We thank the Northwestern University Mouse Histology and Phenotyping Laboratoryfor technical support and assistance, and Noboru Mizushima (University of Tokyo) for providing GFP-LC3 transgenic mice. A. R. and C. H. were supported by the startup funds from Northwestern University and the grant from National Institutes of Health (DK094980).

Todos os procedimentos envolvendo animais foram realizados de acordo com as diretrizes aprovadas pelo Comitê Animal Care Institucional e Use da Universidade Northwestern (IACUC). 1. mouse Models <ol><li> Use ratos 8-12 semanas de idade no treinamento físico. Para detectar autofagia induzida exercida in vivo, os ratinhos transgénicos usar GFP-LC3 (C57BL / 6, fundo) para estudos de imagiologia e murganhos C57BL / 6 para as análises bioquímicas. </li></ol> 2. Autophagy induzida pelo exercício <ol><li> Configuração de esteira - exercício forçado <ol><li> Aclimatar e treinar os ratos em um 10 ° esteira aberta para cima por 2 dias. No dia 1, exercer a ratos durante 5 min a 8 m / min, e no dia 2, exercer os ratos durante 5 min a 8 m / min, seguido por mais 5 min a 10 m / min 10. Incentivar os ratos para ser executado por cotovelada mão suave. </li><li> No 3º dia, deixou os ratos submetidos a uma única sessão de correr por 90 min no 10 ° subida esteira, starting a uma velocidade de 10 m / min. Após 40 minutos, aumente a velocidade da esteira a uma velocidade de 1 m / min a cada 10 min durante um total de 30 min, e em seguida aumentar a velocidade com a velocidade de 1 m / min a cada 5 minutos até atingir 17 m / min, para um total de 90 min de tempo de exercício e 1.070 metros de a distância de funcionamento. </li><li> Defina o estímulo elétrico na faixa de baixa intensidade (1,2 Hz), e incentivar os ratos que correr para evitar choques repetidos pé. </li><li> Para a coleta de tecidos, eutanásia os ratos por inalação de isoflurano, seguido por deslocamento cervical imediatamente após o exercício. Outros métodos de eutanásia aprovados também podem ser utilizados, tais como CO2 ou injecção IP de outros anestésicos. O nível de autofagia não parece ser afectado por métodos de eutanásia. </li></ol></li><li> Executar a instalação roda - exercício voluntário <ol><li> Coloque uma roda de execução do rato (11,4 cm de diâmetro) dentro de uma gaiola com um rato alojados individualmente. </li><li> Verificar a capacidade corrente e com uma conta-quilómetros de bicicleta.Configure o parâmetro de roda [distância (em mm) por rotação completa da roda] em 358 (11,4 * π). Medir a distância percorrida após 24 horas. </li><li> Deixe o mouse correr voluntariamente para 2 semanas com a roda de corrida. Para a coleta de tecidos, sacrificar o mouse na parte da manhã após o período de execução. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Autophagy Avaliação Flux <ol><li> Para medir o fluxo autofágica sob repouso e exercício condições, tratar ratos com a cloroquina inibidor autofagia por três dias e compará-los com os ratinhos tratados com PBS. <ol><li> Dissolve-se cloroquina em PBS (5 mg / ml), e injectar cloroquina em ratinhos por via intraperitoneal na dose de 50 mg / kg / dia durante três dias consecutivos. Sacrificar os ratinhos e recolhem tecidos de 3 horas após a última injecção. </li><li> Para ratinhos exercidas, o pré-tratamento com cloroquina-los durante dois dias consecutivos, a uma dose de 50 mg / kg / dia. No terceiro dia, injectar os ratinhos com a mesma concentração de cloroquina, e depois90 min deixá-los correr na esteira por mais 90 min. </li><li> Eutanásia os ratos por inalação de isoflurano, seguido por deslocação cervical. Recolhe tecidos imediatamente após a execução, de modo que o tempo total de incubação de cloroquina é o mesmo que o controlo (de repouso) ratinhos (3 h). NOTA: Como alternativa, usar uma única injecção de cloroquina para determinar o fluxo autofagia em tecidos de ratinho. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. Tissue Colheita e Fixação <ol><li> Antes da colheita de tecido preparar a solução salina tamponada com fosfato (PBS) e fresco a 4% de paraformaldeído (PFA, cuidado: equipamentos de protecção pessoal necessário) em PBS a um pH final de 7,4. Armazenar ambas as soluções a 4 ° C. </li><li> Encher 30 ml de seringa com 15 - 20 ml de 4% de PFA (para ratinhos GFP-LC3). Ligar a seringa com uma agulha G 20 cateter. </li><li> Depois do exercício, sacrificar os ratos por inalação de isoflurano, seguido por deslocação cervical. </li><li> Colocar o animal em uma superfície de trabalho limpa em seu back. Cortar e abrir a cavidade torácica, cortando o diafragma para expor o coração. </li><li> Fazer uma pequena incisão no fígado para permitir que o sangue sair, e injectar um total de 15 ml de 4% de PFA lentamente dentro do ventrículo direito do coração, através do cateter, até que o pulmão e fígado transformar completamente pálido. Perfundir o rato imediatamente após a sessão de exercício, usando uma bomba de seringa com um caudal constante de 90 ml / hr. </li><li> Após a perfusão, retire a agulha e recolher tecidos de interesse (por exemplo cerebrais 11 e no músculo esquelético). Para o músculo esquelético, dissecar vasto