Este projeto foi financiado por uma doação da Sociedade de Esclerose Múltipla do Canadá para RKRWO é um receptor de um Studentship da Sociedade de Esclerose Múltipla do Canadá. SDR é um receptor de Bolsas de Pós-Doutorado da Sociedade de Esclerose Múltipla do Canadá e Canadian Institutes of Health Research.

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	<li>Avellana-Adalid, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expansion+of+rat+oligodendrocyte+progenitors+into+proliferative+"oligospheres"+that+retain+differentiation+potential.">Expansion of rat oligodendrocyte progenitors into proliferative "oligospheres" that retain differentiation potential.</a> J Neurosci Res. 45, 558-570 (1996).</li><li>McCarthy, K. D., de Vellis, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+separate+astroglial+and+oligodendroglial+cell+cultures+from+rat+cerebral+tissue.">Preparation of separate astroglial and oligodendroglial cell cultures from rat cerebral tissue.</a> J Cell Biol. 85, 890-902 (1980).</li><li>Barres, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+death+and+control+of+cell+survival+in+the+oligodendrocyte+lineage.">Cell death and control of cell survival in the oligodendrocyte lineage.</a> Cell. 70, 31-46 (1992).</li><li>Chan, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NGF+controls+axonal+receptivity+to+myelination+by+Schwann+cells+or+oligodendrocytes.">NGF controls axonal receptivity to myelination by Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes.</a> Neuron. 43, 183-1891 (2004).</li><li>Camara, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrin-mediated+axoglial+interactions+initiate+myelination+in+the+central+nervous+system.">Integrin-mediated axoglial interactions initiate myelination in the central nervous system.</a> J Cell Biol. 185, 699-712 (2009).</li><li>Ishibashi, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Astrocytes+promote+myelination+in+response+to+electrical+impulses.">Astrocytes promote myelination in response to electrical impulses.</a> Neuron. 49, 823-832 (2006).</li><li>Chen, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+culture+of+rat+and+mouse+oligodendrocyte+precursor+cells.">Isolation and culture of rat and mouse oligodendrocyte precursor cells.</a> Nat Protoc. 2, 1044-1051 (2007).</li><li>Pedraza, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Production,+characterization,+and+efficient+transfection+of+highly+pure+oligodendrocyte+precursor+cultures+from+mouse+embryonic+neural+progenitors.">Production, characterization, and efficient transfection of highly pure oligodendrocyte precursor cultures from mouse embryonic neural progenitors.</a> Glia. 56, 1339-1352 (2008).</li><li>Lewin, G. R., Ritter, A. M., Mendell, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+the+role+of+nerve+growth+factor+in+the+development+of+myelinated+nociceptors.">On the role of nerve growth factor in the development of myelinated nociceptors.</a> J Neurosci. 12, 1896-1905 (1992).</li><li>Greene, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+in+vitro+studies+on+the+nerve+growth+factor+(NGF)+requirement+of+neurons.+II.+Sensory+neurons.">Quantitative in vitro studies on the nerve growth factor (NGF) requirement of neurons. II. Sensory neurons.</a> Dev Biol. 58, 106-113 (1977).</li></ol>

