19K17847) and National Center for Global Health and Medicine. KT was supported in part by KAKENHI Grants from MEXT/JSPS (grant nos. 18H02845 and 18K19570), National Center for Global Health and Medicine (grant nos. 26-001 and 19A2002), AMED (grant nos. JP18ck0106444, JP18ae0201014, JP20bm0704042, and JP20gm1210011), Ono Medical Research Foundation, Kanzawa Medical Research Foundation, and Takeda Science Foundation.&#160;

The protocol follows the guidelines of National Center for Global Health and Medicine. All experimental procedures performed on mice are approved by the National Center for Global Health and Medicine animal experiment committee. 
NOTE: An overview of the protocol is illustrated in Figure 1.
1. Lipid preparation
<ol>
	<li>Dissolve the following lipids in methanol in glass tubes at the indicated concentrations: sodium palmitate, 16 mg/mL; sodium oleate, 30 mg/mL; and cholesterol, 4 mg/mL. Store the lipid solution at -30 &#176;C and thaw the sample before use.</li>
	<li>Mix the lipid solutions prepared in step 1.1 in a fresh glass tube at the doses necessary to obtain the final concentration of 100 &#181;g/mL palmitate, 100 &#181;g/mL oleate, and 20 &#181;g/mL cholesterol. For instance, when preparing 10 mL of culture media, mix 62.5 &#181;L of palmitate solution, 33 &#181;L of oleate solution, and 50 &#181;L of cholesterol solution in the glass tube.</li>
	<li>Evaporate the methanol by passing nitrogen gas through the lipid solution (Figure 2A and 2B). If nitrogen gas is not available, pass air through the solution by using a pipette-aid.</li>
	<li>Completely evaporate the remaining methanol by heating the glass tube in a water bath at 37 &#176;C (Figure 2C). 
	&#8203;NOTE: The use of a high concentration of N2 gas in confined space is potentially harmful. Although the volume used in the protocol to evaporate methanol is limited and thus is considered as safe, ventilating the room adequately and labeling areas of potentially high concentrations of N2 gas is important should an unexpected gas leak occur.</li>
</ol>
2. Medium preparation
<ol>
	<li>Prepare Dulbecco&#39;s modified Eagle medium (DMEM)/F12 medium (with HEPES and glutamine). Add penicillin and streptomycin sulfate to the medium to the final concentration of 50 units and 50 &#181;g/mL, respectively. DMEM/F12 medium containing antibiotics can be stored at 4 &#176;C for at least 2 months.</li>
	<li>Add 4% w/v of bovine serum albumin (BSA) to Dulbecco&#39;s modified Eagle medium (DMEM)/F12 medium (with HEPES and glutamine).</li>
	<li>Adjust the pH of the medium to pH 7.4-7.8 using NaOH solution, typically to pH 7.6.</li>
	<li>Add the medium to the glass tube prepared in step 1. To achieve a solution with maximum solubility, addition of 3-15 mL medium is recommended.</li>
	<li>Completely dissolve the lipids by sonication (optimal: more than 20 min of sonication). After the BSA and lipids are dissolved, the sample should be stored at -80 &#176;C and used within 2 months. Thaw immediately before use.</li>
	<li>Add 1/1,000 of the insulin, transferrin, sodium selenite, and ethanol amine (ITS-X) mixture to the DMEM/F12. Filter the mixed medium using a 0.22 &#181;m filter (designated as &#34;culture media&#34;). Before use, add human stem cell factor (SCF) and human thrombopoietin (TPO) to the culture media at a final concentration of 3 ng/mL each. After adding the cytokines and ITS-X, the medium cannot be stored.</li>
	<li>Staining buffer: Add 10% FCS to Ca- and Mg-free phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). This solution can be stored at 4 &#176;C for 2 weeks.</li>
	<li>Thawing media: Add 10% FCS to the DMEM/F12. This solution is single-use.</li>
	<li>Cytokine stock solution: Dissolve each human SCF or human TPO in PBS (Ca- and Mg-free) at 20 &#181;g/mL. This solution can be stored at -80 &#176;C for at least one year without a loss of activity. Once thawed, store the stock solution at 4 &#176;C and use within 1 month. 
	&#8203;NOTE: Examine the lot after every purchase to avoid variation in the contaminants in BSA. Culture HSCs at the same time with different batches of BSA and examine the phenotypic HSC number at day 7 as described below. If a BSA batch shows a low number or frequency of CD34+ cells (e.g. less than a half the number of input cells), avoid using this batch.</li>
</ol>
3. Preparation of human bone marrow CD34+ cells
<ol>
	<li>Purchase human CD34+ bone marrow cells and store the cells in liquid nitrogen until use. Alternatively, bone marrow cells from a healthy volunteer or fresh cord blood cells can be used upon approval by the institute ethical committee and donor consent.</li>
	<li>Warm 10 mL of thawing media in a 15 mL conical tube in a 37 &#176;C water bath.</li>
	<li>Thaw the frozen cells in vials in a 37 &#176;C water bath within 2 min. After wiping the vial with 70% ethanol to remove contaminants, transfer the cells to the 15 mL conical tube containing the pre-warmed medium from step 3.2.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge the 15 mL tube at 200 &#215; g for 15 min at room temperature. Aspirate the supernatant carefully to keep the pellet intact (leaving &#60; 50 &#181;L of medium). Resuspend the cells with the remaining medium and transfer them to a 1.5 mL tube on ice. 
	NOTE: Exposure to human-derived samples directly in the mucosa including the eye or wounded tissue may cause infection by known or unknown pathogens; thus, gloves and eyeglasses are recommended when handling human cells. Even if the purchased CD34+ cells test negative for hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV1), careful monitoring should be performed according to institutional guidelines if an exposure incidence occurs. Follow the institutional guidelines when disposing of materials exposed to human cells.</li>
</ol>
4. Sorting HSCs
<ol>
	<li>Label the cells with fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies. Mix 50 &#181;L of staining buffer plus 10 &#181;L of anti-CD34-FITC, 2 &#181;L of anti-CD38-PerCP-Cy5.5, 5 &#181;L of anti-CD90-PE-Cy7, and 10 &#181;L of anti-CD45RA-PE. Resuspend the cell pellet in the antibody mixture. Incubate the cells for 30 min at 4 &#176;C in the dark.</li>
	<li>Add 1 mL of staining buffer to wash the antibodies. Centrifuge the tubes at 340 &#215; g for 5 min at 4 &#176;C. Discard the supernatant.</li>
	<li>Resuspend the cell pellet in 0.5 mL of staining buffer + 0.1% propidium iodide. Transfer the suspension into a 5 mL tube using a 40 &#181;m filter.</li>
	<li>Gate the phenotypic HSCs within the PI-CD34+CD38-CD90+CD45RA- fraction using the FACS Aria-IIIu and sort the cells into a 1.5 mL tube filled with 500 &#181;L of culture media (Figure 3). Using the gating strategy shown in Figure 3, ~10% of CD34+ cells are expected to be phenotypic HSCs. Record the sorted cell number to calculate the volume of media to resuspend the cells in step 5.3. 
	NOTE: The gating strategy is performed as described previously16 while omitting the lineage marker staining given the low expression of lineage markers in the CD34+CD38- fraction from healthy individuals17 .</li>
	<li>Centrifuge the sorted cells at 340 &#215; g for 5 min at 4 &#176;C and discard the supernatant. Carefully aspirate the supernatant to ensure that the pellet remains intact.</li>
