The evolution of the device started with somewhat different cutting prototype demonstrated at the Imperial Cancer Research Fund (ICRF) mouse club by Bass Hassan, following this there were several discussions with Rob Rudling and Nikki Mandir in the containment facility at ICRF Clare Hall. Jo Kitau of the mechanical workshop at ICRF constructed the initial versions and Andy Lucas designed and perfected the final model in the CRUK workshop in Oxford.

Os vários procedimentos experimentais e a eutanásia humanitária são aprovados pelo comitê de ética instituições de acolhimento e pelos órgãos reguladores competentes. Eutanásia é normalmente conseguido usando asfixia com CO2, seguido por deslocação cervical. 1. Dispositivo <ol><li> Máquina de a parte principal da base do dispositivo a partir de um bloco sólido de resina de acetil de alta densidade, como descrito neste manuscrito. Em cada extremidade criar 3 mm de alto elevado tiras e máquina parte fora destes 2,5 mm bosques para levar as hastes (ver Figura 2 e Figura 3). </li><li> Faça hastes de aço inoxidável 2,4 milímetros de diâmetro com extremidades arredondadas. NOTA: A estrutura principal da tampa foi usinado fora da placa de duralumínio. Um número limitado de dispositivos acabados estão disponíveis a partir Dr. Goodlad. </li></ol> 2. Utilização do Dispositivo <ol><li> Dissecar o intestino delgado e cólon a partir da cavidade abdominal com uma tesourae os dedos enluvados. Remova o mesentério, segurando-o com uma pinça curva e puxando-a do intestino. </li><li> Enxaguar os intestinos com fosfato frio tamponado salino (PBS, pH 7,4) utilizando uma ponta de pipeta Gilson tipo, que tinha sido cortado para baixo na sua extremidade mais larga de modo que possa caber num 10 ou 20 ml de encaixe do luer da seringa de plástico. </li><li> Coloque para fora do intestino delgado (SB) para uma folha de papel toalha e dividir em três partes iguais em comprimento (proximal, médio e distal - SB1, SB2 e SB3) com uma tesoura. Remover o ceco e colocar para fora do cólon. </li><li> Faça várias muito pequenos cortes nos segmentos intestinais com uma tesoura para permitir que o fluido escapar e coloque uma folha de papel toalha sobre os intestinos e gentilmente executar um dedo sobre os preparativos para espremer para fora o líquido e secar. </li><li> Levantar as secções e insere as hastes de aço inoxidável que foram previamente molhadas por imersão num recipiente com solução salina tamponada com fosfato. NOTA: O intestino pode estar emvertidos se assim o desejar (virado do avesso). </li><li> Rotular um pedaço de cartão ou papel de filtro cortado à medida para encaixar na base do dispositivo. Lápis é melhor, uma vez que não é afectada por praticamente todas as soluções. Data da autópsia, código experimental e número de identificação animal são sugeridas. </li><li> Colocar a placa de papel de filtro ou para a base do dispositivo. Insira as hastes e os intestinos para as ranhuras na base do dispositivo. Certifique-se da extremidade proximal dos segmentos é posicionado de um modo padronizado. As extremidades proximais deve ser perto os rótulos de cartão. </li><li> Coloque a parte superior do dispositivo através da base. Use as barras inclinadas para guiar uma lâmina de bisturi para cortar longitudinalmente as seções. NOTA: Ajuda se o tecido é suavemente e cuidadosamente mantida com um dedo para garantir que ele não se mova com a faca. </li><li> Remover a parte superior do dispositivo. Remova cuidadosamente o papel e tecidos de filtro (ainda em suas varas). NOTA: Um pedaço de cartão rígido colocado debaixo da filpapel ter ajudará elevação. </li><li> Ligeiramente úmido (com a ponta do dedo com luva mergulhado em PBS) os segmentos. Role a vara, lado a lado para abrir o intestino e espalhá-lo plana. O tecido irá então aderir ao papel de filtro. </li><li> Examine visualmente os preparativos para quaisquer lesões graves. </li><li> Transferir o tecido aderiu ao papel de filtro a um banho superficial (ou caixa de sanduíche) contendo fixador. NOTA: Depois que o tecido adere ao papel de filtro ou de cartão permanecerá firmemente fixada. Uma ampla gama de agentes fixadores podem ser usados ​​para preservar a preparação. Recomenda-se que o fluido de Carnoy deve ser usado para o estudo de proliferações de células intestinais 6, o qual é ideal para a fixação dos melhores métodos de proliferação celular; No entanto formalina ou outros fixadores muitos também podem ser utilizados se forem necessários outros pontos de extremidade. </li><li> Após a fixação (geralmente 3 horas), transferir os preparativos em etanol a 70%. As amostras podem então ser armazenadas até serem necessárias. As preparações cum ser estudada en face e / ou utilizados para a preparação de amostras histológicas para a H &amp; E ou outras técnicas de coloração histológicos, imuno-histoquímica e / ou hibridação in situ. NOTA: prolongada fixação pode reduzir a reactividade imuno-histoquímica e / ou in situ reactividade hibridação. Caixas sanduíche polipropileno são ideais para armazenar um grande número de preparações. </li><li> Se necessário os tecidos fixos a partir dos vários segmentos intestinais pode ser feita em rolos suíços &#39;&#39; e coradas com toda a variedade de métodos histológicos 6, incluindo as descritas acima. Para fazer uma &#39;roll suíça &quot;os segmentos intestinais são removidos do papel de filtro, enroladas em torno de um palito ou um palito de dente, presa com um alfinete entomológico e processados ​​para a incorporação de cera 6. </li><li> Se necessário, manchar o tecido grosso com azul de metileno para visualizar focos de criptas aberrantes 7. </li><li> Pontuação dos preparativos fixos emlazer. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Goodlad, R. A., Alison, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=+Cancer+Handbook."> Cancer Handbook.</a> , 243-262 (2007).</li><li>Ward, J. M., Treuting, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rodent+intestinal+epithelial+carcinogenesis:+pathology+and+preclinical+models.">Rodent intestinal epithelial carcinogenesis: pathology and preclinical models.</a> Toxicol Pathol. 42, 148-161 (2014).</li><li>Sundberg, J. P., Hogenesch, H., Nikitin, A. Y., Treuting, P. M., Ward, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Training+mouse+pathologists:+ten+years+of+workshops+on+the+Pathology+of+Mouse+Models+of+Human+Disease.">Training mouse pathologists: ten years of workshops on the Pathology of Mouse Models of Human Disease.</a> Toxicol Pathol. 40, 823-825 (2012).</li><li>Wasan, H. S., Novelli, M., Bee, J., Bodmer, W. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dietary+fat+influences+on+polyp+phenotype+in+multiple+intestinal+neoplasia+mice.">Dietary fat influences on polyp phenotype in multiple intestinal neoplasia mice.</a> Proc Natl Acade Sci USA. 94, 3308-3313 (1997).</li><li>Rudling, R., Hassan, A. B., Kitau, J., Mandir, N., Goodlad, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+device+to+rapidly+prepare+whole+mounts+of+murine+intestine.">A simple device to rapidly prepare whole mounts of murine intestine.</a> Cell Prolif. 39, 415-420 (2006).</li><li>Alferez, D., Goodlad, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=To+best+measure+cell+proliferation+in+samples+from+the+intestine.">To best measure cell proliferation in samples from the intestine.</a> Cell Prolif. 40, 231-240 (2007).</li><li>Park, H. S., Goodlad, R. A., Wright, N. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+incidence+of+aberrant+crypt+foci+and+colonic+carcinoma+in+dimethylhydrazine-treated+rats+varies+in+a+site-specific+manner+and+depends+on+tumor+histology.">The incidence of aberrant crypt foci and colonic carcinoma in dimethylhydrazine-treated rats varies in a site-specific manner and depends on tumor histology.</a> Cancer Res. 57, 4507-4510 (1997).</li><li>Park, H. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+epidermal+growth+factor+and+dimethylhydrazine+on+crypt+size,+cell+proliferation,+and+crypt+fission+in+the+rat+colon.+Cell+proliferation+and+crypt+fission+are+controlled+independently.">Effects of epidermal growth factor and dimethylhydrazine on crypt size, cell proliferation, and crypt fission in the rat colon. Cell proliferation and crypt fission are controlled independently.</a> Am J Pathol. 151, 843-852 (1997).</li><li>Femia, A. P., Dolara, P., Caderni, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mucin-depleted+foci+(MDF)+in+the+colon+of+rats+treated+with+azoxymethane+(AOM)+are+useful+biomarkers+for+colon+carcinogenesis.">Mucin-depleted foci (MDF) in the colon of rats treated with azoxymethane (AOM) are useful biomarkers for colon carcinogenesis.</a> Carcinogenesis. 25, 277-281 (2004).</li><li>Ruehl-Fehlert, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Revised+guides+for+organ+sampling+and+trimming+in+rats+and+mice--part+1.">Revised guides for organ sampling and trimming in rats and mice--part 1.</a> Exp Toxicol Pathol. 55, 91-106 (2003).</li><li>Goodlad, R. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibiting+vascular+endothelial+growth+factor+receptor-2+signaling+reduces+tumor+burden+in+the+ApcMin/++mouse+model+of+early+intestinal+cancer.">Inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 signaling reduces tumor burden in the ApcMin/+ mouse model of early intestinal cancer.</a> Carcinogenesis. 27, 2133-2139 (2006).</li><li>Mandir, N., Englyst, H., Goodlad, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resistant+carbohydrates+stimulate+cell+proliferation+and+crypt+fission+in+wild-type+mice+and+in+the+Apc(Min/+)+mouse+model+of+intestinal+cancer,+association+with+enhanced+polyp+development.">Resistant carbohydrates stimulate cell proliferation and crypt fission in wild-type mice and in the Apc(Min/+) mouse model of intestinal cancer, association with enhanced polyp development.</a> Br J Nutr. 100, 711-721 (2008).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