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Este relatório descreve um método para isolar OPCs murino para a diferenciação em culturas OL-enriquecido ou OL / DRGN co-culturas. Quando cultivadas por si só, o OPCs diferenciar em MBP + ve OLS, produzindo mielina como folhas membranosas. Quando adicionado ao DRGN camas neurite, OLS envolver o neurites DRGN com MBP + membrana ve. Este modelo beneficia a investigação dos fundamentos complexos que regem OL-mediada ensheathment axonal. Embora de grande valor, o estabelecimento de tais culturas é um desafio técnico. Em particular, os aspectos exigentes incluem a digestão do tecido eficiente / dissociação, manutenção de pH equilibrado meios de cultura, e as mudanças DRGN mídia. É importante considerar que o comprimento da digestão, a quantidade de tecido a ser digerida e da quantidade de trituração afeta o resultado final da eficácia e da dissociação do tecido. Não é incomum para investigadores experientes para obter baixos rendimentos a partir de celulares dissociados tecidos do sistema nervoso. Além disso, OPCs murino tendem a ser sensíveis às mudanças no pH do meio de cultura, especialmente sob condições alcalinas. A manutenção de culturas em 8,5% CO 2 visa evitar isso, desde OPCs parecem tolerar melhor as condições mais básicas ligeiramente ácido. Com relação ao DRGNs alimentação, alterações de mídia deve ser realizada rapidamente para não desidratar os neurônios, no entanto, deve ser suave para não perturbar a cama neurite em desenvolvimento. Mudanças bruscas de mídia pode desalojar a cama neurite do substrato, e que resultam em sua dissociação completa da lamela. O mérito potencial deste sistema modelo muito ofusca sua natureza tecnicamente exigente. Uma vantagem deste sistema é a utilização de ratos pós-natal para derivação de cultura de células, evitando a necessidade de sacrifício fêmeas reprodutoras para a colheita de tecido embrionário. Outra vantagem é a falta de exigência de fatores de crescimento (GFs) para a expansão da OPCs. Mistas culturas gliais proporcionar um ambiente que suporta a propagação de OPCs, provavelmente devido à presença de fatores de astrócitos derivados trófica. Outros métodos, como a derivação via neurospheres 7,8, invocar as propriedades mitogênica da FG, como fator básico de crescimento de fibroblastos (bFGF), fator de crescimento epidérmico (EGF) e das plaquetas fator de crescimento derivado (PDGF) para expansão da OPC. Da mesma forma, usando pós-natal (P5-10) para ratos DRGNs evita a necessidade de complementar os meios de cultura com fator de crescimento neural (NGF), um fator neurotrófico necessários para a sobrevivência in vitro de embriões DRGNs 9, 10. É de interesse para evitar o uso de NGF, uma vez que influencia negativamente a capacidade myelinating de OLS quando cultivadas com DRGNs 4. Evitando o uso de GF-suplementado mídia também tem benefícios econômicos, uma vez que estes reagentes tornar-se caro quando usado em larga escala. Talvez o benefício mais importante deste modelo de cultura é sua derivação do rato-somente tecidos, proporcionando assim as oportunidades para derivar tanto OPCs e DRGNs da grande variedade de linhas de ratinhos transgénicos. Isto permite o estudo de ambos e DRGN / ou OPC propriedades específicas que regem a mielinização. Isto será especialmente importante para a elucidação das interações receptor / ligante regulação OL-mediada mielinização dos axônios. Ao todo, esta técnica é de grande valor com relação à pesquisa em neurociência, devido à suas aplicações para a compreensão dos sinais moleculares subjacentes mielinização.