	<li>Store the sorted cells on ice until culture. 
	&#8203;NOTE: Fluorescence compensation of spectral overlap should be performed during the first experiment.</li>
</ol>
5. Cell culture
<ol>
	<li>Transfer 200 &#181;L of the culture media containing cytokines prepared in step 2 into flat-bottom 96-well plates.</li>
	<li>To avoid evaporation of the medium, fill all unused wells with 100-200 &#181;L of PBS.</li>
	<li>Resuspend the sorted HSCs in culture media without cytokines at 60 cells/&#181;L.</li>
	<li>Aliquot 600 HSCs/well (10 &#181;L of cell suspension) into each well. The cell number can be altered. Fewer than 300 cells will lead to larger technical variation, and thus more wells per condition are needed to detect biological differences. Culturing more than 1000 cells in a single well should be avoided because of cytokine/nutrient deprivation or accumulation of unfavorable cytokines/chemokines.</li>
	<li>Culture the cells in a humidified multi-gas incubator at 37 &#176;C in a 5% CO2 and 1% O2 atmosphere.</li>
	<li>For cultures over 7 days, replacing half the media volume every 3-4 days is recommended. Carefully aspirate 100 &#181;L of media by pipetting and add 100 &#181;L of newly prepared culture media containing cytokines to each well. The culture media should be pre-warmed at 37 &#176;C.</li>
</ol>
6. Analysis of marker phenotypes using flow cytometry
NOTE: Although the cells should be analyzed after 7 days of culture, the culture duration can be changed.
<ol>
	<li>Discard 170 &#181;L of the medium by using an 8-channel pipette.</li>
	<li>Label the cells with the antibody mixture. Mix 0.5 &#181;L of anti-CD34-FITC, 0.1 &#181;L of anti-CD38-PerCP-Cy5.5, 0.25 &#181;L of anti-CD90-PE-Cy7, 0.5 &#181;L of anti-CD45RA-PE, and 9 &#181;L of staining buffer per well. Add 10 &#181;L of the mixture to the 96-well plate and incubate the cells for 30 min at 4 &#176;C in the dark.</li>
	<li>To wash the antibodies, add 100 &#181;L of staining buffer to the wells and centrifuge the plates at 400 &#215; g for 5 min at 4 &#176;C using low acceleration and medium deceleration.</li>
	<li>Carefully aspirate 100 &#181;L of the supernatant to maintain the cells on the bottom of the wells, then resuspend the cells in 200 &#181;L of staining buffer + 0.1% v/v of PI + 1% v/v of fluorescent microspheres (e.g., Flow-Check Fluorospheres).</li>
	<li>Set up the flow cytometry instrument. Acquire data for the samples in fast mode with mixed sample mode on and uptake volumes of 100 &#181;L.</li>
	<li>Export the data in FCS format and analyze it using software such as FlowJo. Cell numbers can be determined using the fluorescent microsphere bead count. For instance, if the researcher adds 2000 beads per well and the bead count is 700, multiply the cell number of each fraction by 2000/700 to estimate the total cell number of the fraction in the well. 
	&#8203;NOTE: Fluorescent microspheres are toxic to cultured cells because of the presence of formaldehyde. This may induce cell death during analysis. Minimize the number of wells (&#60;50 wells) analyzed continuously to avoid bias.</li>
</ol>
7. Transplantation of human HSCs
NOTE: Repopulation activity of cultured cells are validated by transplantation to immunodeficient mice. All procedures must be approved by animal experiment committees or their equivalents.
<ol>
	<li>As donors, prepare a sufficient number of 8-12-week immunodeficient NOD-SCID-Il2rg-null (NOG) mice. As NOG mice are highly susceptible to infection, keep the breeding cages as clean as possible and feed the mice with a sterilized diet and water.</li>
	<li>Culture an adequate number of HSCs for transplantation as described in step 5. For instance, when 5000 HSCs (day 0 equivalent) are transplanted to 6 recipient mice, culture 35,000-40,000 HSCs in 40 wells of a 96-well plate (200 &#181;L of culture media per well) or in 8 wells of a 24-well plate (1 mL of culture media per well). Culture the cells for 2 weeks with half-media changes every 3-4 days in a humidified multi-gas incubator at 37 &#176;C with 5% CO2 and 1% O2. The culture duration can be altered.</li>
	<li>Irradiate NOG mice at 2.5 Gy at 6-24 h prior to transplantation.</li>
	<li>Collect the cultured HSCs in 1.5 mL tubes. Centrifuge the tubes at 340 &#215;g for 5 min at 4&#176;C.</li>
	<li>Carefully aspirate the supernatants and resuspend the cells in sterile ice-cold staining buffer at a cell density of 5000 HSCs (day 0 equivalent) per 200 &#181;L. Transfer this suspension to 3 mL polypropylene tubes. To sterilize the staining buffer, filter it using a 0.22 &#181;m filter.</li>
	<li>Before transplantation, anesthetize the mice by sevoflurane or isoflurane inhalation.</li>
	<li>To transplant 5000 of cultured HSCs (day 0 equivalent), inject 200 &#181;L of the cell suspension into the tail vein or retro orbital sinus of NOG mice irradiated in step 7.1 using a 1 mL syringe and 27-gauge needle. Freshly isolated or thawed bone marrow HSCs can be transplanted as a control. Gloves should be sterilized with 70% v/v ethanol between each procedure.</li>
</ol>
8. Analysis of the frequency of human-derived cells in the peripheral blood
<ol>
	<li>To examine the repopulation of human cells, collect the peripheral blood at 1, 2, and 3 months after transplantation.</li>
	<li>Before collecting the peripheral blood, anesthetize the mice by sevoflurane inhalation.</li>
	<li>Collect 40-80 &#181;L of peripheral blood from the retro-orbital sinus using heparinized glass capillary tubes and suspend this sample in 1 mL of PBS + heparin (1 U/mL) in 1.5 mL tubes.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge the blood suspension at 340 &#215; g for 3 min at 4 &#176;C. Discard the supernatant and resuspend the pellet in 1 mL of PBS + 1.2% w/v dextran (200 kDa) for 45 min at room temperature.</li>
	<li>Transfer the supernatant to another 1.5 mL tube and centrifuge at 340 &#215; g for 3 min.</li>
	<li>For red blood cell lysis, resuspend the cells in 0.17 M NH4Cl for 5 min.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge the cell suspension 340 &#215; g for 3 min at 4 &#176;C. Resuspend the cells in 50 &#181;L of staining buffer containing 0.3 &#181;L of anti-mouse Fc-block. Incubate this sample at 4 &#176;C for 5 min.</li>
	<li>Add the following antibodies for surface marker staining: 0.3 &#181;L of mouse CD45-PE-Cy7, 0.3 &#181;L mouse Ter-119-PE-Cy7, 0.3 &#181;L of human CD45-BV421, 0.3 &#181;L of human CD13-PE, 1.2 &#181;L of human CD33-PE, 0.3 &#181;L of human CD19-APC, 0.3 &#181;L of human CD3-APC-Cy7. Incubate the cells at 4 &#176;C for 15 min.</li>
	<li>Wash once with 1 mL of staining buffer and centrifuge at 340 &#215; g for 5 min at 4 &#176;C.</li>
	<li>Discard the supernatant and resuspend the cells in 200 &#181;L of staining buffer + 0.1% v/v of PI.</li>
	<li>Transfer the cell suspension to a 96-well flat-bottom plate and acquire data using the flow cytometer in fast mode with the mix sample mode on and an uptake volume of 100 &#181;L.</li>
	<li>Export the data in FCS format for analysis using software such as FlowJo.</li>
	<li>Set up the flow cytometer. Acquire data for the samples in fast mode with the mix sample mode on and an uptake volume of 100 &#181;L.</li>
	<li>Export the data in FCS format for analysis using software such as FlowJo.</li>
</ol>

