<p class="jove_content"&gt; Agradecemos ao Dr. Shuang Liu para a leitura crítica do manuscrito. A construção PCL12 foi um presente formulário Dr. Christopher D. ligação. Este trabalho foi apoiado por dois subsídios National Science Foundation (0842708 e 1026958) e uma subvenção AHA (09GRNT2250529) para FS.</p

1. Construção de Worms transgênicos <ol><li> Transformação. <ol><li> Prepare pastilhas de injeção. Colocar uma gota de água quente, de agarose 2% dissolvido em água, sobre uma lamela de vidro. Colocar rapidamente de uma segunda lamela sobre a queda e leve toque nele. Após a agarose é solidificado, lamelas deslizantes afastados, e cozer a lamela direccional num forno de vácuo a 80 ° CO / N. </li><li> Puxe pipetas. Nós usamos um Sutter P-97 extrator para puxar 1/0.5 mm OD / ID borosilicato capilares com filamento. As pipetas são fundidas com a ponta fechada, que está quebrado aberto numa fase posterior. </li><li> Prepare mix de injeção. Adicione a mistura de injecção contendo o ADN de interesse (20 ng / mL por construto) mais DNA de plasmídeo vazio a uma concentração final de 150 ng / mL. Centrifugar a mistura de injecção para remover qualquer contaminação. Este passo é essencial porque os contaminantes reduzir a eficiência da transformação. Transferir o topo 5 ul (resíduos e outros contaminantes em recolher o fundo) para um tubo fresco para be utilizado na injecção. </li><li> Carregar mix injeção por capilaridade. A parte inferior da pipeta está imerso na mistura de injecção. Normalmente 0,5 mL são suficientes para injetar 100 vermes. </li><li> Carregar pipeta de injecção. Insira a pipeta para o titular do micromanipulador e quebrá-lo aberto, esfregando a ponta contra a borda de uma lamínula montado em uma lâmina de vidro ou alternativamente contra detritos no bloco de agarose. Este é um passo crucial como dicas muito grande dano a minhoca e também pequenas dicas são facilmente obstruídos. A qualidade da ponta quebrada pode ser julgada pela forma e, sobretudo, pela taxa de fluxo. O caudal pode ser avaliada através do tamanho das bolhas de fluir a partir da ponta aberta imerso numa gota de óleo 700 halocarboneto, em resposta a uma pressão de injecção. </li><li> Transferir vermes pad injeção. Coloque uma gota de óleo de 700 halocarbono sobre uma almofada de injeção e transferir vários (1 ou 2 para iniciantes) vermes para o óleo. Use um verme escolher para empurrar os vermes para baixo sobre o bloco até oy aderir à agarose. Worms deve ser orientada em linhas com os lados ventral na mesma direção. Evite tocar a cabeça do verme. Se, depois de várias tentativas os vermes não aderem à almofada, substitua por uma nova almofada de agarose ou aumentar a espessura e / ou a concentração. </li><li> Insira a pipeta no worm. Ao mover o palco, posicionar o verme sob a pipeta. Posicione a pipeta no núcleo central da gônada porque seu citoplasma é compartilhada por muitos núcleos de células germinativas. Isto aumenta a probabilidade de entregar o ADN injectado para muitos progenitura. A pipeta deve ficar quase paralelo ao worm (~ 15 ° -25 °). Empurrar verticalmente a ponta da pipeta para baixo do corpo do verme até que a pele está deprimido. Em seguida, toque suavemente no manipulador para induzir a inserção da ponta. Para melhores resultados injetar tanto gônadas. </li><li> Injetar a solução de DNA. Aplique pressão para a pipeta até as ondas gônadas. Interromper o fluxo e puxar o verme para fora da pipeta. Teste da agulha para o fluxo e movapara o outro verme e etapas de injeção de repetição. </li><li> Recuperar os vermes: Adicionar uma gota (~ 10 ml) de tampão de recuperação sobre os vermes e incubar até que os vermes começam a natação. Adicionar um volume igual de M9, espere até que os vermes retomar a natação e repetir várias vezes até que a solução é mais M9. Individualmente transferir vermes para placas semeadas. </li></ol></li><li> Integração. <ol><li> Coloque 40 saudável, bem alimentado, L4 vermes em um prato de doce </li><li> Irradiar com γ-ray com 4.000 rads por 40 min. Transferir vermes irradiados (P0), em OP50 placas semeadas frescas (4 vermes / placa). Os vermes podem, alternativamente, ser irradiado com uma dose de 300 J / m 2 UVs. </li><li> Transferir 10-20 transformantes de F1 a partir de cada uma das placas para placas individuais, rotular as placas com o correspondente origem P0. </li><li> Destacar 2-4 transformantes F2 para cada F1 para placas separadas. Verifique a progenitura F3 para a transmissão de 100% do marcador de transformação. Normalmente, 1-3% da descendência de um wil verme irradiadoTenho um evento de integração. </li><li> As existências de três ou mais linhas transformantes independentes. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Os testes comportamentais <ol><li> Age-sincronização. <ol><li> Crescer vermes em padrão 10 centímetros placas NGM + OP50 E. coli até uma grande população de adultos grávidos é alcançado (3-5 dias). </li><li> Recolher os vermes em tubos Falcon de 50 ml de suspensão por eles em 1 ml de tampão M9. </li><li> Adicionam-se 5 ml de tampão M9 e centrifugar a 450 xg durante 3 min. Elimine o sobrenadante. Repita 3-4x. </li><li> No final da última centrifugação, remove-se o sobrenadante e adicionar 10 volumes de solução de hipoclorito de base (NaOH 0,5 M, 1% de hipoclorito recentemente misturado) para os vermes peletizadas. Incubar à temperatura ambiente durante ~ 10 min. A reacção de lise pode ser monitorizada por colocar uma gota da reacção de lise sobre uma lamela e examinando os vermes ao microscópio. Quando cerca de 80% dos vermes estão quebrados a reação deve ser interrompido. </li><li> Parar a reacção de lise por adding o mesmo volume de tampão de ovo esterilizada. </li><li> Recolher os ovos (e carcaças) por centrifugação a 450 xg durante 5 min. </li><li> Lavar os ovos com tampão de ovo esterilizada 2-3x. </li><li> Incubar a ovos de O / N em tampão M9 e sementes los em placas NGM padrão. </li></ol></li><li> Ensaio de quimiotaxia. <ol><li> Prepare vários pedaços de ágar cerca 0.5x0.5x0.5 cm. Nós depositar o agar em uma placa de 10 cm e corte os pedaços de ágar a partir daí. </li><li> Embeber o pedaço de agar de uma solução contendo o atraente desejado (em concentrações saturantes, quase saturação) durante 2 horas. Chamarizes típicos são lisina (0,5 M), biotina (0,2 M). </li><li> Depositar um pedaço de agar de uma placa de 10 cm de teste em que a localização de um local de teste e um ponto de controlo foram marcadas (Figura 1A). Permitir o equilíbrio e a formação de um gradiente de O / N (Figura 1B). Prepare 5 placas de uma única experiência. </li><li> Antes do experimento adicione 10 ml de 20 mM NaN 3 (Anesthetic) para cada mancha. </li><li> Colocar 20 vermes idade sincronizados no centro da placa. Colocar a placa na incubadora a 20 ° C. </li><li> Após 1 h, a contagem dos animais sobre os pontos de teste / controlo e calcular o índice de quimiotaxia, (IC), como a seguir: <img alt="Equação 1" fo:content-width=".863in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50435/50435eq1highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50435/50435eq1.jpg" /> em que N, N e N teste Cnt., indicam o número total de animais, o número de animais no local de teste e o número de animais no ponto de controlo. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Principal Cultura de Células Embrionárias <ol><li> Lyse vermes como descrito na idade de sincronização. </li><li> Parar a reacção de lise pela adição de igual volume de tampão de ovo esterilizada e centrifugar a 450 xg durante 5 min. Gentilmente elimine o sobrenadante com cuidado para não perder os ovos peletizadas. Repita 2-3x ou até sobrenadante é clara. </li><li> Ressuspender ovos peletizada (e carcaças) Em 2 ml de tampão de ovo esterilizada e juntar 2 ml de solução estéril de 60% de sacarose em tampão de ovo. Misture esta solução até que os ovos estejam completamente ressuspenso (como eles tendem a formar aglomerados sob centrifugação) com a mão ou em vortex. </li><li> Centrifugar a 450 xg durante 15 min. </li><li> Transferir cuidadosamente o sobrenadante (contendo os ovos) para um tubo estéril. Descartar pelete que contém as carcaças e outros subprodutos da lise. </li><li> Remover sacarose residual por ressuspensão em tampão de os ovos dos ovos e centrifugação a 450 xg durante 5 min. Gentilmente coletar e descartar o sobrenadante. 3x. </li><li> Sob uma cobertura laminar ressuspender ovos peletizadas em tampão de ovo estéril contendo 1 U / ml de quitinase a RT para digerir as cascas dos ovos. Depois de 30 min começa a controlar a reacção (sob um microscópio invertido de cultura de células). Cada lote de quitinase tem uma actividade ligeiramente diferente. Tipicamente, a digestão é completada em 1 hora. </li><li> Quando cerca de 70-80% cascas de ovos são digeridos por chitinase add CM-15 (G-15 cultura de células medium contendo 10% de soro fetal bovino, 50 U / ml de penicilina e 50 ug / ml de estreptomicina). Dissociar células usando uma seringa com uma calibre 27. Filtra-se a suspensão de células com 5,0 mM de filtro para remover os embriões intactos, aglomerados de células e larvas. </li><li> Pellet a suspensão de células dissociadas por centrifugação a 450 xg durante 15 min. Remover o sobrenadante e ressuspender o pellet em CM-15 de meio de cultura celular. </li><li> Células dissociadas da placa de vidro sobre a cobertura desliza previamente revestida com lectina de amendoim (0,1 mg / ml) dissolvido em água Nota:. Células devem aderir ao substrato, a fim de se diferenciar. </li><li> As células podem ser mantidas à temperatura ambiente (16-20 ° C) ao ar durante mais de 2 semanas. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Hardy, J., Allsop, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amyloid+deposition+as+the+central+event+in+the+aetiology+of+Alzheimer's+disease.">Amyloid deposition as the central event in the aetiology of Alzheimer's disease.</a> Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 12 (10), 383-388 (1991).</li><li>Kotzbauer, P. T., Trojanowsk, J. Q., Lee, V. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lewy+body+pathology+in+Alzheimer's+disease.">Lewy body pathology in Alzheimer's disease.</a> Journal of Molecular Neuroscience. 17 (2), 225-232 (2001).</li><li>Greenberg, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inclusion+body+myositis:+review+of+recent+literature.">Inclusion body myositis: review of recent literature.</a> Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports. 9 (1), 83-89 (2009).</li><li>Revesz, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sporadic+and+familial+cerebral+amyloid+angiopathies.">Sporadic and familial cerebral amyloid angiopathies.</a> Brain Pathology. 12 (3), 343-357 (2002).</li><li>Hartmann, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinct+sites+of+intracellular+production+for+Alzheimer's+disease+A+beta40/42+amyloid+peptides.">Distinct sites of intracellular production for Alzheimer's disease A beta40/42 amyloid peptides.</a> Nature Medicine. 3 (9), 1016-1020 (1997).</li><li>Ohnishi, S., Takano, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amyloid+fibrils+from+the+viewpoint+of+protein+folding.">Amyloid fibrils from the viewpoint of protein folding.</a> Cellular and Molecular Life sciences: CMLS. 61 (5), 511-524 (2004).</li><li>DL, R. i. d. d. l. e., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=C.+elegans+II.">C. elegans II.</a> Cold Spring Harbor Monograph. 1, 1222 (1997).</li><li>Cotella, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toxic+role+of+k++channel+oxidation+in+Mammalian+brain.">Toxic role of k+ channel oxidation in Mammalian brain.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 32 (12), 4133-4144 (2012).</li><li>Link, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+human+beta-amyloid+peptide+in+transgenic+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Expression of human beta-amyloid peptide in transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 92 (20), 9368-9372 (1995).</li><li>Cai, S. Q., Sesti, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxidation+of+a+potassium+channel+causes+progressive+sensory+function+loss+during+aging.">Oxidation of a potassium channel causes progressive sensory function loss during aging.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 12 (5), 611-617 (2009).</li><li>Yu, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guanylyl+cyclase+expression+in+specific+sensory+neurons:+a+new+family+of+chemosensory+receptors.">Guanylyl cyclase expression in specific sensory neurons: a new family of chemosensory receptors.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94, 3384-3387 (1997).</li><li>Bargmann, C. I., Horvitz, H. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemosensory+neurons+with+overlapping+functions+direct+chemotaxis+to+multiple+chemicals+in+C.+elegans.">Chemosensory neurons with overlapping functions direct chemotaxis to multiple chemicals in C. elegans.</a> Neuron. 7 (5), 729-742 (1991).</li><li>Caserta, T. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Q-VD-OPh,+a+broad+spectrum+caspase+inhibitor+with+potent+antiapoptotic+properties.">Q-VD-OPh, a broad spectrum caspase inhibitor with potent antiapoptotic properties.</a> Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death. 8 (4), 345-352 (2003).</li><li>Christensen, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+primary+culture+system+for+functional+analysis+of+C.+elegans+neurons+and+muscle+cells.">A primary culture system for functional analysis of C. elegans neurons and muscle cells.</a> Neuron. 33 (4), 503-514 (2002).</li></ol>

