RVS is supported by new investigator start-up funds from Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University.

1. Animal Perfusion and Cerebellum Dissection
<ol>
 <li>Depending on the protein, perfusion may be essential for successful staining1,2. Transcardiac perfusion is an invasive, non-survival procedure that requires the proper use of anesthetics. Correct training, institutional approval, and IACUC approval are all necessary before attempting the procedure. It is always a good idea to consult the institution's veterinarians to get help in identifying experimental requirements and acquiring the correct training. ...

<ol>
	<li>Sillitoe, R. V., Hawkes, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole-mount+Immunohistochemistry:+A+high-throughput+screen+for+patterning+defects+in+the+mouse+cerebellum.">Whole-mount Immunohistochemistry: A high-throughput screen for patterning defects in the mouse cerebellum.</a> J. Histochem. Cytochem. 50, 235-244 (2002).</li><li>Kim, S. -. H., Che, P., Chung, S. -. H., Doorn, D., Hoy, M., Larouche, M., Marzban, H., Sarna, J., Zahedi, S., Hawkes, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole-Mount+Immunohistochemistry+of+the+Brain.">Whole-Mount Immunohistochemistry of the Brain.</a> Current Protocols in Neuroscience. , (2006).</li><li>Dent, J. A., Polson, A. G., Klymkowsky, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+whole-mount+immunocytochemical+analysis+of+the+expression+of+the+intermediate+filament+protein+vimentin+in+Xenopus.">A whole-mount immunocytochemical analysis of the expression of the intermediate filament protein vimentin in Xenopus.</a> Development. 105, 61-74 (1989).</li><li>Sillitoe, R. V., Malz, C. R., Rockland, K., Hawkes, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antigenic+compartmentation+of+the+primate+and+tree+shrew+cerebellum:+a+common+topography+of+zebrin+II+in+Macaca+mulatta+and+Tupaia+belangeri.">Antigenic compartmentation of the primate and tree shrew cerebellum: a common topography of zebrin II in Macaca mulatta and Tupaia belangeri.</a> J. Anat. 204, 257-269 (2004).</li><li>Ozol, K., Hayden, J. M., Oberdick, J., Hawkes, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transverse+zones+in+the+vermis+of+the+mouse+cerebellum.">Transverse zones in the vermis of the mouse cerebellum.</a> J. Comp. Neurol. 412, 95-111 (1999).</li><li>Apps, R., Hawkes, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cerebellar+cortical+organization:+a+one-map+hypothesis.">Cerebellar cortical organization: a one-map hypothesis.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 10, 670-681 (2009).</li><li>Reeber, S. L., Sillitoe, R. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patterned+expression+of+a+cocaine-+and+amphetamine-regulated+transcript+peptide+reveals+complex+circuit+topography+in+the+rodent+cerebellar+cortex.">Patterned expression of a cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide reveals complex circuit topography in the rodent cerebellar cortex.</a> J. Comp. Neurol. 519, 1781-1796 (2011).</li><li>Sarna, J. R., Marzban, H., Watanabe, M., Hawkes, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complementary+stripes+of+phospholipase+Cbeta3+and+Cbeta4+expression+by+Purkinje+cell+subsets+in+the+mouse+cerebellum.">Complementary stripes of phospholipase Cbeta3 and Cbeta4 expression by Purkinje cell subsets in the mouse cerebellum.</a> J. Comp. Neurol. 496, 303-313 (2006).</li><li>Demilly, A., Reeber, S. L., Gebre, S. A., Sillitoe, R. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurofilament+heavy+chain+expression+reveals+a+unique+parasagittal+stripe+topography+in+the+mouse+cerebellum.">Neurofilament heavy chain expression reveals a unique parasagittal stripe topography in the mouse cerebellum.</a> Cerebellum. 10, 409-421 (2011).</li><li>Larouche, M., Hawkes, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+clusters+to+stripes:+the+developmental+origins+of+adult+cerebellar+compartmentation.">From clusters to stripes: the developmental origins of adult cerebellar compartmentation.</a> Cerebellum. 5, 77-88 (2006).</li><li>Marzban, H., Chung, S., Watanabe, M., Hawkes, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phospholipase+Cbeta4+expression+reveals+the+continuity+of+cerebellar+topography+through+development.">Phospholipase Cbeta4 expression reveals the continuity of cerebellar topography through development.</a> J. Comp. Neurol. 502, 857-871 (2007).</li><li>Blank, M. C., Grinberg, I., Aryee, E., Laliberte, C., Chizhikov, V. V., Henkelman, R. M., Millen, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple+developmental+programs+are+altered+by+loss+of+Zic1+and+Zic4+to+cause+Dandy-Walker+malformation+cerebellar+pathogenesis.">Multiple developmental programs are altered by loss of Zic1 and Zic4 to cause Dandy-Walker malformation cerebellar pathogenesis.