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The authors declare no conflict of interest associated with this study.

Recently, several methods for expanding HSCs with minimal differentiation have been reported18,19,20,21. Although these methods are excellent, HSCs are forced to activate their cell cycles in the presence of high levels of cytokines, which differs from the in vivo situation in which HSCs show minimal cycling. This protocol is useful for maintaining HSCs as quiescent, as observed in vivo, by recapitulating the bone marrow microenvironment.
By culturing human HSCs under low cytokine, lipid-rich, and hypoxic conditions, HSCs showed minimal cycling while maintaining their marker phenotypes. The critical step in this protocol is the preparation of medium containing a high concentration of fatty acids and cholesterol and low cytokine concentrations and culture under hypoxia (Step 1, Step 2, and Step 4). Without cholesterol and/or fatty acids, the maintenance rate of HSCs under low cytokine concentrations decreases22. Culturing of cells under hypoxic conditions is also important, as reported previously23.
The culture conditions were similar to those used for murine HSCs, except for the cytokine concentrations. Murine HSCs survive without TPO, whereas human HSCs require at least 2 ng/mL of TPO with 3 ng/mL of SCF22. As the concentration of TPO is much higher than that in human serum (~100 pg/mL), the conditions used in this protocol may be missing specific factors to support the survival of human HSCs. FLT3 is expressed on human HSCs24. Addition of its ligand FLT3LG slightly decreases the requirement for TPO to maintain HSCs22.
Human HSCs require higher concentrations of cholesterol as compared to murine HSCs, presumably because of the inability to induce the expression of cholesterol-synthesizing enzymes and susceptibility to lipotoxicity under high concentrations (&#62;400 &#181;g/mL) of fatty acids22. Although only the combination of palmitic, oleic, linoleic, and stearic acids was tested, which are abundantly found in the human serum, other combinations of lipids should be evaluated to reduce lipotoxicity and improve the rate of maintaining functional HSCs.
Although the repopulation activity of cultured human HSCs in immunodeficient mice after two weeks of culture has been confirmed22, this culture system does not fully recapitulate the niche functions of HSCs in vivo. The expression of CD45RA has been reported to increase and the repopulation capacity is inferior to that of freshly sorted HSCs22. However, the concentrations of nutrients, such as glucose, amino acid, pyruvate, and insulin, which are added to the medium at supraphysiological levels, can be optimized. Contaminants in BSA may also compromise the maintenance of HSCs18,25. In addition, some cultured cells undergo cell death, whereas others undergo cell division; thus, the maintenance of the total cell number may not indicate the quiescent status of each cell.
Despite these limitations, the culture conditions described in the protocol developed in this study will help advance the research and engineering of HSCs, particularly under near-physiological conditions. Culture conditions that maintain HSCs with minimal differentiation and cycling activity would be suitable for testing biological and chemical compounds specifically acting on HSCs, manipulating HSCs via lentivirus transduction or genome editing without the loss of stemness, and elucidating the initial step of transformation induced by leukemia-associated genes.