Os autores declaram que não têm interesses financeiros concorrentes.

Aqui nós descrevemos uma abordagem combinada, para estudar aspectos celulares e moleculares da amylopathies usando C. elegans. As vantagens dessa abordagem incluem: 1.) De baixo custo C.elegans é mantido no prato normal de Petri semeadas com bactérias, à temperatura ambiente. 2) genética poderosas. Os animais transgénicos podem ser obtidos em alguns meses, e uma grande variedade de sequências de promotor está disponível para conduzir a expressão do gene desejado em neurónios específicos. 3)...

Beta amilóide (Ap) é um péptido de 36-43 aminoácidos que é formada após a clivagem sequencial da proteína precursora de amilóide (APP) por β e γ secretases 1. A secretase γ processa a extremidade C-terminal do péptido Aíi e é responsável pelos seus comprimentos variáveis ​​5. As formas mais comuns de Ap são Ap 40 e Ap 42, sendo o último mais comum associado a condições patológicas tais como a AD 5. Em altas concentrações ABeta forma β-folhas que agregam para formar fibrilas amilóides 6. Depósitos de fibrilas são o principal componente das placas senis que cercam os neurônios. Ambas as placas e difusíveis, oligómeros de Ap não-placa, são pensados ​​para constituir as formas de Ap patogénicos subjacentes. Estudo de laboratório de amylopathies neuronais é complicada pelo facto de estas condições o progresso ao longo do tempo. Portanto, é important para o desenvolvimento de animais geneticamente tratável modelos complementares para camundongos com vida curta. Estes modelos podem ser utilizados para elucidar os aspectos específicos de amylopathies-tipicamente celular e molecular, e em virtude da sua simplicidade, para ajudar a captar a essência do problema. O verme Caenorhabditis elegans quedas está nesta categoria. Ele tem uma vida curta, ~ 20 dias e, além disso processos celulares básicos, incluindo a regulação da expressão do gene, o tráfico de proteína, a conectividade neuronal, sinaptogênese, sinalização celular e morte são semelhantes aos dos mamíferos 7. As características únicas do worm incluem genética poderosos ea falta de um sistema de vasos, o que permite estudar dano neuronal independentemente de dano vascular. Por outro lado, a falta de um cérebro limita a utilização de C. elegans para estudar vários aspectos da neurodegeneração. Além disso, a reprodução e a identificação das distribuições anatómicas de lesões não pode ser executada neste organismo. Outro limiteções incluem a dificuldade para avaliar tanto as diferenças nos perfis de expressão gênica e comprometimento do comportamento complexo e função de memória. Aqui descrevemos métodos para gerar C. modelos elegans de amylopathies.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>1. NGM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S5886</td>
			<td>3 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacteriological agar</td>
			<td>AMRESCO</td>
			<td>J637</td>
			<td>17 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacto-peptone</td>
			<td>AMRESCO</td>
			<td>J636</td>
			<td>2.5 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Distilled Water</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Bring to 975 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Sterilized by autoclaving, then add the following items and mix well</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium sulfate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M2643</td>
			<td>1 ml of 1 M stock</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium Chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C5670</td>
			<td>1 ml of 1 M stock</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cholesterol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C3045</td>
			<td>1 ml of 5 mg/ml stock( in ethanol)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium phosphate buffer</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>25 ml of 1M stock</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>2. Potassium phosphate buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5655</td>
			<td>108.3 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium phosphate dibasic</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P3786</td>
			<td>35.6 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Distilled Water</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Bring to 1 L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Sterilized by autoclaving</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>3. M9 buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5655</td>
			<td>3 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium phosphate dibasic</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S5136</td>
			<td>6 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S5886</td>
			<td>5 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium sulfate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M2643</td>
			<td>1 ml of 1 M stock</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Distilled Water</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Bring to 1 L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Sterilized by autoclaving</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>4. Egg buffer (pH 7.3, 340 mOsm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S5886</td>
			<td>118 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5405</td>
			<td>48 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium Chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C5670</td>
			<td>2 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium Chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M4880</td>
			<td>2 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP310</td>
			<td>25 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Distilled Water</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Bring to 1 L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Sterilized by autoclaving</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>5. CM-15</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-15 culture medium</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11415</td>
			<td>450 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10437-028</td>
			<td>50 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140</td>
			<td>50 units/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140</td>
			<td>50 g/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Adjust to 340 mOsm with sucrose then sterile filter into autoclaved bottles and store at 4 &deg;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>6. Other Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Halocarbon 700 oil</td>
			<td>Halocarbon Products</td>
			<td>9002-83-9</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 &mu;m Acrodisc Syringe Filter</td>
			<td>PALL Co.</td>
			<td>4199</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chitinase</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C6137-5UN</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lectin (peanut)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L0881-10MG</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S320</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lysine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L5501</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biotin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>B4639</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hypochlorite solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>425044</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium azide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>71289</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S0389</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a caenorhabditis elegans model system for amylopathy study

Amylopathy é um termo que descreve a síntese e a acumulação anormal de beta-amilóide (Ap) em tecidos com o tempo. Ab é uma característica da doença de Alzheimer (AD) e é encontrado na demência com corpos de Lewy, a inclusão miosite corpo e angiopatia amilóide cerebral 1-4. Amylopathies desenvolver progressivamente com o tempo. Por esta razão, os organismos simples com tempos de vida curtos podem ajudar a elucidar os aspectos moleculares destas condições. Aqui, descrevemos os protocolos experimentais para estudar a neurodegeneração Aâ mediada através do verme Caenorhabditis elegans. Assim, construímos vermes transgênicos, injetando DNA humano codificação ABeta 42 para as gônadas de hermafroditas sincicial adultos. Linhas de transformantes são estabilizados por uma integração induzida por mutagénese. Nemátodes são sincronizados idade recolhendo e semeando os seus ovos. A função de neurónios que expressam Ap 42 é testada em ensaios comportamentais oportunos (ensaio de quimiotaxias). Culturas neuronais primárias obtidas a partir de embriões são usados ​​para complementar os dados de comportamento e para testar os efeitos neuroprotectores dos compostos anti-apoptóticos.