<html><table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Nome do produto </td><td> Companhia </td><td> Número de produtos </td></tr><tr><td> Modificado Dulbecco Eagle Medium (DMEM) </td><td> Multicélulas </td><td> 319-005-CL </td></tr><tr><td> Solução salina balanceada de Hank (HBSS) </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 14170-112 </td></tr><tr><td> Mínimo Essential Media (MEM) </td><td> GIBCO </td><td> 12360-038 </td></tr><tr><td> De soro fetal bovino (FBS) </td><td> GIBCO </td><td> 10091-148 </td></tr><tr><td> Penicilina-estreptomicina (Pen / Strep) </td><td> GIBCO </td><td> 15140-122 </td></tr><tr><td> Glutamax </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 35050-061 </td></tr><tr><td> Poli-l-lisina </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> P2636 </td></tr><tr><td> Albumina de soro bovino (BSA) </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> A4503 </td></tr><tr><td> Humana merosina proteína purificada (LN2) </td><td> Millipore </td><td> CC085 </td></tr><tr><td> Recombinante rato fator neurotrófico ciliar (CNTF) </td><td> PeproTech </td><td> 450-50 </td></tr><tr><td> L-tiroxina </td><td> Biochemika </td><td> 89430 </td></tr><tr><td> Holo-transferrina </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> T0665 </td></tr><tr><td> B27 suplemento </td><td> GIBCO </td><td> 0080085-SA </td></tr><tr><td> Insulina bovina </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> I6634 </td></tr><tr><td> 3,3 &#39;,5-Triiodo-L-thyronine </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> I6634 </td></tr><tr><td> Progesterona </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> P8783 </td></tr><tr><td> Putrescina </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> P7505 </td></tr><tr><td> Selenito de sódio </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> S5261 </td></tr><tr><td> 5-fluoro-2&#39;-deoxiuridina (FuDR) </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> F0503 </td></tr><tr><td> Solução de papaína </td><td> Worthington </td><td> LS003126 </td></tr><tr><td> DNaseI </td><td> ROCHE </td><td> 1010159001 </td></tr><tr><td> L-cisteína </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> C7352 </td></tr><tr><td> 24 pratos bem a cultura de tecidos </td><td> Cellstar </td><td> 662-160 </td></tr><tr><td> Frascos T25 tecido-cultura com tampa da abertura </td><td> Corning </td><td> 430639 </td></tr><tr><td> 10 centímetros cultura pratos tecido </td><td> Corning </td><td> 430167 </td></tr><tr><td> 10 centímetros placa de Petri </td><td> Fisher Scientific </td><td> 0875713 </td></tr><tr><td> A colagenase </td><td> ROCHE </td><td> 103578 </td></tr><tr><td> CellTrics 50 mm filtro (opcional) </td><td> PARTEC </td><td> 04-004-2327 </td></tr><tr><td> Mielina Básico Protein (MBP) Antibody </td><td> AbD Serotec </td><td> MCA409S </td></tr><tr><td> NG2 anticorpos </td><td> Millipore </td><td> AB5320 </td></tr><tr><td> Mielina Associated Glicoproteína anticorpos (MAG) </td><td> Millipore </td><td> MAB1567 </td></tr><tr><td> 2 &#39;, 3&#39;-cíclico-fosfodiesterase nucleotídeo 3&#39;-anticorpos (CNP) </td><td> Covance </td><td> SMI-91R-100 </td></tr><tr><td> Actina pan-5 Ab de anticorpos </td><td> Fitzgerald </td><td> 10R-A106AX </td></tr><tr><td> Neurofilamento-200 de anticorpo (NF) </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> N4142 </td></tr><tr><td> Beta-3 tubulina cadeia (Tuj1) de anticorpos </td><td> Millipore </td><td> MAB5544 </td></tr><tr><td> Alexa Fluor 488 cabra anti-IgG de coelho (H + L) anticorpo secundário </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> A11008 </td></tr><tr><td> Alexa Fluor 555 cabra anti-camundongo IgG (H + L) anticorpo secundário </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> A21422 </td></tr><tr><td> Alexa Fluor 647 cabra anti-rato (IgG) (H + L) anticorpo secundário </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> A21247 </td></tr><tr><td> Cabra anti-camundongo IgG (H + L)-HRP conjugado anticorpo secundário </td><td> BioRad </td><td> 170-6516 </td></tr><tr><td> Cabra anti-IgG de rato (H + L)-HRP conjugados de anticorpos secundários </td><td> Santa Cruz Biotechnology </td><td> SC-2065 </td></tr><tr><td> 4 &#39;,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> D9542 </td></tr></tbody></table> Receitas da mídia OL-100X Suplemento * <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Ingrediente </td><td> Quantidade para adicionar </td></tr><tr><td> DMEM </td><td> 100 mL </td></tr><tr><td> BSA </td><td> 1,02 g </td></tr><tr><td> Progesterona </td><td> 0,6 mg </td></tr><tr><td> Putrescina </td><td> 161 mg </td></tr><tr><td> Selenito de sódio </td><td> 0,05 mg </td></tr><tr><td> 3,3 &#39;,5-Triiodo-L-thyronine </td><td> 4 mg </td></tr></tbody></table> * Conservar a -80 ° C em 250 mL alíquotas t &quot;&gt; mídias OL <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Ingrediente </td><td> Quantidade para adicionar </td></tr><tr><td> DMEM </td><td> 23,75 mL </td></tr><tr><td> Suplemento OL-100X </td><td> 250 L </td></tr><tr><td> Insulina bovina (de um estoque mg / mL) </td><td> 125 mL </td></tr><tr><td> Glutamax </td><td> 250 L </td></tr><tr><td> Holo-transferrina (de 33 ações mg / mL) </td><td> 37,5 mL </td></tr><tr><td> B27 Suplemento </td><td> 500 mL </td></tr><tr><td> FBS </td><td> 125 mL </td></tr><tr><td> CNTF (de 50 ações ng / mL) </td><td> 25 mL </td></tr></tbody></table> Mista glial meios de cultura (confeccionados em DMEM) <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Ingrediente </td><td> Concentração final </td></tr><tr><td> FBS </td><td> 10% </td></tr><tr><td> Pen / Strep (0,33% do estoque) </td><td> 33 unidades / ml de penicilina e estreptomicina 33 mg / mL </td></tr><tr><td> Glutamax </td><td> 1% </td></tr></tbody></table> DRGN media (confeccionados em DMEM) <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Ingrediente </td><td> Concentração final </td></tr><tr><td> FBS </td><td> 10% </td></tr><tr><td> Pen / Strep (1% do estoque) </td><td> 100 unidades / ml de penicilina e estreptomicina 100 mg / mL </td></tr></tbody></table> Solução Receitas digestão: OPC papaína solução (composta em MEM) <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Ingrediente </td><td> Concentração final </td></tr><tr><td> Solução de papaína </td><td> 1,54 mg / mL </td></tr><tr><td> L-cisteína </td><td> 360 mcg / mL </td></tr><tr><td> DNaseI </td><td> 60 mcg / mL </td></tr></tbody></table> DRG papaína solução (composta em HBSS) <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Ingrediente </td><td> Concentração final </td></tr><tr><td> Papaína </td><td> 1,54 mg / mL </td></tr><tr><td> L-cisteína </td><td> 360 mcg / mL </td></tr></tbody></table> DRG colagenase solução A (confeccionados em HBSS) <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Ingrediente </td><td> Concentração final </td></tr><tr><td> A colagenase </td><td> 4 mg / mL </td></tr></tbody></table>