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and multipotent progenitor cells (MPPs) coordinately form a reservoir for continuous replenishment of differentiated cells to maintain hematopoiesis throughout life in humans1. Cell cycle quiescence is a prominent feature of HSCs, differentiating them from MPPs2. Conventionally, HSCs are thought to reside at the apex of the hierarchy of the hematopoietic system, producing all differentiated blood cells. This hierarchical model was mostly deduced from transplantation experiments3. However, recent studies indicated that the dynamics of HSCs differ in vivo as compared to those in transplantation experiments4,5,6,7. Lineage tracing experiments using several barcoding systems revealed that phenotypic murine HSCs are not a unique cell type that contributes to steady-state hematopoiesis, and MPPs, which display limited self-renewal activity upon transplantation settings, continuously supply mature blood cells4,5,8. In contrast, the contribution of HSCs to mature cells is enhanced after bone marrow injury4. This may be attributed to drastic alterations in the microenvironment following bone marrow ablation, including bone marrow transplantation. Although applying lineage tracing of murine cells to human cells is difficult, phylogenetic analysis combining single-cell-derived colony isolation and whole genome sequencing revealed a similar property of the hematopoietic system, in which both HSCs and MPPs are responsible for the daily production of mature cells7. Thus, although transplantation is essential for examining murine or human HSC activity, other experimental models are needed to understand the behaviors of HSCs under physiological conditions.
Culturing methods for HSCs have been studied in detail to understand their clinical applications and characteristics. Human HSCs can be expanded in vitro using a combination of cytokines, reconstitution of extracellular matrices, removal of self-renewal antagonists, co-culture with mesenchymal or endothelial cells, addition of albumin or its replacement, transduction of self-renewal transcription factors, and addition of small-molecule compounds9,10. Some of these methods, including addition of small compounds SR111 and UM17112, have been tested in clinical trials with promising results9. Considering the quiescent nature of HSCs&#160;in vivo, maintaining HSCs with minimal cell cycling is critical for recapitulating HSC behavior in vitro. Quiescent and proliferating HSCs exhibit differential cell cycle entry13, metabolic status14, and tolerance against multiple stresses15 . The methods used to maintain the quiescence of human HSCs in vitro are limited.
By mimicking the microenvironment of the bone marrow (hypoxic and rich in lipids) and optimizing the concentration of cytokines, human HSCs can be maintained undifferentiated and quiescent under culture. Recapitulating the quiescent nature of HSCs in vitro will improve the understanding of the steady state properties of HSCs and enable experimental manipulation of HSCs.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Human bone marrow CD34+ progenitor cells</td><td>Lonza</td><td>2M-101C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NOD/Shi-scid,IL-2R&amp;gamma;KO Jic</td><td>In-Vivo Science Inc.</td><td>https://www.invivoscience.com/en/nog_mouse.html</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-human CD34-FITC (clone: 581)</td><td>BD biosciences</td><td>Cat# 560942; RRID: AB_10562559</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-human CD38-PerCP-Cy5.5&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BD biosciences</td><td>Cat# 551400; RRID: AB_394184</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-human CD45RA-PE</td><td>BD biosciences</td><td>Cat# 555489; RRID: AB_395880</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-human CD90-PE-Cy7 (clone: 5E10)</td><td>BD biosciences</td><td>Cat# 561558; RRID: AB_10714644</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-human CD13-PE (clone: WM15)</td><td>BioLegend</td><td>Cat# 301703; RRID: AB_314179</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-human CD33-PE (clone: WM53)</td><td>BD biosciences</td><td>Cat# 561816; RRID: AB_10896480</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-human CD19-APC (clone: SJ259)</td><td>BioLegend</td><td>Cat# 363005; RRID: AB_2564127</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-human CD3-APC-Cy7 (clone: SK7)</td><td>BD biosciences</td><td>Cat# 561800; RRID: AB_10895381</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-human CD45-BV421 (clone: HI30)</td><td>BD biosciences</td><td>Cat# 563880; RRID:AB_2744402</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-mouse CD45-PE-Cy7 (clone: 30-F11)</td><td>BioLegend</td><td>Cat# 103114; RRID: AB_312979</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-mouse Ter-119-PE-Cy7 (clone: TER-119)</td><td>BD biosciences</td><td>Cat# 557853; RRID: AB_396898</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fc-block (anti-mouse CD16/32) (clone: 2.4-G2)</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>Cat# 553142; RRID: AB_394657</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate buffered saline</td><td>Nacalai Tesque</td><td>Cat# 14249-24</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fetal bovine serum</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>Cat# 26140079</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMEM/F-12 medium</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>Cat# 11320-033</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ITS-X</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>Cat# 51500056</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin</td><td>Meiji Seika</td><td>PGLD755</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Streptomycin sulfate</td><td>Meiji Seika</td><td>SSDN1013</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bovine serum albumin</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>Cat# A4503</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium palmitate</td><td>Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.</td><td>Cat# P0007</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium oleate</td><td>Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.</td><td>Cat# O0057</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cholesterol</td><td>Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.</td><td>Cat# C0318</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ammonium Chloride</td><td>Fujifilm</td><td>Cat# 017-2995</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate</td><td>Fujifilm</td><td>Cat# 191-01305</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EDTA 2Na</td><td>Fujifilm</td><td>Cat# 345-01865</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heparine Na</td><td>MOCHIDA PHARMACEUTICAL CO.,&amp;nbsp;LTD.</td><td>Cat# 224122557</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sevoflurane</td><td>Fujifilm</td><td>Cat# 193-17791</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dextran</td><td>Nacalai Tesque</td><td>Cat#&amp;nbsp; 10927-54</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Recombinant Human SCF</td><td>PeproTech</td><td>Cat# 300-07</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Recombinant Human TPO</td><td>PeproTech</td><td>Cat# 300-18</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Recombinant human Flt3 ligand</td><td>PeproTech</td><td>Cat# 300-19</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Propidium iodide</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>Cat# P3566</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Flow-Check Fluorospheres</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>Cat# 7547053</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FlowJo version 10</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>https://www.flowjo.com/solutions/flowjo</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>AutoMACS Pro</td><td>Miltenyi Biotec</td><td>N/A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FACS Aria3u</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>N/A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>VELVO-CLEAR VS-25 (sonicator)</td><td>VELVO-CLEAR</td><td>N/A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nitrogen gas cylinder</td><td>KOIKE SANSHO CO., LTD</td><td>N/A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gas regulator</td><td>Astec</td><td>Cat# IM-055</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Multigas incubator</td><td>Astec</td><td>Cat# SMA-30DR</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass tube, 16 mL</td><td>Maruemu corporation</td><td>N-16</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass tube, 50 mL</td><td>Maruemu corporation</td><td>NX-50</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Millex-GP Syringe Filter Unit, 0.22&amp;nbsp;&amp;micro;m, polyethersulfone, 33&amp;nbsp;mm, gamma sterilized</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>SLGPR33RS</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