Com os nossos protocolos nós estudamos os efeitos do humano ABeta 42 oligômero na função neuronal 8. Um fragmento de codificação ABeta humano 42 eo sinal peptídeo sequência codificante artificial de Fogo vetor pPD50.52 foi amplificado a partir construção PCL12 9 usando primers que introduziram um Sma uma restrição local endonuclease nas extremidades. O fragmento foi então inserido em uma construção contendo um flp-6 sequência do promotor 2481 pb no vec...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Caenorhabditis elegans Model System for Amylopathy Study at JoVE.com

A Caenorhabditis elegans Model System for Amylopathy Study

Nós descrevemos métodos para estudar aspectos da amylopathies do verme<em&gt; C. elegans</em&gt;. Mostramos como construir vermes expressando ABeta humano<sub&gt; 42</sub&gt; Em neurônios e como testar sua função em ensaios comportamentais. Temos ainda mostram como obter culturas neuronais primárias que podem ser utilizadas para testes farmacológicos.

A<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em&gt; Sistema Modelo para Estudo Amylopathy

Amylopathy is a term that describes abnormal synthesis and accumulation of amyloid beta (A&beta;) in tissues with time. A&beta; is a hallmark of ...

a-caenorhabditis-elegans-model-system-for-amylopathy-study

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

A Caenorhabditis elegans Model System for Amylopathy Study

10.4K visualizações.  University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey. Nós descrevemos métodos para estudar aspectos da amylopathies do verme C. elegans. Mostramos como construir vermes expressando ABeta humano 42 Em neurônios e como testar sua função em ensaios comportamentais. Temos ainda mostram como obter culturas neuronais primárias que podem ser utilizadas para testes farmacológicos.

Vídeo: A Caenorhabditis elegans Model System for Amylopathy Study

Assaying &beta;-amyloid Toxicity using a Transgenic C. elegans Model

Accumulation of the &beta;-amyloid peptide (A&beta;) is generally believed to be central to the induction of Alzheimer's disease, but the relevant mechanism(s) of toxicity are still unclear. A&beta; is also deposited intramuscularly in Inclusion Body Myositis, a severe human myopathy. The intensely studied nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans can be transgenically engineered to express human A&beta;. Depending on the tissue or timing of A&beta; expression, transgenic worms can have readily measurable phenotypes that serve as a read-out of A&beta; toxicity. For example, transgenic worms with pan-neuronal A&beta; expression have defects is associative learning (Dosanjh et al. 2009), while transgenic worms with constitutive muscle-specific expression show a progressive, age-dependent paralysis phenotype (Link, 1995; Cohen et al. 2006). One particularly useful C. elegans model employs a temperature-sensitive mutation in the mRNA surveillance system to engineer temperature-inducible muscle expression of an A&beta; transgene, resulting in a reproducible paralysis phenotype upon temperature upshift (Link et al. 2003). Treatments that counter A&beta; toxicity in this model [e.g., expression of a protective transgene (Hassan et al. 2009) or exposure to Ginkgo biloba extracts (Wu et al. 2006)] reproducibly alter the rate of paralysis induced by temperature upshift of these transgenic worms. Here we describe our protocol for measuring the rate of paralysis in this transgenic C. elegans model, with particular attention to experimental variables that can influence this measurement.

Assaying &#946;-amyloid Toxicity using a Transgenic C. elegans Model

The intensely studied nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans can be transgenically engineered to express the human &beta;-amyloid peptide (A&beta;). Induced expression of A&beta; in C. elegans muscle leads to a rapid, reproducible paralysis phenotype that can be used to monitor treatments that modulate A&beta; toxicity.

Assaying Toxicidade β-amilóide utilizando um transgênico C. elegans Modelo

Accumulation of the &beta;-amyloid peptide (A&beta;) is generally believed to be central to the induction of Alzheimer's disease, but the relevant ...

Neurociência

Methods for Studying the Mechanisms of Action of Antipsychotic Drugs in Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans is a simple genetic organism amenable to large-scale forward and reverse genetic screens and chemical genetic screens. The C. elegans genome includes potential antipsychotic drug (APD) targets conserved in humans, including genes encoding proteins required for neurotransmitter synthesis and for synaptic structure and function. APD exposure produces developmental delay and/or lethality in nematodes in a concentration-dependent manner. These phenotypes are caused, in part, by APD-induced inhibition of pharyngeal pumping1,2. Thus, the developmental phenotype has a neuromuscular basis, making it useful for pharmacogenetic studies of neuroleptics. Here we demonstrate detailed procedures for testing APD effects on nematode development and pharyngeal pumping. For the developmental assay, synchronized embryos are placed on nematode growth medium (NGM) plates containing APDs, and the stages of developing animals are then scored daily. For the pharyngeal pumping rate assay, staged young adult animals are tested on NGM plates containing APDs. The number of pharyngeal pumps per unit time is recorded, and the pumping rate is calculated. These assays can be used for studying many other types of small molecules or even large molecules.