derivation of enriched oligodendrocyte cultures and oligodendrocyte/neuron myelinating co-cultures from post-natal murine tissues

Identificar os mecanismos moleculares subjacentes ao desenvolvimento OL não é apenas fundamental para ampliar nosso conhecimento da biologia OL, mas também tem implicações para a compreensão da patogênese de doenças desmielinizantes, como esclerose múltipla (MS). Desenvolvimento celular é comumente estudada com modelos de cultura primária da célula. Cultura de células primárias facilita a avaliação de um tipo de célula dada por fornecer um ambiente controlado, livre das variáveis ​​externas que estão presentes in vivo. Enquanto culturas OL derivados de ratos têm proporcionado uma grande quantidade de insights sobre a biologia OL, esforços semelhantes ao estabelecimento de culturas OL de camundongos, foi recebido com grandes obstáculos. Desenvolvimento de métodos para a cultura murino OLS primário é imperativa, a fim de aproveitar as linhas disponíveis camundongo transgênico. Vários métodos para a extração de OPCs a partir de tecido de roedores têm sido descritos, variando de derivação neurosphere, purificação de adesão diferencial e immunopurification 1-3. Embora muitos métodos oferecer maior sucesso, requerem tempos de cultivo extensivo e / ou equipamentos de alto custo / reagentes. Para contornar isso, purificando OPCs do tecido murino com uma adaptação do método originalmente descrito por McCarthy &amp; de Vellis 2 é o preferido. Este método envolve fisicamente OPCs separação de uma cultura mista glial derivado de córtices roedores neonatal. O resultado é uma população purificada OPC que podem ser diferenciados em uma cultura OL-enriquecido. Esta abordagem é atraente devido ao seu tempo relativamente curto a cultura ea exigência desnecessária para fatores de crescimento ou anticorpos immunopanning. Enquanto explora os mecanismos de desenvolvimento OL em uma cultura purificada é informativo, não proporcionar o ambiente mais fisiologicamente relevantes para a avaliação de mielina formação da bainha. Co-cultura de MQO com os neurônios emprestaria visão sobre as bases moleculares que regulam OL-mediada mielinização dos axônios. Para muitos OL / neurônio co-cultura estudos, os neurônios do gânglio da raiz dorsal (DRGNs) provaram ser o tipo de neurônio de escolha. Eles são ideais para co-cultura com MQO, devido à sua facilidade de extração, quantidade mínima de células contaminantes, e formação de camas neurite denso. Enquanto estudos usando ratos / mouse myelinating xenocultures foram publicados 4-6, um método para a derivação de tais OL / DRGN myelinating co-culturas de pós-natal do tecido murino não tem sido descrita. Aqui apresentamos métodos detalhados sobre a forma de produzir tais culturas, juntamente com exemplos de resultados esperados. Estes métodos são úteis para tratar de questões relevantes para o desenvolvimento OL / função myelinating, e são ferramentas úteis no campo da neurociência.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Derivation of Enriched Oligodendrocyte Cultures and Oligodendrocyte/Neuron Myelinating Co-cultures from Post-natal Murine Tissues at JoVE.com

Derivation of Enriched Oligodendrocyte Cultures and Oligodendrocyte/Neuron Myelinating Co-cultures from Post-natal Murine Tissues

Este artigo descreve métodos para derivar populações enriquecidas de células precursoras de oligodendrócitos murino (OPCs) em cultura primária, que se diferenciam para produzir oligodendrócitos maduros (MQO). Além disso, este relatório descreve as técnicas para produzir murino myelinating co-culturas semeando OPCs do mouse sobre uma cama de neurite do mouse neurônios do gânglio da raiz dorsal (DRGNs).