a culture method to maintain quiescent human hematopoietic stem cells

Human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), like other mammalian HSCs, maintain lifelong hematopoiesis in the bone marrow. HSCs remain quiescent in vivo, unlike more differentiated progenitors, and enter the cell cycle rapidly after chemotherapy or irradiation to treat bone marrow injury or in vitro culture. By mimicking the bone marrow microenvironment in the presence of abundant fatty acids, cholesterol, low concentration of cytokines, and hypoxia, human HSCs maintain quiescence in vitro. Here, a detailed protocol for maintaining functional HSCs in the quiescent state in vitro is described. This method will enable studies of the behavior of human HSCs under physiological conditions.

After 7 days of culturing the purified HSCs, up to 80% of cells displayed marker phenotypes of CD34+CD38- (Figure 4A). The total cell number depended on the cytokine concentration (Figure 4B). Higher concentrations of SCF and TPO induced entry into the cell cycle, proliferation, and differentiation (Figure 4B). The number of phenotypic HSCs characterized by the marker phenotypes of CD34+CD38-CD90+CD45RA- increased in proportion to the SCF or TPO concentrations (Figure 4B), whereas the frequency among the total cells decreased (Figure 4C). Total cell numbers were equal in the 1.5 ng/mL SCF and 4 ng/mL TPO and the 3 ng/mL SCF 3 and 2 ng/mL TPO combinations, suggesting that HSCs are quiescent during minimal cell cycle activation. Given the individual differences, cytokine titration is recommended for each bone marrow donor.
Following 3 months of transplantation of cultured adult bone marrow HSCs, reconstitution can be evaluated as their frequency in the peripheral blood of human CD45+ murine CD45- Ter119- cells. Three lineages including CD19+ B cells, CD13/CD33+ myeloid cells, and CD3+ T cells were reconstituted in NOG mice transplanted with either freshly thawed HSCs or cultured HSCs (Figure 5).
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61938/61938fig01.jpg" /> 
Figure 1. Overview of the procedure. Graphical summary of the procedure involved sorting, culturing, and analyzing human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61938/61938fig01large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61938/61938fig02.jpg" /> 
Figure 2.Procedure to evaporate methanol from the lipid solution. A) Nitrogen gas cylinder with a gas regulator. B) Procedure for passing nitrogen gas through the lipid solution dissolved in methanol. C) Lipids adhering to the bottom of the glass tube. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61938/61938fig02large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61938/61938fig03.jpg" /> 
Figure 3. Gating strategy for sorting HSCs. The plots show gated CD34+CD38-CD90+CD45RA- cells. Approximately 10% of CD34+ cells were phenotypic HSCs. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61938/61938fig03large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61938/61938fig04.jpg" /> 
Figure 4. Representative cell numbers after 7 days of culturing. A) Representative fluorescence-activated cell sorting plot after culturing the HSCs in SCF (3 ng/mL) and TPO (2 ng/mL). Fraction 1 was enriched for live cells, fraction 2 was enriched for dead cells, and fraction 3 was enriched for debris. Numbers colored in pink indicate the frequency (%) of the gated fraction. B) Number of all HSCs, CD34+CD38- cells, and CD34+CD38-CD90+CD45RA- cells after culturing 600 HSCs under the indicated cytokine conditions. Red dashed lines indicate the initial number of input cells. S: SCF, T: TPO. Mean &#177; standard deviation, n = 4. Numbers following S and T indicate the concentration (ng/mL) of each cytokine. C) Frequency of CD34+CD38- and CD34+CD38-CD90+CD45RA- cells under the indicated cytokine conditions. S: SCF, T: TPO. Mean &#177; standard deviation, n = 4. The error bars for cells cultured in SCF (1 ng/mL) and TPO (0 ng/mL) were omitted because of their high values (37.7 and 47.9, respectively). <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61938/61938fig04large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61938/61938fig05.jpg" /> 
Figure 5. Representative FACS plots of donor mice following 3 months of transplantation. A total of 5000 freshly thawed (upper panels) and 2-week cultured HSCs (3 ng/mL SCF and 3 ng/mL TPO; lower panels) were transplanted into NOG mice. hCD19 marks human B cells, hCD13 and hCD33 mark human myeloid cells, and hCD3 marks human T cells.&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61938/61938fig05large.jpg" style="font-size: 14px;" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Culture Method to Maintain Quiescent Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells at JoVE.com