O dispositivo acelera muito o processo para que dois operadores podem autópsia totalmente um rato dentro de 6 min. Isso vai incluir uma verificação visual para as lesões graves e evidentes de pesagem e fixa os principais órgãos. Ele também irá permitir que os operadores de lavar, limpar e pesar o estômago, ceco, intestino delgado e cólon e preparar as peças inteiras. O tecido pode ser achatada fixa muito rapidamente e, assim, evitar artefactos de degradação. Uma das principais v...

O rato eo camundongo geneticamente modificado 1-3 são um modelo de valor inestimável para o estudo de diversas patologias, especialmente câncer e sua relação com a inflamação no trato gastrointestinal. Isso muitas vezes requer a preparação de peças inteiras de intestino delgado e / ou cólon. A preparação de peças inteiras pode ser feito com um par de tesouras de deslocamento de precisão, mas pode demorar cerca de 20 minutos por ratinho 4. Isto não é muito prático para estudos comparativos, as quais requerem uma quantidade significativa de ratinhos (10 por grupo dizer sujeitas a análise estatística). Além disso, o comprimento de tempo necessário aumenta o risco de degradação do tecido. Uma tentativa de aliviar este problema levou ao julgamento de vários auxílios de preparação de corte. O primeiro foi baseado numa série de placas de metal, com os bosques de corte, mas as placas obscurecido o tecido e, portanto, o corte era difícil de controlar. A conventional lápis de seis lados, finalmente, forneceu a inspiração para o dispositivo de corte, como pudemos ver então como uma forma de meia lápis faria um bom guia para um bisturi (Figura 1). Isto resultou em um projeto para um quadro com quatro guias de corte 5. A eficácia deste dispositivo foi dramático como as preparações na Figura 4 demonstram a diferença entre a preparação e a preparação de tesoura dispositivo. Os topos dos dispositivos originais foi construída a partir de várias peças de metal, mas os posteriores, eo modelo atual foi usinado a partir de uma sólida peça de duralumínio. A base foi usinado de resina de alta densidade mais alta qualidade. O dispositivo tem provado ser de grande utilidade para a preparação de peças inteiras de rato intestino, uma vez que acelera significativamente e melhora a qualidade e consistência das preparações, que têm uma ampla gama de aplicações.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Delrin</td>
			<td>Ryan Plastics, Earls Barton, UK</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>High-density acetal resin similar material would suffice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Duralumin plate</td>
			<td>Metal Supplies Ltd, Park Road,Dukinfield. SK16 5LP UK</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Aluminium allow dating back to 1909 so alterative suppliers are available&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Finished device(s) ready for use</td>
			<td>Contact Dr Goodlad&#160; r.goodlad@imperial.ac.uk</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Contact&#160; r.goodlad@imperial.ac.uk&#160; for supply details</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a simple device to rapidly prepare whole mounts of the mouse intestine