</a> Development. 138, 1207-1216 (2011).</li><li>Sawada, K., Sakata-Haga, H., Fukui, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alternating+array+of+tyrosine+hydroxylase+and+heat+shock+protein+25+immunopositive+Purkinje+cell+stripes+in+zebrin+II-defined+transverse+zone+of+the+cerebellum+of+rolling+mouse.">Alternating array of tyrosine hydroxylase and heat shock protein 25 immunopositive Purkinje cell stripes in zebrin II-defined transverse zone of the cerebellum of rolling mouse.</a> Nagoya. Brain Res. 1343, 46-53 (2010).</li><li>Sawada, K., Fukui, Y., Hawkes, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatial+distribution+of+corticotropin-releasing+factor+immunopositive+climbing+fibers+in+the+mouse+cerebellum:+Analysis+by+whole+mount+immunohistochemistry.">Spatial distribution of corticotropin-releasing factor immunopositive climbing fibers in the mouse cerebellum: Analysis by whole mount immunohistochemistry.</a> Brain Res. 1222, 106-117 (2008).</li><li>Marzban, H., Hawkes, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+the+architecture+of+the+posterior+zone+of+the+cerebellum.">On the architecture of the posterior zone of the cerebellum.</a> Cerebellum. 10, 422-434 (2011).</li><li>Pakan, J. M., Graham, D. J., Wylie, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organization+of+visual+mossy+fiber+projections+and+zebrin+expression+in+the+pigeon+vestibulocerebellum.">Organization of visual mossy fiber projections and zebrin expression in the pigeon vestibulocerebellum.</a> J. Comp. Neurol. 518, 175-198 (2010).</li><li>Iwaniuk, A. N., Marzban, H., Pakan, J. M., Watanabe, M., Hawkes, R., Wylie, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Compartmentation+of+the+cerebellar+cortex+of+hummingbirds+(Aves:+Trochilidae)+revealed+by+the+expression+of+zebrin+II+and+phospholipase+C+beta+4.">Compartmentation of the cerebellar cortex of hummingbirds (Aves: Trochilidae) revealed by the expression of zebrin II and phospholipase C beta 4.</a> J. Chem. Neuroanat. 37, 55-63 (2009).</li><li>Sarna, J. R., Larouche, M., Marzban, H., Sillitoe, R. V., Rancourt, D. E., Hawkes, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patterned+Purkinje+cell+degeneration+in+mouse+models+of+Niemann-Pick+type+C+disease.">Patterned Purkinje cell degeneration in mouse models of Niemann-Pick type C disease.</a> J. Comp. Neurol. 456, 279-291 (2003).</li><li>Sarna, J. R., Hawkes, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patterned+Purkinje+cell+loss+in+the+ataxic+sticky+mouse.">Patterned Purkinje cell loss in the ataxic sticky mouse.</a> Eur. J. Neurosci. 34, 79-86 (2011).</li><li>El-Bizri, N., Guignabert, C., Wang, L., Cheng, A., Stankunas, K., Chang, C. P., Mishina, Y., Rabinovitch, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SM22alpha-targeted+deletion+of+bone+morphogenetic+protein+receptor+1A+in+mice+impairs+cardiac+and+vascular+development,+and+influences+organogenesis.">SM22alpha-targeted deletion of bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1A in mice impairs cardiac and vascular development, and influences organogenesis.</a> Development. 135, 2981-2991 (2008).</li><li>Mondrinos, M. J., Koutzaki, S., Lelkes, P. I., Finck, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+tissue-engineered+model+of+fetal+distal+lung+tissue.">A tissue-engineered model of fetal distal lung tissue.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. 293, 639-650 (2007).</li><li>Coppola, E., Rallu, M., Richard, J., Dufour, S., Riethmacher, D., Guillemot, F., Goridis, C., Brunet, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epibranchial+ganglia+orchestrate+the+development+of+the+cranial+neurogenic+crest.">Epibranchial ganglia orchestrate the development of the cranial neurogenic crest.</a> Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 107, 2066-2071 (2010).</li><li>Kubilus, J. K., Linsenmayer, T. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmental+guidance+of+embryonic+corneal+innervation:+roles+of+Semaphorin3A+and+Slit2.">Developmental guidance of embryonic corneal innervation: roles of Semaphorin3A and Slit2.</a> Dev. Biol. 344, 172-184 (2010).</li><li>Reeber, S. L., Gebre, S. A., Sillitoe, R. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescence+mapping+of+afferent+topography+in+three+dimensions.">Fluorescence mapping of afferent topography in three dimensions.</a> Brain Struct. Funct. 216, 159-169 (2011).</li><li>Davis, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole-mount+immunohistochemistry.">Whole-mount immunohistochemistry.</a> Methods Enzymol. 225, 502-516 (1993).</li></ol>