A Culture Method to Maintain Quiescent Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells

This protocol enables the maintenance of quiescent human hematopoietic stem cells in vitro by mimicking the bone marrow microenvironment using abundant fatty acids, cholesterol, lower concentrations of cytokines, and hypoxia.

Human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), like other mammalian HSCs, maintain lifelong hematopoiesis in the bone marrow. HSCs remain quiescent in vivo, ...

a-culture-method-to-maintain-quiescent-human-hematopoietic-stem-cells

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

4.6K Views.  National Center for Global Health and Medicine. This protocol enables the maintenance of quiescent human hematopoietic stem cells in vitro by mimicking the bone marrow microenvironment using abundant fatty acids, cholesterol, lower concentrations of cytokines, and hypoxia.

Video: A Culture Method to Maintain Quiescent Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Preparation and Gene Modification of Nonhuman Primate Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells

Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) transplantation has been a cornerstone therapy for leukemia and other cancers for nearly half a century, underlies the only known cure of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection, and shows immense promise in the treatment of genetic diseases such as beta thalassemia. Our group has developed a protocol to model HSPC gene therapy in nonhuman primates (NHPs), allowing scientists to optimize many of the same reagents and techniques that are applied in the clinic. Here, we describe methods for purifying CD34+ HSPCs and long-term persisting hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) subsets from primed bone marrow (BM). Identical techniques can be employed for the purification of other HSPC sources (e.g., mobilized peripheral blood stem cells [PBSCs]). Outlined is a 2 day protocol in which cells are purified, cultured, modified with lentivirus (LV), and prepared for infusion back into the autologous host. Key readouts of success include the purity of the CD34+ HSPC population, the ability of purified HSPCs to form morphologically distinct colonies in semisolid media, and, most importantly, gene modification efficiency. The key advantage to HSPC gene therapy is the ability to provide a source of long-lived cells that give rise to all hematopoietic cell types. As such, these methods have been used to model therapies for cancer, genetic diseases, and infectious diseases. In each case, therapeutic efficacy is established by enhancing the function of distinct HSPC progeny, including red blood cells, T cells, B cells, and/or myeloid subsets. The methods to isolate, modify, and prepare HSPC products are directly applicable and translatable to multiple diseases in human patients.

The goal of this protocol is to isolate nonhuman primate CD34+ cells from primed bone marrow, to gene-modify these cells with lentiviral vectors, and to prepare a product for infusion into the autologous host. The total protocol length is approximately 48 h.

Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) transplantation has been a cornerstone therapy for leukemia and other cancers for nearly half a century, ...

Genetics

Culture and Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem Cells  

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells must be monitored and cared for in order to maintain healthy, undifferentiated cultures. At minimum, the cultures must be  fed  every day by performing a complete medium change to replenish lost nutrients and to keep the cultures free of unwanted differentiation factors. Although a small amount of differentiation is normal and expected in stem cell cultures, the culture should be routinely cleaned up by manually removing, or "picking" differentiated areas. Identifying and removing excess differentiation from hES cell cultures are essential techniques in the maintenance of a healthy population of cells.

Culture and Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

This protocol demonstrates how to maintain healthy, undifferentiated human embryonic stem (ES) cells.

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells must be monitored and cared for in order to maintain healthy, undifferentiated cultures. At minimum, the cultures must be ...

Biology

Hemogenic Endothelium Differentiation from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in A Feeder- and Xeno-free Defined Condition

Deriving functional hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have been an elusive goal for autologous transplants to treat hematological and malignant disorders. Hemogenic endothelium (HE) is an amenable platform to produce functional HSPCs by transcription factors or to induce lymphocytes in a robust manner. However, current methods to derive HE are either costly or variable in yield. In this protocol, we established a cost-effective and precise method to derive HE within 4 days in a feeder- and xeno-free defined condition. The resultant HE underwent an endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition and produced CD34+CD45+ clonogenic hematopoietic progenitors. The potential capacity of our platform for generating functional HSPCs will have broad applications in disease modeling and screening for therapeutic compounds.

Here, we present a protocol to precisely form hemogenic endothelium from human pluripotent stem cells in a feeder- and xeno-free condition. This method will have broad applications in disease modeling and screening for therapeutic compounds.

Deriving functional hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have been an elusive goal for autologous ...