lateral. Resumidamente, puxar a pele da perna para trás para expor a musculatura, localizar os quadríceps 12, e dissecar vasto lateral, que é o músculo externo ligado à porção superior do osso femoral. </li><li> Para mais a fixação e a desidratação, colocar os tecidos de murganhos GFP-LC3 em PFA a 4% durante 24 h a 4 ° C, e, em seguida, transferi-los para 15%sacarose-PBS a 4 ° C durante a noite ou até que os tecidos tenham resolvido, e, em seguida, a 30% de sacarose-PBS a 4 ° C durante a noite ou durante mais tempo de armazenamento. Manter as amostras no escuro, tanto quanto possível uma vez que podem ser sensíveis a uma luz forte. </li><li> Para a análise Western Blot encaixe congelar os tecidos a partir de ratinhos C57BL / 6 directamente em azoto líquido, e armazená-las a -80 ° C. </li></ol> 5. Análise de Imagem de GFP-LC3 puncta <ol><li> processo de tecido <ol><li> Pré-tratamento dos tecidos (previamente fixas em PFA e armazenados em 30% de sacarose) em forma de incorporação tais como &quot;composto de temperatura óptima de corte&quot; (OCT) durante alguns minutos numa pequena placa de petri rotulados. </li><li> Transferir o tecido em um cryomold marcado contendo o suficiente fresco OCT para cobrir o tecido. Orient a superfície de corte para a parte inferior do cryomold (seção transversal para o músculo vasto lateral e corte sagital para o hemi-cérebro). Evitar a formação de bolhas. </li><li> freeze as amostras colocando a cryomold para poucos minutos em um aplicador coberto de espuma cheio de gelo seco, até que a OCT torna-se branca. Enrole amostras individuais em chapas marcadas, selá-los em um saco plástico, e armazená-los a -80 ° C durante a noite ou mais. </li><li> Use um criostato para cortar seções de amostra com uma espessura de 10 um, e montar as seções sobre os slides. Armazenar as lâminas a -20 ° C, e manter sempre as lâminas ao abrigo da luz, sempre que possível. </li></ol></li><li> preparação da lâmina <ol><li> Retirar as lâminas do congelador e descongelar-los à temperatura ambiente. Cobrir a secção de tecido com uma gota de meio de montagem com DAPI. Coloque uma lamela de tamanho adequado no topo e evitar a formação de bolhas. </li><li> Use unha polonês para selar as bordas da lamela, permitir que unha polonês para secar no escuro à temperatura ambiente, e, em seguida, armazenar as lâminas em um recipiente à prova de luz, a 4 ° C, ou prosseguir com captura de imagem de puncta GFP-LC3. </li></ol></li><li> &lt;strong&gt; Quantificação da GFP - LC3 puncta por microscopia de fluorescência <ol><li> Execute microscopia de epifluorescência, capturando imagens na mesma condição (de exposição e ajustes) para todas as amostras. Para GFP, usar um comprimento de onda de emissão de 525 nm; para DAPI, utilizar 490 nm. Adquirir, pelo menos, dez imagens por exemplo utilizando uma objectiva de 60X para vasto lateral e a região do córtex frontal do cérebro. </li><li> Quantificar o número de pontos lacrimais GFP-LC3 em uma área de tecido de 2,500 uM 2 em cada imagem para análise estatística, cego para os grupos experimentais. Calcule o número médio de 10 imagens de cada amostra, utilizando a função de medição automática de &quot;Contagem de Objetos&quot;. Definições para o músculo vasto lateral são: Limiar L = 10, H = 200; 2X suavizar; 1X limpo, e configurações para o córtex frontal do cérebro são: Limiar L = 11, H = 200; 2X suavizar; 1X limpo. </li></ol></li></ol> 6. Ocidental Análise Blot em Autophagy Markers <ol><li> &lt;strong&gt; processo Tissue <ol><li> Preparar o tampão de lise: Tris-HCl 50; NaCl 150 mM; EDTA 1 mM; 1% de Triton X-100; inibidor da protease e inibidores de fosfatase (recém-adicionado). </li><li> Remover o tecido de murganhos C57BL / 6 a partir de -80 ° C de armazenamento. Cortar o tecido muscular em pequenos pedaços com uma lâmina de barbear antes com o seguinte processo. Adicionar 800 uL (por hemi-cérebro), ou 500 ul (para vasto lateral) de tampão de lise frio para a amostra. Homogeneizar a amostra a 4 ° C com um homogeneizador a uma velocidade média. </li><li> Totalmente lisar a mistura homogeneizada durante mais 30 minutos a 1 hora a 4 ° C com rotação. </li><li> Girar o homogenato a 12.000 xg durante 10 min a 4 ° C, descartar o sedimento, e recolher o sobrenadante num novo tubo. </li></ol></li><li> análise de autofagia <ol><li> Determinar a concentração de proteína de lisados ​​de tecido, utilizando o kit de ensaio de BCA proteína de acordo com as especificações do fabricante. Normalizar cada amostraà mesma concentração. </li><li> Combinar a amostra com o tampão de amostra 2x Laemmli numa proporção de 1: 1, ferver a 95 ° C durante 5 - 10 min, e prosseguir com a análise de Western blot em autofagia marcadores 13, 14, tal como um anticorpo anti-p62 a p62 (, diluição de 1: 500) e anticorpo anti-LC3 LC3 (, diluição 1: 500). Ferver as amostras imediatamente após a adição do tampão de amostra, como mais tempo de incubação no gelo pode gerar múltiplas bandas degradadas de LC3. </li><li> Quantificar p62 e LC3 bandas por análise de densitometria usando ImageJ, e normalizar o valor para a banda de actina correspondente. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