Preparar as peças inteiras do rato intestino delgado e cólon para análise subsequente ou quantificação pode ser demorado e difícil. Descreve-se a utilização de um dispositivo simples para cortar e intestinos &quot;rolo&quot; de rato para preparar rapidamente preparações integrais de montagem de qualidade superior e uniforme para o que pode ser conseguido com a mão. O dispositivo compreende uma base que contém de 4 hastes de aço inoxidável e uma parte superior, que actua como um guia de corte. As hastes são inseridas no lúmen do intestino delgado [dividida em terços] e do cólon. As varetas e as amostras são, em seguida, colocada sobre um pedaço de papel de filtro ou o cartão dentro das ranhuras de detenção na base do dispositivo. A parte superior do dispositivo é então posicionado e serve como uma guia de corte. As duas secções inclinadas do centro da peça superior são utilizadas para orientar uma faca ou bisturi, e cortar o intestino longitudinalmente no topo das hastes. Uma vez que as secções intestinais foram cortados, o topo é removido e o cartão, tissue hastes e cuidadosamente retirado do dispositivo e colocado na bancada. As hastes são então suavemente rolou de lado para nivelar e manter os segmentos intestinais para o pedaço de papel de filtro subjacente ou cartão. A preparação final pode então ser examinado ou fixo e armazenado para análise posterior. As preparações são de valor inestimável para o estudo das alterações intestinais em modelos normais ou geneticamente modificados do mouse. As preparações foram usadas para o estudo e a quantificação dos efeitos da inflamação (colite), danos, lesões pré-cancerosas (focos de criptas aberrantes (ACFs) e mucina empobrecido focos (MDF)) e pólipos ou tumores.

Os pólipos são fáceis de identificar sob um estereomicroscópio com uma fonte de luz fria para iluminar o lado do tecido (Figura 4). É útil para marcar o cartão com marcas de lápis quando um pólipo é observado a fim de que scoring pode ser discutido mais tarde e diferentes operadores podem chegar a um acordo. O tecido também pode ser volume coradas [com azul de metileno] para identificar focos de criptas aberrantes 8 ou mucina focos empobrecido (MDF) 9 por iluminação a ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple Device to Rapidly Prepare Whole Mounts of the Mouse Intestine at JoVE.com

A Simple Device to Rapidly Prepare Whole Mounts of the Mouse Intestine

The use of a simple device to cut and &#8216;roll&#8217; mouse intestines to rapidly prepare whole mount preparations is described.

Um dispositivo simples de preparar rapidamente inteiras Mounts do mouse Intestino

Preparing whole mounts of the mouse small intestine and colon for subsequent analysis or quantification can be time consuming and difficult. We describe ...

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19.5K visualizações.  National Institutes of Health. The use of a simple device to cut and ‘roll’ mouse intestines to rapidly prepare whole mount preparations is described.

Vídeo: A Simple Device to Rapidly Prepare Whole Mounts of the Mouse Intestine

Accurate and Simple Measurement of the Pro-inflammatory Cytokine IL-1&beta; using a Whole Blood Stimulation Assay