Developmental Biology

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Differentiation Using an Automated Culture System

An Automated Culture System for Maintaining and Differentiating Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) with infinite self-proliferating ability have been expected to have applications in numerous fields, including the elucidation of rare disease pathologies, the development of new medicines, and regenerative medicine aiming to restore damaged organs. Despite this, the social implementation of hiPSCs is still limited. This is partly because of the difficulty of reproducing differentiation in culture, even with advanced knowledge and sophisticated technical skills, due to the high sensitivity of iPSCs to minute environmental changes. The application of an automated culture system can solve this issue. Experiments with high reproducibility independent of a researcher's skill can be expected according to a shared procedure across various institutes. Although several automated culture systems that can maintain iPSC cultures and induce differentiation have been developed previously, these systems are heavy, large, and costly because they make use of humanized, multi-articulated robotic arms. To improve on the above issues, we developed a new system using a simple x-y-z axis slide rail system, allowing it to be more compact, lighter, and cheaper. Furthermore, the user can easily modify parameters in the new system to develop new handling tasks. Once a task is established, all the user needs to do is prepare the iPSC, supply the reagents and consumables needed for the desired task in advance, select the task number, and specify the time. We confirmed that the system could maintain iPSCs in an undifferentiated state through several passages without feeder cells and differentiate into various cell types, including cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes, neural progenitors, and keratinocytes. The system will enable highly reproducible experiments across institutions without the need for skilled researchers and will facilitate the social implementation of hiPSCs in a wider range of research fields by diminishing the obstacles for new entries.

Author Spotlight: Automating iPSC Culture for Enhanced Reproducibility 

Here, we present a protocol for an automated cell culture system. This automated culture system reduces labor and benefits the users, including researchers unfamiliar with handling induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, from the maintenance of iPS cells to differentiation into various types of cells.

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Phenotypic Analysis and Isolation of Murine Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Lineage-committed Progenitors

The bone marrow is the principal site where HSCs and more mature blood cells lineage progenitors reside and differentiate in an adult organism. HSCs constitute a minute cell population of pluripotent cells capable of generating all blood cell lineages for a life-time1. The molecular dissection of HSCs homeostasis in the bone marrow has important implications in hematopoiesis, oncology and regenerative medicine. We describe the labeling protocol with fluorescent antibodies and the electronic gating procedure in flow cytometry to score hematopoietic progenitor subsets and HSCs distribution in individual mice (Fig. 1). In addition, we describe a method to extensively enrich hematopoietic progenitors as well as long-term (LT) and short term (ST) reconstituting HSCs from pooled bone marrow cell suspensions by magnetic enrichment of cells expressing c-Kit. The resulting cell preparation can be used to sort selected subsets for in vitro and in vivo functional studies (Fig. 2).
Both trabecular osteoblasts2,3 and sinusoidal endothelium4 constitute functional niches supporting HSCs in the bone marrow. Several mechanisms in the osteoblastic niche, including a subset of N-cadherin+ osteoblasts3 and interaction of the receptor tyrosine kinase Tie2 expressed in HSCs with its ligand angiopoietin-15 concur in determining HSCs quiescence. "Hibernation" in the bone marrow is crucial to protect HSCs from replication and eventual exhaustion upon excessive cycling activity6. Exogenous stimuli acting on cells of the innate immune system such as Toll-like receptor ligands7 and interferon-&alpha;6 can also induce proliferation and differentiation of HSCs into lineage committed progenitors. Recently, a population of dormant mouse HSCs within the lin- c-Kit+ Sca-1+ CD150+ CD48- CD34- population has been described8. Sorting of cells based on CD34 expression from the hematopoietic progenitors-enriched cell suspension as described here allows the isolation of both quiescent self-renewing LT-HSCs and ST-HSCs9. A similar procedure based on depletion of lineage positive cells and sorting of LT-HSC with CD48 and Flk2 antibodies has been previously described10. In the present report we provide a protocol for the phenotypic characterization and ex vivo cell cycle analysis of hematopoietic progenitors, which can be useful for monitoring hematopoiesis in different physiological and pathological conditions. Moreover, we describe a FACS sorting procedure for HSCs, which can be used to define factors and mechanisms regulating their self-renewal, expansion and differentiation in cell biology and signal transduction assays as well as for transplantation.

A method to analyse the distribution of bone marrow hematopoietic progenitors in flow cytometry as well as to efficiently isolate highly purified hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is described. The isolation procedure is essentially based on magnetic enrichment of c-Kit+ cells and cell sorting to purify HSCs for cellular and molecular studies.

The bone marrow is the principal site where HSCs and more mature blood cells lineage progenitors reside and differentiate in an adult organism. HSCs ...

Alternative Cultures for Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Production, Maintenance, and Genetic Analysis

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) hold great promise for regenerative medicine and biopharmaceutical applications. Currently, optimal culture and efficient expansion of large amounts of clinical-grade hPSCs are critical issues in hPSC-based therapies. Conventionally, hPSCs are propagated as colonies on both feeder and feeder-free culture systems. However, these methods have several major limitations, including low cell yields and generation of heterogeneously differentiated cells. To improve current hPSC culture methods, we have recently developed a new method, which is based on non-colony type monolayer (NCM) culture of dissociated single cells. Here, we present detailed NCM protocols based on the Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632. We also provide new information regarding NCM culture with different small molecules such as Y-39983 (ROCK I inhibitor), phenylbenzodioxane (ROCK II inhibitor), and thiazovivin (a novel ROCK inhibitor). We further extend our basic protocol to cultivate hPSCs on defined extracellular proteins such as the laminin isoform 521 (LN-521) without the use of ROCK inhibitors. Moreover, based on NCM, we have demonstrated efficient transfection or transduction of plasmid DNAs, lentiviral particles, and oligonucleotide-based microRNAs into hPSCs in order to genetically modify these cells for molecular analyses and drug discovery. The NCM-based methods overcome the major shortcomings of colony-type culture, and thus may be suitable for producing large amounts of homogeneous hPSCs for future clinical therapies, stem cell research, and drug discovery.

Here, we present human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) culture protocols, based on non-colony type monolayer (NCM) growth of dissociated single cells. This new method, utilizing Rho-associated kinase inhibitors or the laminin isoform 521 (LN-521), is suitable for producing large amounts of homogeneous hPSCs, genetic manipulation, and drug discovery.