Methods for Studying the Mechanisms of Action of Antipsychotic Drugs in Caenorhabditis elegans

Approaches for testing the effects of antipsychotic drugs (APDs) in Caenorhabditis elegans are demonstrated. Assays are described for testing drug effects on development and viability and on pharyngeal pumping rate. These methods are also applicable for pharmacogenetic experiments with drug classes other than APDs.

Métodos para o estudo dos mecanismos de ação dos antipsicóticos Drogas em<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em

Caenorhabditis elegans is a simple genetic organism amenable to  large-scale forward and reverse genetic screens and chemical genetic screens. The C.  ...

The Olfactory System as a Model to Study Axonal Growth Patterns and Morphology In Vivo

The olfactory system has the unusual capacity to generate new neurons throughout the lifetime of an organism. Olfactory stem cells in the basal portion of the olfactory epithelium continuously give rise to new sensory neurons that extend their axons into the olfactory bulb, where they face the challenge to integrate into existing circuitry. Because of this particular feature, the olfactory system represents a unique opportunity to monitor axonal wiring and guidance, and to investigate synapse formation. Here we describe a procedure for in vivo labeling of sensory neurons and subsequent visualization of axons in the olfactory system of larvae of the amphibian Xenopus laevis. To stain sensory neurons in the olfactory organ we adopt the electroporation technique. In vivo electroporation is an established technique for delivering fluorophore-coupled dextrans or other macromolecules into living cells. Stained sensory neurons and their axonal processes can then be monitored in the living animal either using confocal laser-scanning or multiphoton microscopy. By reducing the number of labeled cells to few or single cells per animal, single axons can be tracked into the olfactory bulb and their morphological changes can be monitored over weeks by conducting series of in vivo time lapse imaging experiments. While the described protocol exemplifies the labeling and monitoring of olfactory sensory neurons, it can also be adopted to other cell types within the olfactory and other systems.

The Olfactory System as a Model to Study Axonal Growth Patterns and Morphology In Vivo

We describe a protocol for in vivo labeling of olfactory sensory neurons by electroporation and subsequent confocal laser-scanning or multiphoton microscopy to visualize neuronal morphology and its development over time.

O Sistema Olfativo como um modelo para estudar os padrões de crescimento axonal e Morfologia<em&gt; In Vivo</em

The olfactory system has the unusual capacity to generate new neurons throughout the lifetime of an organism. Olfactory stem cells in the basal portion of ...

An Assay for Measuring the Effects of Ethanol on the Locomotion Speed of Caenorhabditis elegans

Alcohol use disorders are a significant public health concern, for which there are few effective treatment strategies. One difficulty that has delayed the development of more effective treatments is the relative lack of understanding of the molecular underpinnings of the effects of ethanol on behavior. The nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans (C.&#160;elegans), provides a useful model in which to generate and test hypotheses about the molecular effects of ethanol. Here, we describe an assay that has been developed and used to examine the roles of particular genes and environmental factors in behavioral responses to ethanol, in which locomotion is the behavioral output. Ethanol dose-dependently causes an acute depression of crawling on an agar surface. The effects are dynamic; animals exposed to a high concentration demonstrate an initial strong depression of crawling, referred to here as initial sensitivity, and then partially recover locomotion speed despite the continued presence of the drug. This ethanol-induced behavioral plasticity is referred to here as the development of acute functional tolerance. This assay has been used to demonstrate that these two phenotypes are distinct and genetically separable. The straightforward locomotion assay described here is suitable for examining the effects of both genetic and environmental manipulations on these acute behavioral responses to ethanol in C.&#160;elegans.

An Assay for Measuring the Effects of Ethanol on the Locomotion Speed of Caenorhabditis elegans

C. elegans is a useful model for studying the effects of ethanol on behavior. We present a behavioral assay that quantifies the effects of ethanol on the locomotion speed of crawling worms; both initial sensitivity and the development of acute functional tolerance to ethanol can be measured with this assay.

Um ensaio para medir os efeitos do etanol sobre a velocidade de Locomotion<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em

Alcohol use disorders are a significant public health concern, for which there are few effective treatment strategies. One difficulty that has delayed the ...

Agarose Microchambers for Long-term Calcium Imaging of Caenorhabditis elegans

Behavior is controlled by the nervous system. Calcium imaging is a straightforward method in the transparent nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to measure the activity of neurons during various behaviors. To correlate neural activity with behavior, the animal should not be immobilized but should be able to move. Many behavioral changes occur during long time scales and require recording over many hours of behavior. This also makes it necessary to culture the worms in the presence of food. How can worms be cultured and their neural activity imaged over long time scales? Agarose Microchamber Imaging (AMI) was previously developed to culture and observe small larvae and has now been adapted to study all life stages from early L1 until the adult stage of C. elegans. AMI can be performed on various life stages of C. elegans. Long-term calcium imaging is achieved without immobilizing the animals by using short externally triggered exposures combined with an electron multiplying charge-coupled device (EMCCD) camera recording. Zooming out or scanning can scale up this method to image up to 40 worms in parallel. Thus, a method is described to image behavior and neural activity over long time scales in all life stages of C. elegans.