We have nothing to disclose.

We have described the technical details required for successful wholemount staining using a versatile immunohistochemical approach for revealing protein expression in the developing and adult brain. By using this approach, complex molecular expression patterns can be analyzed and brain topography appreciated without the need for laborious and time consuming tissue sectioning procedures.
This protocol has been used to reveal the patterned expression of several Purkinje cell proteins in both the...

<table border="1">
<tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Materials </td>
 <td>Function in protocol</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Perfusion pump (Fisher Scientific/13-876-2)</td>
 <td>Allows for consistent and slow perfusion. </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sharp-tip Scissors (FST/14081-08)</td>
 <td>General use in perfusion and dissection.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Blunt-tip Forceps (FST/91100-12)</td>
 <td>To stabilize the heart for insertion of the perfusion needle.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Forceps (FST by Dumont AA/11210-10)</td>
 <td>For use during dissection of the brain from the skull and to separate the cerebellum from the rest of the brain. These are essential because they have a slightly rounded tip that helps minimize damage to the cerebellum during dissection. </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Nutator (Fisher Scientific)</td>
 <td>Used to keep tissue in motion during incubation periods.&nbsp; </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1.5 mL tube (Sarstedt/Screw Cap Micro Tube)</td>
 <td>All steps of the histochemistry protocol take place in these microtubes. The rounded bottom ensures that the cerebellum stays in motion.&nbsp; </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Perforated spoon (FST/10370-17)</td>
 <td>Used to keep wholemounts in the microtubes while gently decanting out the spent solution. </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Leica MZ16 FA microscope</td>
 <td>Used to examine wholemount staining.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Leica DFC3000 FX camera</td>
 <td>Used to capture wholemount images. </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>
Table 1.
<table border="1">
<tbody>
 <tr>
 <td colspan="9">Example calendar for a typical wholemount experiment</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Day 1</td>
 <td colspan="4">Dent's fix, room temperature, 8 hrs</td>
 <td colspan="4">Dent's bleach, 4&deg;C, overnight</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Day 2</td>
 <td colspan="3">100% MeOH, room temperature, 2x, 30 min each</td>
 <td colspan="3">100% MeOH, Freeze/thaw, 
 4x, 30 min/15 min</td>
 <td colspan="2">100% MeOH, -80&deg;C, overnight</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Day 3</td>
 <td>50% MeOH/50% PBS, room temperature, 60-90 min</td>
 <td colspan="2">15% MeOH/ 85% PBS, room temperature, 60-90 min</td>
 <td colspan="2">100% PBS, room temperature, 60-90 min</td>
 <td>10&mu;g/mL Proteinase K in PBS, room temperature, 2-3 min</td>
 <td>100% PBS, room temperature, 3x, 10 min each</td>
 <td>PMT, 4&deg;C, overnight</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Day 4-5</td>
 <td colspan="8">PMT + 1&deg; antibody + 5% DMSO, 4&deg;C, 48 hrs </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Day 6</td>
 <td colspan="3">PMT, 4&deg;C, 2-3x, 2-3 hrs each</td>
 <td colspan="5">PMT + 2&deg; antibody + 5% DMSO, 4&deg;C, 24 hours (Or begin amplification steps with ABC complex)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Day 7</td>
 <td colspan="2">PMT, 4&deg;C, 2-3x, 2-3 hrs each</td>
 <td colspan="3">PBT, room temperature, 2 hrs</td>
 <td colspan="3">Incubate in fresh DAB in PBS until optimal staining is visualized</td>
 </tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Table 2.
<table border="1">
<tbody>
 <tr>
 <td colspan="2">Recipes (*=prepare fresh every time)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>PBS (phosphate buffered saline)</td>
 <td>0.1M phosphate buffered saline in deionized water. pH 7.2 (Sigma tablets; P4417)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>PFA (Paraformaldehyde)</td>
 <td>Made and stored frozen as a 20% solution and then diluted to 4% in PBS for the working solution (Fisher Scientific; T353)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Dent's Fixative3*</td>
 <td>4 parts methanol 
 1 part dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO; Fisher Scientific; D159-4)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Dent's Bleach3*</td>
 <td>4 parts methanol 
 1 part dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO; Fisher Scientific; D159-4) 
 1 part 30% hydrogen peroxide </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Enzymatic Digestion </td>
 <td>10 &mu;g/ml of Proteinase K (Roche Diagnostics; 03115828001) in PBS. </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>PBST</td>
 <td>PBS containing: 
 0.1% Tween-20 (Fisher Scientific, BP337; Triton can also be used in place of Tween-20 in all instances.)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>PMT25*</td>
 <td>PBS containing: 
 2% nonfat skim milk powder (Carnation preferred) 
 0.1% Tween-20 (Fisher Scientific; BP337)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>PBT25*</td>
 <td>PBS containing: 
 0.2% bovine serum albumin (Sigma; B9001S) 
 0.1% Tween-20 (Fisher Scientific; BP337)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>DAB*</td>
 <td>Dissolve one 10-mg tablet of 3,3-diaminobenzidine (Sigma-Aldrich; D5905) in 40 ml of PBS. Add 10 &mu;l of 30% hydrogen peroxide to initiate reaction). </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>ABC Complex Solution</td>
 <td>Vectastain kit (Vector laboratories, Inc; PK-4000)</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>
Table 3.