Inflammatory processes resulting from the secretion of soluble mediators by immune cells, lead to various manifestations in skin, joints and other tissues as well as altered cytokine homeostasis. The innate immune system plays a crucial role in recognizing pathogens and other endogenous danger stimuli. One of the major cytokines released by innate immune cells is Interleukin (IL)-1. Therefore, we utilize a whole blood stimulation assay in order to measure the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and specifically of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1&beta; 1, 2, 3.
Patients with genetic dysfunctions of the innate immune system causing autoinflammatory syndromes show an exaggerated release of mature IL-1&beta; upon stimulation with LPS alone. In order to evaluate the innate immune component of patients who present with inflammatory-associated pathologies, we use a specific immunoassay to detect cellular immune responses to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as the gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These PAMPs are recognized by pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), which are found on the cells of the innate immune system 4, 5, 6, 7. A primary signal, LPS, in conjunction with a secondary signal, ATP, is necessary for the activation of the inflammasome, a multiprotein complex that processes pro-IL-1&beta; to its mature, bioactive form 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10.
The whole blood assay requires minimal sample manipulation to assess cytokine production when compared to other methods that require labor intensive isolation and culturing of specific cell populations. This method differs from other whole blood stimulation assays; rather than diluting samples with a ratio of RPMI media, we perform a white blood cell count directly from diluted whole blood and therefore, stimulate a known number of white blood cells in culture 2. The results of this particular whole blood assay demonstrate a novel technique useful in elucidating patient cohorts presenting with autoinflammatory pathophysiologies.

Accurate and Simple Measurement of the Pro-inflammatory Cytokine IL-1&#946; using a Whole Blood Stimulation Assay

We describe a simple immunoassay to measure the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1 beta production, in patients presenting with autoinflammatory phenotypes. By activating cells in whole blood cultures with pathogen-associated molecular patterns, specifically with lipopolysaccharide, cytokine secretion can be conveniently evaluated in whole blood supernatants.

Medição precisa e simples do pró-inflamatórias IL-1β citocinas usando um ensaio Estimulação Sangue Total

Inflammatory processes resulting from the secretion of soluble mediators by immune cells, lead to various manifestations in skin, joints and other tissues ...

Medicina

The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current estimates put the prevalence of amblyopia at approximately 1-3%1-3, the majority of cases being monocular2. Amblyopia is most frequently caused by ocular misalignment (strabismus), blur induced by unequal refractive error (anisometropia), and in some cases by form deprivation.
Although amblyopia is initially caused by abnormal visual input in infancy, once established, the visual deficit often remains when normal visual input has been restored using surgery and/or refractive correction. This is because amblyopia is the result of abnormal visual cortex development rather than a problem with the amblyopic eye itself4,5 . Amblyopia is characterized by both monocular and binocular deficits6,7 which include impaired visual acuity and poor or absent stereopsis respectively. The visual dysfunction in amblyopia is often associated with a strong suppression of the inputs from the amblyopic eye under binocular viewing conditions8. Recent work has indicated that suppression may play a central role in both the monocular and binocular deficits associated with amblyopia9,10 .
Current clinical tests for suppression tend to verify the presence or absence of suppression rather than giving a quantitative measurement of the degree of suppression. Here we describe a technique for measuring amblyopic suppression with a compact, portable device11,12 . The device consists of a laptop computer connected to a pair of virtual reality goggles. The novelty of the technique lies in the way we present visual stimuli to measure suppression. Stimuli are shown to the amblyopic eye at high contrast while the contrast of the stimuli shown to the non-amblyopic eye are varied. Patients perform a simple signal/noise task that allows for a precise measurement of the strength of excitatory binocular interactions. The contrast offset at which neither eye has a performance advantage is a measure of the "balance point" and is a direct measure of suppression. This technique has been validated psychophysically both in control13,14 and patient6,9,11 populations.
In addition to measuring suppression this technique also forms the basis of a novel form of treatment to decrease suppression over time and improve binocular and often monocular function in adult patients with amblyopia12,15,16 . This new treatment approach can be deployed either on the goggle system described above or on a specially modified iPod touch device15.

Amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex that is often accompanied by strong suppression of one eye. We present a new technique for measuring and treating interocular suppression in patients with amblyopia that can be deployed using virtual reality goggles or a portable iPod Touch device.

A Medição e Tratamento de Supressão de ambliopia

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current ...

A Simple Method of Mouse Lung Intubation

A simple procedure to intubate mice for pulmonary function measurements would have several advantages in longitudinal studies with limited numbers or expensive animal. One of the reasons that this is not done more routinely is that it is relatively difficult, despite there being several published studies that describe ways to achieve it. In this paper we demonstrate a procedure that eliminates one of the major hurdles associated with this intubation, that of visualizing the trachea during the entire time of intubation. The approach uses a 0.5 mm fiberoptic light source that serves as an introducer to direct the intubation cannula into the mouse trachea. We show that it is possible to use this procedure to measure lung mechanics in individual mice over a time course of at least several weeks. The technique can be set up with relatively little expense and expertise, and it can be routinely accomplished with relatively little training. This should make it possible for any laboratory to routinely carry out this intubation, thereby allowing longitudinal studies in individual mice, thereby minimizing the number of mice needed and increasing the statistical power by using each mouse as its own control.