Agarose Microchambers for Long-term Calcium Imaging of Caenorhabditis elegans

Imaging behavior and neural activity over long time scales without immobilization of the animal is a prerequisite to understand behavior. Agarose microfluidic chambers imaging (AMI) can be used to image neural activity and behavior for all life stages of Caenorhabditis elegans.

Microchambers agarose para Imagem de cálcio a longo prazo de<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em

Behavior is controlled by the nervous system. Calcium imaging is a straightforward method in the transparent nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to measure ...

Novel Metrics to Characterize Embryonic Elongation of the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Dissecting the signaling pathways that control the alteration of morphogenic processes during embryonic development requires robust and sensitive metrics. Embryonic elongation of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a late developmental stage consisting of the elongation of the embryo along its longitudinal axis. This developmental stage is controlled by intercellular communication between hypodermal cells and underlying body-wall muscles. These signaling mechanisms control the morphology of hypodermal cells by remodeling the cytoskeleton and the cell-cell junctions. Measurement of embryonic lethality and developmental arrest at larval stages as well as alteration of cytoskeleton and cell-cell adhesion structures in hypodermal and muscle cells are classical phenotypes that have been used for more than 25 years to dissect these signaling pathways. Recent studies required the development of novel metrics specifically targeting either early or late elongation and characterizing morphogenic defects along the antero-posterior axis of the embryo. Here, we provide detailed protocols enabling the accurate measurement of the length and the width of the elongating embryos as well as the length of synchronized larvae. These methods constitute useful tools to identify genes controlling elongation, to assess whether these genes control both early and late phases of this stage and are required evenly along the antero-posterior axis of the embryo.

Novel Metrics to Characterize Embryonic Elongation of the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Here we detail protocols specifically designed to monitor morphogenic defects that occur during early and late phases of embryonic elongation of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Ultimately, these protocols are designed to identify genes that regulate these phases and to characterize their differential requirements along the antero-posterior axis of the embryo.

Novas métricas para Caracterizar Embryonic Alongamento do nemátodo<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em

Dissecting the signaling pathways that control the alteration of morphogenic processes during embryonic development requires robust and sensitive metrics. ...

A Caenorhabditis elegans Nutritional-status Based Copper Aversion Assay

To ensure survival, organisms must be capable of avoiding unfavorable habitats while ensuring a consistent food source. Caenorhabditis elegans alter their locomotory patterns upon detection of diverse environmental stimuli and can modulate their suite of behavioral responses in response to starvation conditions. Nematodes typically exhibit a decreased aversive response when removed from a food source for over 30 min. Observation of behavioral changes in response to a changing nutritional status can provide insight into the mechanisms that regulate the transition from a well-fed to starved state.
We have developed an assay that measures a nematode&#39;s ability to cross an aversive barrier (i.e. copper) then reach a food source over a prolonged period of time. This protocol builds upon previous work by integrating multiple variables in a manner that allows for continued data collection as the organisms shift towards an increasingly starved condition. Moreover, this assay permits an increased sample size so that larger populations of nematodes can be simultaneously evaluated.
Organisms defective for the ability to detect or respond to copper immediately cross the chemical barrier, while wild type nematodes are initially repelled. As wild type worms are increasingly starved, they begin to cross the barrier and reach the food source. We designed this assay to evaluate a mutant that is incapable of responding to diverse environmental cues, including food sensation or detection of aversive chemicals. When evaluated via this protocol, the defective organisms immediately crossed the barrier, but were also incapable of detecting a food source. Hence, these mutants repeatedly cross the chemical barrier despite temporarily reaching a food source. This assay can straightforwardly test populations of worms to evaluate potential pathway defects related to aversion and starvation.

A Caenorhabditis elegans Nutritional-status Based Copper Aversion Assay

Here, we present a Caenorhabditis elegans-specific assay designed to evaluate changes in copper aversion behavior and the ability to locate a common food source, as the organism progresses from a well-fed to starved nutritional state.

UMA<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em&gt; Ensaio de Aversão ao Cobre Baseado em Status Nutricional

To ensure survival, organisms must be capable of avoiding unfavorable habitats while ensuring a consistent food source. Caenorhabditis elegans alter their ...

Ratiometric Calcium Imaging of Individual Neurons in Behaving Caenorhabditis Elegans

It has become increasingly clear that neural circuit activity in behaving animals differs substantially from that seen in anesthetized or immobilized animals. Highly sensitive, genetically encoded fluorescent reporters of Ca2+ have revolutionized the recording of cell and synaptic activity using non-invasive optical approaches in behaving animals. When combined with genetic and optogenetic techniques, the molecular mechanisms that modulate cell and circuit activity during different behavior states can be identified.
Here we describe methods for ratiometric Ca2+ imaging of single neurons in freely behaving Caenorhabditis elegans worms. We demonstrate a simple mounting technique that gently overlays worms growing on a standard Nematode Growth Media (NGM) agar block with a glass coverslip, permitting animals to be recorded at high-resolution during unrestricted movement and behavior. With this technique, we use the sensitive Ca2+ reporter GCaMP5 to record changes in intracellular Ca2+ in the serotonergic Hermaphrodite Specific Neurons (HSNs) as they drive egg-laying behavior. By co-expressing mCherry, a Ca2+-insensitive fluorescent protein, we can track the position of the HSN within ~ 1 &#181;m and correct for fluctuations in fluorescence caused by changes in focus or movement. Simultaneous, infrared brightfield imaging allows for behavior recording and animal tracking using a motorized stage. By integrating these microscopic techniques and data streams, we can record Ca2+ activity in the C. elegans egg-laying circuit as it progresses between inactive and active behavior states over tens of minutes.