Derivação de Enriquecido Culturas oligodendroglial e Neuron / oligodendroglial Myelinating Co-culturas de tecidos pós-natais murino

Identifying the molecular mechanisms underlying OL development is not only critical to furthering our knowledge of OL biology, but also has implications ...

derivation-enriched-oligodendrocyte-cultures-oligodendrocyteneuron

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

36.1K visualizações.  Ottawa Hospital Research Institute. Este artigo descreve métodos para derivar populações enriquecidas de células precursoras de oligodendrócitos murino (OPCs) em cultura primária, que se diferenciam para produzir oligodendrócitos maduros (MQO). Além disso, este relatório descreve as técnicas para produzir murino myelinating co-culturas semeando OPCs do mouse sobre uma cama de neurite do mouse neurônios do gânglio da raiz dorsal (DRGNs).

Vídeo: Derivation of Enriched Oligodendrocyte Cultures and Oligodendrocyte/Neuron Myelinating Co-cultures from Post-natal Murine Tissues

Cryopreservation of Cortical Tissue Blocks for the Generation of Highly Enriched Neuronal Cultures

In this study, we outline a standardized protocol for the successful cryopreservation and thawing of cortical brain tissue blocks to generate highly enriched neuronal cultures. For this protocol the freezing medium used is 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) diluted in Hank's Buffered Salt Solution (HBSS). Blocks of cortical tissue are transferred to cryovials containing the freezing medium and slowly frozen at -1&deg;C/min in a rate-controlled freezing container. Post-thaw processing and dissociation of frozen tissue blocks consistently produced neuronal-enriched cultures which exhibited rapid neuritic growth during the first 5 days in culture and significant expansion of the neuronal network within 10 days. Immunocytochemical staining with the astrocytic marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and the neuronal marker beta-tubulin class III, revealed high numbers of neurons and astrocytes in the cultures. Generation of neural precursor cell cultures after tissue block dissociation resulted in rapidly expanding neurospheres, which produced large numbers of neurons and astrocytes under differentiating conditions. This simple cryopreservation protocol allows for the rapid, efficient, and inexpensive preservation of cortical brain tissue blocks, which grants increased flexibility for later generation of neuronal, astrocyte, and neuronal precursor cell cultures.

Here, we describe a method for efficient cryopreservation and thawing of cortical brain tissue blocks to generate highly enriched neuronal cultures. This simple protocol provides flexibility for later generation of neuronal, astrocyte, and neuronal precursor cell cultures.

Criopreservação de tecido cortical Blocos de Geração de culturas altamente enriquecido Neuronal

In this study, we outline a standardized protocol for the successful cryopreservation and thawing of cortical brain tissue blocks to generate highly ...

Neurociência

Derivation of Glial Restricted Precursors from E13 mice

This is a protocol for derivation of glial restricted precursor (GRP) cells from the spinal cord of E13 mouse fetuses. These cells are early precursors within the oligodendrocytic cell lineage. Recently, these cells have been studied as potential source for restorative therapies in white matter diseases. Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is the leading cause of non-genetic white matter disease in childhood and affects up to 50% of extremely premature infants. The data suggest a heightened susceptibility of the developing brain to hypoxia-ischemia, oxidative stress and excitotoxicity that selectively targets nascent white matter. Glial restricted precursors (GRP), oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC) and immature oligodendrocytes (preOL) seem to be key players in the development of PVL and are the subject of continuing studies. Furthermore, previous studies have identified a subset of CNS tissue that has increased susceptibility to glutamate excitotoxicity as well as a developmental pattern to this susceptibility. Our laboratory is currently investigating the role of oligodendrocyte progenitors in PVL and use cells at the GRP stage of development. We utilize these derived GRP cells in several experimental paradigms to test their response to select stresses consistent with PVL. GRP cells can be manipulated in vitro into OPCs and preOL for transplantation experiments with mouse PVL models and in vitro models of PVL-like insults including hypoxia-ischemia. By using cultured cells and in vitro studies there would be reduced variability between experiments which facilitates interpretation of the data. Cultured cells also allows for enrichment of the GRP population while minimizing the impact of contaminating cells of non-GRP phenotype.

This protocol outlines the derivation of Glial Restricted Precursors from fetal spinal cords and maintained in vitro either for transplantation or for the study of oligodendrocytic lineage.

Derivação da glia Precursores restritos de camundongos E13

This is a protocol for derivation of glial restricted precursor (GRP) cells from the spinal cord of E13 mouse fetuses. These cells are early precursors ...