A autofagia é um processo catabólico que fornece energia e reduz a citotoxicidade pela degradação lisossomal de componentes citoplasma ou organelas danificadas. Estudar a autofagia é importante compreender a regulação da homeostase celular e os mecanismos de resposta ao estresse. Novos modelos e metodologias estão a surgir no domínio da investigação 15, para estudar como autofagia deficiente contribui para inúmeros processos patológicos 16, <sup cla...

Autophagy é uma via de degradação evolutivamente conservada, a qual é induzida em resposta a diversas condições de stress tais como hipoxia fome e 1, 2. Durante a autofagia, vesículas de dupla membrana, chamada autofagossomas, incorporar componentes subcelulares desnecessários ou danificados e transportá-los para lisossomos para degradação 3. Autofagia basal é essencial para a função celular e desenvolvimento organismo, e autofagia basal prejudicada está implicada em muitas doenças, incluindo a neurodegeneração, tumorigénese e diabetes 4, 5, 6 do tipo 2. O indutor autofagia fisiológico mais conhecido é fome. No entanto, tem duas limitações principais. Em primeiro lugar, a fome leva um longo período para induzir eficazmente a autofagia em animais, por exemplo, 48 horas de restrição alimentar em ratosna maioria dos órgãos. Em segundo lugar, apenas induz inanição autofagia cérebro, devido a um fornecimento de nutrientes relativamente estável no cérebro. Na verdade, também é difícil de detectar indução autofagia por indutores de pequenas moléculas, como muitas drogas não pode passar a barreira hemato-encefálica. Assim, para analisar melhor a função de activação autofagia na patogênese da doença, descobrimos recentemente que o exercício é um método fisiológico mais potente para induzir autofagia num curto período de tempo de 7, 8, 9. Em comparação com a fome, a autofagia é efetivamente induzido pela esteira correndo tão rápido quanto 30 min. Assim, o exercício é uma abordagem conveniente e potente fisiológico para estudar o mecanismo de autofagia na mediação de benefícios para a saúde e prevenção de doenças. Existem vários marcadores proteicos para a detecção de actividade autofagia, incluindo LC3 e p62. LC3 (associada a microtúbulos de proteína 1A / 1B-luz cHain 3) é uma proteína citosólica (LC3-I formam) que é conjugado com PE (fosfatidiletanolamina) após indução autofagia. LC3 PE-lipidada (forma LC3-II) é recrutado para membranas autophagosomal e pode ser usado para visualizar autofagossomas quando marcado com GFP. A sua translocação para o citosol a partir de estruturas puntiformes de autofagossomas sob microscopia é uma indicação da indução autofagia. p62 é um receptor de carga para substratos autophagy (tais como proteínas de ubiquitinação), e é incorporado autofagossomas bem. Uma vez que a proteína é degradada em lisossomas, juntamente com autofagossomas, os seus níveis podem ser usadas para medir o fluxo de autofagia. Aqui nós mostramos como utilizar esses marcadores para quantificar a autofagia em diferentes tecidos de camundongos induzida por exercício aeróbico, incluindo exercício forçado (esteira) e exercício voluntário (rodas de correr). Os mesmos procedimentos podem também ser aplicados para a medição in vivo de autofagia após o tratamento de outros indutores.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Treadmill</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Columbus Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">150-RM Exer 3/6</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Mouse running wheel</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Super Pet</td>
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			<td>diameter 11.4 cm</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:247px;">Fluorescence microscope</td>
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			<td style="width:195px;">003737001 / Model: T10 Basic S1</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:247px;">Chloroquine</td>
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			<td style="width:204px;">SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
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			<td>Personal protection equipment required. This product may release formaldehyde gas, a chemical known to cause cancer</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">LC3 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Novus Biologicals</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">NB100-2220</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2X Laemmli Sample Buffer</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Bio-Rad Laboratories</td>
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activating autophagy by aerobic exercise in mice

Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway essential for cell homeostasis, function and differentiation. Under stress conditions, autophagy is induced and targets various cargos, such as bulk cytosol, damaged organelles and misfolded proteins, for degradation in lysosomes. Resulting nutrient molecules are recycled back to the cytosol for new protein synthesis and ATP production. Upregulation of autophagy has beneficial effects against the pathogenesis of many diseases, and pharmacological and physiological strategies to activate autophagy have been reported. Aerobic exercise is recently identified as an efficient autophagy inducer in multiple organs in mice, including muscle, liver, heart and brain. Here we show procedures to induce autophagy in vivo by either forced treadmill exercise or voluntary wheel running. We also demonstrate microscopic and biochemical methods to quantitatively analyze autophagy levels in mouse tissues, using the marker proteins LC3 and p62 that are transported to and degraded in lysosomes along with autophagosomes.

Este protocolo descreve dois métodos diferentes para induzir a autofagia em tecidos de camundongos por exercício aeróbico: um total de 90 min de exercício forçado em uma esteira multi-lane passou por dois dias de aclimatação; ou duas semanas de exercício voluntário em uma roda de corrida usados ​​por camundongos alojados individualmente. Em cada protocolo de exercício, podemos medir o fluxo autofagia por microscopia de fluorescência e análise western blot em vários órg?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Activating Autophagy by Aerobic Exercise in Mice at JoVE.com

Activating Autophagy by Aerobic Exercise in Mice

Autophagy activação é benéfico na prevenção de uma série de doenças. Uma das abordagens fisiológicas para induzir autofagia in vivo é o exercício físico. Aqui nós mostramos como ativar a autofagia pelo exercício aeróbico e medir os níveis de autofagia em camundongos.

Ativando Autophagy pelo exercício aeróbio em ratos

Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway essential for cell homeostasis, function and differentiation. Under stress conditions, autophagy is induced ...

activating-autophagy-by-aerobic-exercise-in-mice

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

11.7K visualizações.  Northwestern University.  Autophagy activação é benéfico na prevenção de uma série de doenças. Uma das abordagens fisiológicas para induzir autofagia in vivo é o exercício físico. Aqui nós mostramos como ativar a autofagia pelo exercício aeróbico e medir os níveis de autofagia em camundongos. 

Vídeo: Activating Autophagy by Aerobic Exercise in Mice

Agar-Block Microcosms for Controlled Plant Tissue Decomposition by Aerobic Fungi

The two principal methods for studying fungal biodegradation of lignocellulosic plant tissues were developed for wood preservative testing (soil-block; agar-block). It is well-accepted that soil-block microcosms yield higher decay rates, fewer moisture issues, lower variability among studies, and higher thresholds of preservative toxicity. Soil-block testing is thus the more utilized technique and has been standardized by American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (method D 1413-07). The soil-block design has drawbacks, however, using locally-variable soil sources and in limiting the control of nutrients external (exogenous) to the decaying tissues. These drawbacks have emerged as a problem in applying this method to other, increasingly popular research aims. These modern aims include degrading lignocellulosics for bioenergy research, testing bioremediation of co-metabolized toxics, evaluating oxidative mechanisms, and tracking translocated elements along hyphal networks. Soil-blocks do not lend enough control in these applications. A refined agar-block approach is necessary.
Here, we use the brown rot wood-degrading fungus Serpula lacrymans to degrade wood in agar-block microcosms, using deep Petri dishes with low-calcium agar. We test the role of exogenous gypsum on decay in a time-series, to demonstrate the utility and expected variability. Blocks from a single board rip (longitudinal cut) are conditioned, weighed, autoclaved, and introduced aseptically atop plastic mesh. Fungal inoculations are at each block face, with exogenous gypsum added at interfaces. Harvests are aseptic until the final destructive harvest. These microcosms are designed to avoid block contact with agar or Petri dish walls. Condensation is minimized during plate pours and during incubation. Finally, inoculum/gypsum/wood spacing is minimized but without allowing contact. These less technical aspects of agar-block design are also the most common causes of failure and the key source of variability among studies. Video publication is therefore useful in this case, and we demonstrate low-variability, high-quality results.