Ratiometric Calcium Imaging of Individual Neurons in Behaving Caenorhabditis Elegans

This protocol describes the use of genetically encoded Ca2+ reporters to record changes in neural activity in behaving Caenorhabditis elegans worms. &#8195;

Imagem de cálcio Ratiometric de neurônios individuais se comportando Caenorhabditis Elegans

It has become increasingly clear that neural circuit activity in behaving animals differs substantially from that seen in anesthetized or immobilized ...

Imaging Dendritic Spines in Caenorhabditis elegans

Dendritic spines are specialized sites of synaptic innervation modulated by activity and serve as substrates for learning and memory. Recently, dendritic spines have been described for DD GABAergic neurons as the input sites from presynaptic cholinergic neurons in the motor circuit of Caenorhabditis elegans. This synaptic circuit can now serve as a powerful new in vivo model of spine morphogenesis and function that exploits the facile genetics and ready accessibility of C. elegans to live-cell imaging. 
This protocol describes experimental strategies for assessing DD spine structure and function. In this approach, a super-resolution imaging strategy is used to visualize the intricate shapes of actin-rich dendritic spines. To evaluate the DD spine function, the light-activated opsin, Chrimson, stimulates the presynaptic cholinergic neurons, and the calcium indicator, GCaMP, reports the evoked calcium transients in postsynaptic DD spines. Together, these methods comprise powerful approaches for identifying genetic determinants of dendritic spines in C. elegans that could also direct spine morphogenesis and function in the brain.

Imaging Dendritic Spines in Caenorhabditis elegans

Dendritic spines are important cellular features of the nervous system. Here live imaging methods are described for assessing the structure and function of dendritic spines in C. elegans.&#160;These approaches support the development of mutant screens for genes that define dendritic spine shape or function.

Imagem de espinhas dendríticas em Caenorhabditis elegans

Dendritic spines are specialized sites of synaptic innervation modulated by activity and serve as substrates for learning and memory. Recently, dendritic ...

Quantifying Levels of Dopaminergic Neuron Morphological Alteration and Degeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans

Dopamine neuron loss is involved in the pathology of Parkinson&#39;s Disease (PD), a highly prevalent neurodegenerative disorder affecting over 10 million people worldwide. Since many details about PD etiology remain unknown, studies investigating genetic and environmental contributors to PD are needed to discover methods of prevention, management, and treatment. Proper characterization of dopaminergic neuronal loss may be relevant not only to PD research, but to other increasingly prevalent neurodegenerative disorders.
There are established genetic and chemical models of dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the Caenorhabditis elegans model system, with easy visualization of neurobiology supported by the nematodes&#39; transparency and invariant neuronal architecture. In particular, hermaphroditic C. elegans&#39; dopaminergic neuron morphological changes can be visualized using strains with fluorescent reporters driven by cell-specific promotors such as the dat-1 dopamine transporter gene, which is expressed exclusively in their eight dopaminergic neurons.
With the capabilities of this model system and the appropriate technology, many laboratories have studied dopaminergic neurodegeneration. However, there is little consistency in the way the data is analyzed and much of the present literature uses binary scoring analyses that capture the presence of degeneration but not the full details of the progression of neuron loss. Here, we introduce a universal scoring system to assess morphological changes and degeneration in C. elegans&#39; cephalic neuron dendrites. This seven-point scale allows for analysis across a full range of dendrite morphology, ranging from healthy neurons to complete dendrite loss, and considering morphological details including kinks, branching, blebs, and breaks. With this scoring system, researchers can quantify subtle age-related changes as well as more dramatic chemical-induced changes. Finally, we provide a practice set of images with commentary that can be used to train, calibrate, and assess the scoring consistency of researchers new to this method. This should improve within- and between- laboratory consistency, increasing rigor and reproducibility.

Quantifying Levels of Dopaminergic Neuron Morphological Alteration and Degeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans

In this article, we showcase how to use a seven-point scoring system to consistently quantify changes to dopaminergic neuron dendrite morphology in C. elegans. This system is intended for analyses of dopaminergic neurodegeneration assays utilizing genetic, chemical, and age-based models of neurodegenerative disorders.

Quantificando níveis de alteração morfológica e degeneração do neurônio dopaminérgico em Caenorhabditis elegans

Dopamine neuron loss is involved in the pathology of Parkinson&#39;s Disease (PD), a highly prevalent neurodegenerative disorder affecting over 10 million ...

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