This paper describes a striaghforward and efficient method of intubating mice for pulmonary function measurements or pulmonary instillation, that allows the mice to recover and be studied at later times. The procedure involves an inexpensive fiberoptic light source that directly illuminates the trachea.

Um método simples de intubação Lung Rato

A  simple procedure to intubate mice for pulmonary function measurements would  have several advantages in longitudinal studies with limited numbers or  ...

Isolating and Using Sections of Bovine Mesenteric Artery and Vein as a Bioassay to Test for Vasoactivity in the Small Intestine

Mammalian gastrointestinal systems are constantly exposed to compounds (desirable and undesirable) that can have an effect on blood flow to and from that system. Changes in blood flow to the small intestine can result in effects on the absorptive functions of the organ. Particular interest in toxins liberated from feedstuffs through fermentative and digestive processes has developed in ruminants as an area where productive efficiencies could be improved. The video associated with this article describes an in vitro bioassay developed to screen compounds for vasoactivity in isolated cross-sections of bovine mesenteric artery and vein using a multimyograph. Once the blood vessels are mounted and equilibrated in the myograph, the bioassay itself can be used: as a screening tool to evaluate the contractile response or vasoactivity of compounds of interest; determine the presence of receptor types by pharmacologically targeting receptors with specific agonists; determine the role of a receptor with the presence of one or more antagonists; or determine potential interactions of compounds of interest with antagonists. Through all of this, data are collected real-time, tissue collected from a single animal can be exposed to a large number of different experimental treatments (an in vitro advantage), and represents vasculature on either side of the capillary bed to provide an accurate picture of what could be happening in the afferent and efferent blood supply supporting the small intestine.

The small intestine is frequently exposed to toxins that can influence blood flow and negatively impact nutrient absorption. Using a multimyograph and mesenteric artery and vein isolates, compounds or toxins of interest can be screened for vasoactivity.

Isolando e com cortes de bovinos artéria e veia mesentérica como Bioassay teste para vasoactividade no intestino delgado

Mammalian gastrointestinal systems are constantly exposed to compounds (desirable and undesirable) that can have an effect on blood flow to and from that ...

A Simple Mechanical Procedure to Create Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency in Mouse

Limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) is a state of malfunction or loss of limbal epithelial stem cells, after which the corneal epithelium is replaced with conjunctiva. Patients suffer from recurrent corneal defects, pain, inflammation, and loss of vision.
Previously, a murine model of LSCD was described and compared to two other models. The goal was to produce a consistent mouse model of LSCD that both mimics the phenotype in humans and lasts long enough to make it possible to study the disease pathophysiology and to evaluate new treatments. Here, the technique is described in more detail.
A motorized tool with a rotating burr has been designed to remove the rust rings from the corneal surface or to smooth the pterygium bed in patients. It is a suitable device to create the desired LSCD model. It is a readily available, easy-to-use tool with a fine tip that makes it appropriate for working on small eyes, as in mice. Its application prevents unnecessary trauma to the eye and it does not result in unwanted injuries, as often is the case with chemical injury models. As opposed to a blunt scraper, it removes the epithelium with the basement membrane. In this protocol, the limbal area was abraded two times, and then the whole corneal epithelium was shaved from limbus to limbus. To avoid stroma injury, care was taken not to brush the corneal surface once the epithelium was already removed.

The following article provides an easy, reproducible technique to effectively create a sustainable mouse model of limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD). This animal model is useful in testing and comparing the efficacy of treatments for limbal stem cell diseases.

Um procedimento mecânico simples de criar Limbal Deficiência Stem Cell no mouse

Limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) is a state of malfunction or loss of limbal epithelial stem cells, after which the corneal epithelium is replaced with ...