wholemount immunohistochemistry for revealing complex brain topography

The repeated and well-understood cellular architecture of the cerebellum make it an ideal model system for exploring brain topography. Underlying its relatively uniform cytoarchitecture is a complex array of parasagittal domains of gene and protein expression. The molecular compartmentalization of the cerebellum is mirrored by the anatomical and functional organization of afferent fibers. To fully appreciate the complexity of cerebellar organization we previously refined a wholemount staining approach for high throughput analysis of patterning defects in the mouse cerebellum. This protocol describes in detail the reagents, tools, and practical steps that are useful to successfully reveal protein expression patterns in the adult mouse cerebellum by using wholemount immunostaining. The steps highlighted here demonstrate the utility of this method using the expression of zebrinII/aldolaseC as an example of how the fine topography of the brain can be revealed in its native three-dimensional conformation. Also described are adaptations to the protocol that allow for the visualization of protein expression in afferent projections and large cerebella for comparative studies of molecular topography. To illustrate these applications, data from afferent staining of the rat cerebellum are included.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Wholemount Immunohistochemistry for Revealing Complex Brain Topography at JoVE.com

Wholemount Immunohistochemistry for Revealing Complex Brain Topography

Neural circuits are topographically organized into functional compartments with specific molecular profiles. Here, we provide the practical and technical steps for revealing global brain topography using a versatile wholemount immunohistochemical staining approach. We demonstrate the utility of the method using the well-understood cytoarchitecture and circuitry of cerebellum.

The repeated and well-understood cellular architecture of the cerebellum make it an ideal model system for exploring brain topography. Underlying its ...

wholemount-immunohistochemistry-for-revealing-complex-brain-topography

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

15.5K visualizações.  Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University. Circuitos neurais são topograficamente organizados em compartimentos funcionais específicas com perfis moleculares. Aqui, apresentamos os passos práticos e técnicos para revelar topografia cérebro global usando uma abordagem de coloração imuno-histoquímica wholemount versátil. Nós demonstrar a utilidade do método utilizando o citoarquitetura bem compreendida e os circuitos de cerebelo.