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) hold great promise for regenerative medicine and biopharmaceutical applications. Currently, optimal culture and ...

CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells for Gene Therapy Applications

CRISPR/Cas9 is a highly versatile and efficient gene-editing tool adopted widely to correct various genetic mutations. The feasibility of gene manipulation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in vitro makes HSPCs an ideal target cell for gene therapy. However, HSPCs moderately lose their engraftment and multilineage repopulation potential in ex vivo culture. In the present study, ideal culture conditions are described that improves HSPC engraftment and generate an increased number of gene-modified cells in vivo. The current report displays optimized in vitro culture conditions, including the type of culture media, unique small molecule cocktail supplementation, cytokine concentration, cell culture plates, and culture density. In addition to that, an optimized HSPC gene-editing procedure, along with the validation of the gene-editing events, are provided. For in vivo validation, the gene-edited HSPCs infusion and post-engraftment analysis in mouse recipients are displayed. The results demonstrated that the culture system increased the frequency of functional HSCs in vitro, resulting in robust engraftment of gene-edited cells in vivo.

The present protocol describes an optimized hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) culture procedure for the robust engraftment of gene-edited cells in vivo.

CRISPR/Cas9 is a highly versatile and efficient gene-editing tool adopted widely to correct various genetic mutations. The feasibility of gene ...

Ex Vivo Expansion and Genetic Manipulation of Mouse Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Polyvinyl Alcohol-Based Cultures

Self-renewing&#160;multipotent&#160;hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are an important cell type due to their abilities to support hematopoiesis throughout life and reconstitute the entire blood system following transplantation. HSCs are used clinically in stem cell transplantation therapies, which represent curative treatment for a range of blood diseases. There is substantial interest in both understanding the mechanisms that regulate HSC activity and hematopoiesis, and developing new HSC-based therapies. However, the stable culture and expansion of HSCs ex vivo has been a major barrier in studying these stem cells in a tractable ex vivo system. We recently developed a polyvinyl alcohol-based culture system that can support the long-term and large-scale expansion of transplantable mouse HSCs and methods to genetically edit them. This protocol describes methods to culture and genetically manipulate mouse HSCs via electroporation and lentiviral transduction. This protocol is expected to be useful to a wide range of experimental hematologists interested in HSC biology and hematopoiesis.

Ex Vivo Expansion and Genetic Manipulation of Mouse Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Polyvinyl Alcohol-Based Cultures

Presented here is a protocol to initiate, maintain, and analyze mouse hematopoietic stem cell cultures using ex vivo polyvinyl alcohol-based expansion, as well as methods to genetically manipulate them by lentiviral transduction and electroporation.

Self-renewing&#160;multipotent&#160;hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are an important cell type due to their abilities to support hematopoiesis throughout ...

Utilizing Low Oxygen Tension to Reduce Hematopoietic Cells in Murine Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Cultures

Currently, there remains a lack of universally accepted markers to prospectively isolate a homogeneous population of skeletal stem cells (SSCs). For this reason, BMSCs, which support hematopoiesis and contribute to all the functions of the skeleton, continue to be widely used to study multipotent mesenchymal progenitors (MMPs) and to infer SSC function. Moreover, given the breadth of transgenic murine models used to study musculoskeletal diseases, the use of BMSCs also serves as a powerful tool to examine the molecular mechanisms regulating MMPs and SSCs. However, common isolation procedures for murine BMSCs result in over 50% of recovered cells being of hematopoietic origins, potentially hindering the interpretation of the data generated during these studies. Here, we describe a method using low oxygen tension or hypoxia for the selective elimination of CD45+ cells in BMSC cultures. Importantly, this method can be easily implemented to not only reduce hemopoietic contaminants but to also enhance the percentage of MMPs and putative SSCs in BMSC cultures.

A routine culture of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) leads to the isolation of heterogeneous cell populations, with many cells being of hematopoietic origins. Here, we describe a method that utilizes low oxygen tension to greatly reduce hematopoietic contaminants in murine BMSC cultures.

Currently, there remains a lack of universally accepted markers to prospectively isolate a homogeneous population of skeletal stem cells (SSCs). For this ...

Isolation Method for Long-Term and Short-Term Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Self-renewal capacity and multi-lineage differentiation potential are generally regarded as the defining characteristics of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). However, numerous studies have suggested that functional heterogeneity exists in the HSC compartment. Recent single-cell analyses have reported HSC clones with different cell fates within the HSC compartment, which are referred to as biased HSC clones. The mechanisms underlying heterogeneous or poorly reproducible results are little understood, especially regarding the length of self-renewal when purified HSC fractions are transplanted by conventional immunostaining. Therefore, establishing a reproducible isolation method for long-term HSCs (LT-HSCs) and short-term HSCs (ST-HSCs),&#160;defined by the length of their self-renewal, is crucial for overcoming this issue. Using unbiased multi-step screening, we identified a transcription factor, Hoxb5, which may be an exclusive marker of LT-HSCs in the mouse hematopoietic system. Based on this finding, we established a Hoxb5 reporter mouse line and successfully isolated LT-HSCs and ST-HSCs. Here we describe a detailed protocol for the isolation of LT-HSCs and ST-HSCs using the Hoxb5 reporter system. This isolation method will help researchers better understand the mechanisms of self-renewal and the biological basis for such heterogeneity in the HSC compartment.

We present a step-by-step protocol for the isolation of long-term hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs) and short-term HSCs (ST-HSCs) using the Hoxb5 reporter system.

Self-renewal capacity and multi-lineage differentiation potential are generally regarded as the defining characteristics of hematopoietic stem cells ...

A Culture Method to Maintain Quiescent Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells

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Isolation Method for Long-Term and Short-Term Hematopoietic Stem Cells