Progenitor-derived Oligodendrocyte Culture System from Human Fetal Brain

Differentiation of human neural progenitors into neuronal and glial cell types offers a model to study and compare molecular regulation of neural cell lineage development. In vitro expansion of neural progenitors from fetal CNS tissue has been well characterized. Despite the identification and isolation of glial progenitors from adult human sub-cortical white matter and development of various culture conditions to direct differentiation of fetal neural progenitors into myelin producing oligodendrocytes, acquiring sufficient human oligodendrocytes for in vitro experimentation remains difficult. Differentiation of galactocerebroside+ (GalC) and O4+ oligodendrocyte precursor or progenitor cells (OPC) from neural precursor cells has been reported using second trimester fetal brain. However, these cells do not proliferate in the absence of support cells including astrocytes and neurons, and are lost quickly over time in culture. The need remains for a culture system to produce cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage suitable for in vitro experimentation.
Culture of primary human oligodendrocytes could, for example, be a useful model to study the pathogenesis of neurotropic infectious agents like the human polyomavirus, JCV, that in vivo infects those cells. These cultured cells could also provide models of other demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Primary, human fetal brain-derived, multipotential neural progenitor cells proliferate in vitro while maintaining the capacity to differentiate into neurons (progenitor-derived neurons, PDN) and astrocytes (progenitor-derived astrocytes, PDA) This study shows that neural progenitors can be induced to differentiate through many of the stages of oligodendrocytic lineage development (progenitor-derived oligodendrocytes, PDO). We culture neural progenitor cells in DMEM-F12 serum-free media supplemented with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF-AA), Sonic hedgehog (Shh), neurotrophic factor 3 (NT-3), N-2 and triiodothyronine (T3). The cultured cells are passaged at 2.5e6 cells per 75cm flasks approximately every seven days. Using these conditions, the majority of the cells in culture maintain a morphology characterized by few processes and express markers of pre-oligodendrocyte cells, such as A2B5 and O-4. When we remove the four growth factors (GF) (bFGF, PDGF-AA, Shh, NT-3) and add conditioned media from PDN, the cells start to acquire more processes and express markers specific of oligodendrocyte differentiation, such as GalC and myelin basic protein (MBP). We performed phenotypic characterization using multicolor flow cytometry to identify unique markers of oligodendrocyte.

Primary, human fetal brain-derived, multipotential progenitor cells proliferate in vitro while maintaining the capacity to differentiate into neurons and astrocytes. This work shows that neural progenitors can be induced to differentiate through stages of the oligodendrocytic lineage by conditioning with select growth factors.

Progenitor derivado Sistema de Cultura oligodendroglial Cérebro Fetal Humano

Differentiation of human neural progenitors into neuronal and glial cell types offers a model to study and compare molecular regulation of neural cell ...

Simultaneous Pre- and Post-synaptic Electrophysiological Recording from Xenopus Nerve-muscle Co-cultures

Much information about the coupling of presynaptic ionic currents with the release of neurotransmitter has been obtained from invertebrate preparations, most notably the squid giant synapse1. However, except for the preparation described here, few vertebrate preparations exist in which it is possible to make simultaneous measurements of neurotransmitter release and presynaptic ionic currents. Embryonic Xenopus motoneurons and muscle cells can be grown together in simple culture medium at room temperature; they will form functional synapses within twelve to twenty-four hours, and can be used to study nerve and muscle cell development and synaptic interactions for several days (until overgrowth occurs). Some advantages of these co-cultures over other vertebrate preparations include the simplicity of preparation, the ability to maintain the cultures and work at room temperature, and the ready accessibility of the synapses formed2-4. The preparation has been used widely to study the biophysical properties of presynaptic ion channels and the regulation of transmitter release5-8. In addition, the preparation has lent itself to other uses including the study of neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis9-12, molecular mechanisms of neurotransmitter release13-15, the role of diffusible messengers in neuromodulation16,17, and in vitro synaptic plasticity18-19.

Simultaneous Pre- and Post-synaptic Electrophysiological Recording from Xenopus Nerve-muscle Co-cultures

This video demonstrates the procedures used to grow primary cultures of embryonic Xenopus nerve and muscle cells and the usefulness of this preparation for making simultaneous pre- and post-synaptic patch clamp recordings.

Simultânea de pré e pós-sináptica gravação eletrofisiológico de<em&gt; Xenopus</em&gt; Nervo músculo-Co-culturas

Much information about the coupling of  presynaptic ionic currents with the release of neurotransmitter has been obtained  from invertebrate preparations, ...