Ultrasound-guided Intracardiac Injection of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Increase Homing to the Intestine for Use in Murine Models of Experimental Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Crohn&#39;s disease (CD) is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the small and large intestines. Murine and human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have immunosuppressive potential and have been shown to suppress inflammation in mouse models of intestinal inflammation, even though the route of administration can limit their homing and effectiveness 1,3,4,5. Local application of MSCs to colonic injury models has shown greater efficacy at ameliorating inflammation in the colon. However, there is paucity of data on techniques to enhance the localization of human bone marrow-derived MSCs (hMSCs) to the small intestine, the site of inflammation in the SAMP-1/YitFc (SAMP) model of experimental Crohn&#39;s disease. This work describes a novel technique for the ultrasound-guided intracardiac injection of hMSCs in SAMP mice, a well-characterized spontaneous model of chronic intestinal inflammation. Sex- and age-matched, inflammation-free AKR/J (AKR) mice were used as controls. To analyze the biodistribution and the localization, hMSCs were transduced with a lentivirus containing a triple reporter. The triple reporter consisted of firefly luciferase (fl), for bioluminescent imaging; monomeric red fluorescent protein (mrfp), for cell sorting; and truncated herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (ttk), for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. The results of this study show that 24 h after the intracardiac administration, hMSCs localize in the small intestine of SAMP mice as opposed to inflammation-free AKR mice. This novel, ultrasound-guided injection of hMSCs in the left ventricle of SAMP mice ensures a high success rate of cell delivery, allowing for the rapid recovery of mice with minimal morbidity and mortality. This technique could be a useful method for the enhanced localization of MSCs in other models of small-intestinal inflammation, such as TNF&#916;RE6. Future studies will determine if the increased localization of hMSCs by intra-arterial delivery can lead to increased therapeutic efficacy.

Murine studies in models of colonic inflammation have demonstrated that a small percentage (1 - 5%) of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) injected intravenously or intraperitoneally home to the inflamed colon1,2. This study shows that ultrasound-guided intracardiac injections of MSCs result in increased localization to the intestine.

Guiada por ultra-som intracardíaca injeção de células-tronco mesenquimais humanas para aumentar Homing para o intestino para uso em modelos murino de doenças intestinais inflamatórias Experimental

Crohn&#39;s disease (CD) is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the small and large intestines. Murine and human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have ...

Ileectomy-induced Bile Overaccumulation in Mouse Intestine

Intestinal resection is a common therapeutic approach for human diseases such as obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, and colon cancer that often results in severe short bowel syndrome-like adverse effects including bile acid diarrhea, dehydration, electrolyte disturbances, and nutrient malabsorption. Here we introduce a murine ileal resection model, termed ileectomy, to evaluate tissue communication and the maintenance of systemic homeostasis. After ileal resection, circulating blood is permanently devoid of the ileum-specific endocrine hormone fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15), which releases its endocrinal inhibition of bile acid synthesis in the liver. In combination with the increased production and abolished reabsorption of bile acids after removing the ileum, mice that underwent surgery suffer from bile salt overaccumulation in the intestine and associated diarrhea, morbidity, and mortality. Novel usage of the surgery model introduced in this study may provide mechanistic and functional insights into ileal control of systemic metabolic regulation in physiology and disease.

Small intestine-dependent bile acid reabsorption and feedback inhibition of hepatic bile acid synthesis is important for systemic homeostasis and health. In this study, we describe a mouse model for ileal resection to evaluate ileectomy-induced bile malabsorption, overaccumulation, and toxicity in mouse intestine.

Overaccumulation induzida por Ileectomy biliares no intestino de rato

Intestinal resection is a common therapeutic approach for human diseases such as obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, and colon cancer ...

Mechanisms Underlying Gut Hormone Secretion Using the Isolated Perfused Rat Small Intestine

The gut is the largest endocrine organ of the body, producing more than 15 different peptide hormones that regulate appetite and food intake, digestion, nutrient absorption and distribution, and post-prandial glucose excursions. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate gut hormone secretion is fundamental for understanding and translating gut hormone physiology. Traditionally, the mechanisms underlying gut hormone secretion are either studied in vivo (in experimental animals or humans) or using gut hormone-secreting primary mucosal cell cultures or cell lines. Here, we introduce an isolated perfused rat small intestine as an alternative method for studying gut hormone secretion. The virtues of this model are that it relies on the intact gut, meaning that it recapitulates most of the physiologically important parameters responsible for the secretion in in vivo studies, including mucosal polarization, paracrine relationships and routes of perfusion/stimulus exposure. In addition, and unlike in vivo studies, the isolated perfused rat small intestine allows for almost complete experimental control and direct assessment of secretion. In contrast to in vitro studies, it is possible to study both the magnitude and the dynamics of secretion and to address important questions, such as what stimuli cause secretion of different gut hormones, from which side of the gut (luminal or vascular) is secretion stimulated, and to analyze in detail molecular sensors underlying the secretory response. In addition, the preparation is a powerful model for the study of intestinal absorption and details regarding the dynamics of intestinal absorption including the responsible transporters.

Here, we present a powerful and physiological model to study the molecular mechanisms underlying gut hormone secretion and intestinal absorption &#8212; the isolated perfused rat small intestine.

Os mecanismos subjacentes a secreção do hormônio Gut usando o isolado perfundido intestino de rato

The gut is the largest endocrine organ of the body, producing more than 15 different peptide hormones that regulate appetite and food intake, digestion, ...

A Modified Simple Method for Induction of Myocardial Infarction in Mice

Myocardial infarction (MI) represents one of the leading causes of death. MI models are widely used for investigating the pathomechanisms of post-MI remodeling and evaluation of novel therapeutics. Different methods (e.g., isoproterenol treatment, cryoinjury, coronary artery ligation, etc.) have been used to induce MI. Compared with isoproterenol treatment and cryoinjury, coronary artery ligation may better reflect the ischemic response and chronic remodeling after MI. However, traditional methods for coronary ligation in mice are technically challenging. The current study describes a simple and efficient process for induction of MI in mice with readily available materials. The mouse chest skin was cut open under stable anesthesia. The heart was immediately externalized through the intercostal space after blunt separation of the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor. The left anterior descending branch (LAD) was ligated with a 6-0 suture 3 mm from its origin. Following LAD ligation, staining with 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) indicated successful induction of MI and temporal changes of post-MI scar size. Meanwhile, survival analysis results showed overt mortality within 7 days after MI, mainly due to cardiac rupture. Moreover, post-MI echocardiographic assessment demonstrated successful induction of contractile dysfunction and ventricular remodeling. Once mastered, an MI model can be established in mice within 2-3 min with readily available materials.

Under adequate anesthesia, the mouse heart was externalized through the intercostal space, and myocardial infarction was successfully induced by ligating the left anterior descending artery (LAD) using materials readily available in most laboratories.

Um Método Simples Modificado para Indução de Infarto do Miocárdio em Camundongos

Myocardial infarction (MI) represents one of the leading causes of death. MI models are widely used for investigating the pathomechanisms of post-MI ...

Application of Optical Coherence Tomography to a Mouse Model of Retinopathy

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) offers a noninvasive method for the diagnosis of retinopathy. The OCT machine can capture retinal crosssectional images from which the retinal thickness can be calculated. Although OCT is widely used in clinical practice, its application in basic research is not as prevalent, especially in small animals such as mice. Because of the small size of their eyeballs, it is challenging to conduct fundus imaging examinations in mice. Therefore, a specialized retinal imaging system is required to accommodate OCT imaging on small animals. This article demonstrates a small-animal-specific system for OCT examination procedures and a detailed method for image analysis. The results of retinal OCT examination of very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (Vldlr) knockout mice and C57BL/6J mice are presented. The OCT images of C57BL/6J mice showed retinal layers, while those of Vldlr knockout mice showed subretinal neovascularization and retinal thinning. In summary, OCT examination could facilitate the noninvasive detection and measurement of retinopathy in mouse models.

Here, we describe an in vivo imaging technique using optical coherence tomography to facilitate the diagnosis and quantitative measurement of retinopathy in mice.

Aplicação da Tomografia de Coerência Óptica a um Modelo de Retinopatia de Rato

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) offers a noninvasive method for the diagnosis of retinopathy. The OCT machine can capture retinal crosssectional images ...