Preparation of Neuronal Co-cultures with Single Cell Precision

Microfluidic embodiments of the Campenot chamber have attracted great interest from the neuroscience community. These interconnected co-culture platforms can be used to investigate a variety of questions, spanning developmental and functional neurobiology to infection and disease propagation. However, conventional systems require significant cellular inputs (many thousands per compartment), inadequate for studying low abundance cells, such as primary dopaminergic substantia nigra, spiral ganglia, and Drosophilia melanogaster neurons, and impractical for high throughput experimentation. The dense cultures are also highly locally entangled, with few outgrowths (&#60;10%) interconnecting the two cultures. In this paper straightforward microfluidic and patterning protocols are described which address these challenges: (i) a microfluidic single neuron arraying method, and (ii) a water masking method for plasma patterning biomaterial coatings to register neurons and promote outgrowth between compartments. Minimalistic neuronal co-cultures were prepared with high-level (&#62;85%) intercompartment connectivity and can be used for high throughput neurobiology experiments with single cell precision.

Protocols for single neuron microfluidic arraying and water masking for the in-chip plasma patterning of biomaterial coatings are described. Highly interconnected co-cultures can be prepared using minimal cell inputs.

Preparação de Neuronal co-culturas com precisão única célula

Microfluidic embodiments of the Campenot chamber have attracted great interest from the neuroscience community. These interconnected co-culture platforms ...

Organotypic Slice Cultures to Study Oligodendrocyte Dynamics and Myelination

NG2 expressing cells (polydendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells) are the fourth major glial cell population in the central nervous system. During embryonic and postnatal development they actively proliferate and generate myelinating oligodendrocytes. These cells have commonly been studied in primary dissociated cultures, neuron cocultures, and in fixed tissue. Using newly available transgenic mouse lines slice culture systems can be used to investigate proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells in both gray and white matter regions of the forebrain and cerebellum. Slice cultures are prepared from early postnatal mice and are kept in culture for up to 1 month. These slices can be imaged multiple times over the culture period to investigate cellular behavior and interactions. This method allows visualization of NG2 cell division and the steps leading to oligodendrocyte differentiation while enabling detailed analysis of region-dependent NG2 cell and oligodendrocyte functional heterogeneity. This is a powerful technique that can be used to investigate the intrinsic and extrinsic signals influencing these cells over time in a cellular environment that closely resembles that found in vivo.

A technique to study NG2 cells and oligodendrocytes using a slice culture system of the forebrain and cerebellum is described. This method allows examination of the dynamics of proliferation and differentiation of cells within the oligodendrocyte lineage where the extracellular environment can be easily manipulated while maintaining tissue cytoarchitecture.

Culturas Organotípicas fatia para Estudar Oligodendrocyte Dynamics e Myelination

NG2 expressing cells (polydendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells) are the fourth major glial cell population in the central nervous system. During ...

Investigating Functional Regeneration in Organotypic Spinal Cord Co-cultures Grown on Multi-electrode Arrays

Adult higher vertebrates have a limited potential to recover from spinal cord injury. Recently, evidence emerged that propriospinal connections are a promising target for intervention to improve functional regeneration. So far, no in vitro model exists that grants the possibility to examine functional recovery of propriospinal fibers. Therefore, a representative model that is based on two organotypic spinal cord sections of embryonic rat, cultured next to each other on multi-electrode arrays (MEAs) was developed. These slices grow and, within a few days in vitro, fuse along the sides facing each other. The design of the used MEAs permits the performance of lesions with a scalpel blade through this fusion site without inflicting damage on the MEAs. The slices show spontaneous activity, usually organized in network activity bursts, and spatial and temporal activity parameters such as the location of burst origins, speed and direction of their propagation and latencies between bursts can be characterized. Using these features, it is also possible to assess functional connection of the slices by calculating the amount of synchronized bursts between the two sides. Furthermore, the slices can be morphologically analyzed by performing immunohistochemical stainings after the recordings. 
Several advantages of the used techniques are combined in this model: the slices largely preserve the original tissue architecture with intact local synaptic circuitry, the tissue is easily and repeatedly accessible and neuronal activity can be detected simultaneously and non-invasively in a large number of spots at high temporal resolution. These features allow the investigation of functional regeneration of intraspinal connections in isolation in vitro in a sophisticated and efficient way.

Here we present a protocol that is based on spinal cord slices cultured on multi-electrode arrays to study functional regeneration of propriospinal connections in vitro.

Investigando regeneração funcional em organotï¿½icas Medula Espinhal Co-culturas cultivadas em Arrays Multi-eletrodo

Adult higher vertebrates have a limited potential to recover from spinal cord injury. Recently, evidence emerged that propriospinal connections are a ...

Derivation of Leptomeninges Explant Cultures from Postmortem Human Brain Donors

Even though great progress has been made in the clinical characterization of Parkinson&#39;s disease, several studies report that the diagnosis of Parkinson&#39;s disease is not pathologically confirmed in up to 25% of clinically diagnosed Parkinson&#39;s disease. Therefore, tissue collected from clinically diagnosed patients with idiopathic Parkinson&#39;s disease can have a high rate of misdiagnosis; hence in vitro studies from such tissues to study Parkinson&#39;s disease as a preclinical model can become futile.
By collecting postmortem human leptomeninges with a confirmed neuropathological diagnosis of Parkinson&#39;s disease and characterized by nigrostriatal cell loss and intracellular protein inclusions called Lewy bodies, one can be certain that clinically observed parkinsonism is not caused by another underlying disease process (e.g. tumor, arteriosclerosis).
This protocol presents the dissection and preparation of postmortem human leptomeninges for derivation of a meningeal fibroblast culture. This procedure is robust and has a high success rate. The challenge of the culture is sterility as the brain procurement is generally not performed under sterile conditions. Therefore, it is important to supplement the culture media with a cocktail of penicillin, streptomycin, and amphotericin B.
The derivation of meningeal fibroblasts from autopsy-confirmed cases with Parkinson&#39;s disease provides the foundation for in vitro modeling of Parkinson&#39;s disease. Meningeal fibroblasts appear 3-9 days after sample preparation and about 20-30 million cells can be cryopreserved in 6-8 weeks. The meningeal fibroblast culture is homogenous and the cells express fibronectin, a commonly used marker to identify meninges.

The leptomeninges explant culture protocol from human postmortem brain is a technically robust and simple way to derive fibronectin-positive meningeal fibroblasts within 6-8 weeks and cryopreserve approximately 20-30 million cells.

Derivação de culturas leptomeninges explantes de Postmortem Cérebro humano Doadores

Even though great progress has been made in the clinical characterization of Parkinson&#39;s disease, several studies report that the diagnosis of ...

Neuron-Macrophage Co-cultures to Activate Macrophages Secreting Molecular Factors with Neurite Outgrowth Activity

There is strong evidence that macrophages can participate in the regeneration or repair of injured nervous system. Here, we describe a protocol in which macrophages are induced to produce conditioned medium (CM) that promotes neurite outgrowth. Adult dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons are acutely dissociated and plated. After the neurons are stably attached, peritoneal macrophages are co-cultured on a cell culture insert overlaid on the same well. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP (db-cAMP) is applied to the co-cultures for 24 h, after which the cell culture insert containing the macrophages is moved to another well to collect CM for 72 h. The CM from the co-cultures treated with db-cAMP, when applied to a separate adult DRG neuron culture, exhibits robust neurite outgrowth activity. The CM obtained from the db-cAMP-treated cultures consisting of single cell type alone, either DRG neuron or peritoneal macrophage, did not exhibit neurite outgrowth activity. This indicates that the interaction between neurons and macrophages is indispensable for the activation of macrophages secreting molecular factors with neurite outgrowth activity into CM. Thus, our co-culture paradigm will also be useful to study intercellular signaling in the neuron-macrophage interaction to stimulate the macrophages to be endowed with a pro-regenerative phenotype.

The current protocol presents experimental procedures to stimulate cultured macrophages to be endowed with capacity to release molecular factors that promote neurite outgrowth. Treatment of cAMP to the neuron-macrophage co-cultures induces the macrophages to produce conditioned medium that possesses strong neurite outgrowth activity.

Neurônio-macrófago co culturas para ativar macrófagos secretando fatores moleculares com axônio consequência atividade

There is strong evidence that macrophages can participate in the regeneration or repair of injured nervous system. Here, we describe a protocol in which ...

Preparation and Immunostaining of Myelinating Organotypic Cerebellar Slice Cultures

In the nervous system, myelin is a complex membrane structure generated by myelinating glial cells, which ensheathes axons and facilitates fast electrical conduction. Myelin alteration has been shown to occur in various neurological diseases, where it is associated with functional deficits. Here, we provide a detailed description of an ex vivo model consisting of mouse organotypic cerebellar slices, which can be maintained in culture for several weeks and further be labeled to visualize myelin.

Here we present a method to prepare organotypic slice cultures from mouse cerebellum and myelin sheath staining by immunohistochemistry suitable for investigating mechanisms of myelination and remyelination in the central nervous system.

Preparação e imunocoloração de culturas de fatia cerebelar microambiental Organotypic

In the nervous system, myelin is a complex membrane structure generated by myelinating glial cells, which ensheathes axons and facilitates fast electrical ...