This video demonstrates a controlled environment approach to study degradation of lignocellulosic plant tissues by aerobic fungi. The ability to control nutrient sources and moisture is a key advantage of agar-block microcosms, but the approach often yields mixed success. We address critical pitfalls to yield reproducible, low-variability results.

Agar-Microcosmos Bloco de decomposição controlada de Tecidos Vegetais por fungos aeróbicos

The two principal methods for studying fungal biodegradation of lignocellulosic plant tissues were developed for wood preservative testing (soil-block; ...

Biologia

Determining the Contribution of the Energy Systems During Exercise

One of the most important aspects of the metabolic demand is the relative contribution of the energy systems to the total energy required for a given physical activity. Although some sports are relatively easy to be reproduced in a laboratory (e.g., running and cycling), a number of sports are much more difficult to be reproduced and studied in controlled situations. This method presents how to assess the differential contribution of the energy systems in sports that are difficult to mimic in controlled laboratory conditions. The concepts shown here can be adapted to virtually any sport.
The following physiologic variables will be needed: rest oxygen consumption, exercise oxygen consumption, post-exercise oxygen consumption, rest plasma lactate concentration and post-exercise plasma peak lactate. To calculate the contribution of the aerobic metabolism, you will need the oxygen consumption at rest and during the exercise. By using the trapezoidal method, calculate the area under the curve of oxygen consumption during exercise, subtracting the area corresponding to the rest oxygen consumption. To calculate the contribution of the alactic anaerobic metabolism, the post-exercise oxygen consumption curve has to be adjusted to a mono or a bi-exponential model (chosen by the one that best fits). Then, use the terms of the fitted equation to calculate anaerobic alactic metabolism, as follows: ATP-CP metabolism = A1 (mL . s-1) x t1 (s). Finally, to calculate the contribution of the lactic anaerobic system, multiply peak plasma lactate by 3 and by the athlete&#x2019;s body mass (the result in mL is then converted to L and into kJ).
The method can be used for both continuous and intermittent exercise. This is a very interesting approach as it can be adapted to exercises and sports that are difficult to be mimicked in controlled environments. Also, this is the only available method capable of distinguishing the contribution of three different energy systems. Thus, the method allows the study of sports with great similarity to real situations, providing desirable ecological validity to the study.

This protocol allows researchers focused on exercise and sports sciences to determine the relative contribution of three different energy systems to the total energy expenditure during a large variety of exercises.

Determinar a contribuição dos Sistemas de energia durante o exercício

One of the most important aspects of the metabolic demand is the relative contribution of the energy systems to the total energy required for a given ...

Transient Expression of Proteins by Hydrodynamic Gene Delivery in Mice

Efficient expression of transgenes in vivo is of critical importance in studying gene function and developing treatments for diseases. Over the past years, hydrodynamic gene delivery (HGD) has emerged as a simple, fast, safe and effective method for delivering transgenes into rodents. This technique relies on the force generated by the rapid injection of a large volume of physiological solution to increase the permeability of cell membranes of perfused organs and thus deliver DNA into cells. One of the main advantages of HGD is the ability to introduce transgenes into mammalian cells using naked plasmid DNA (pDNA). Introducing an exogenous gene using a plasmid is minimally laborious, highly efficient and, contrary to viral carriers, remarkably safe. HGD was initially used to deliver genes into mice, it is now used to deliver a wide range of substances, including oligonucleotides, artificial chromosomes, RNA, proteins and small molecules into mice, rats and, to a limited degree, other animals. This protocol describes HGD in mice and focuses on three key aspects of the method that are critical to performing the procedure successfully: correct insertion of the needle into the vein, the volume of injection and the speed of delivery. Examples are given to show the application of this method to the transient expression of two genes that encode secreted, primate-specific proteins, apolipoprotein L-I (APOL-I) and haptoglobin-related protein (HPR).

In vivo transfection of naked DNA by hydrodynamic gene delivery introduces genes into the tissue of an animal with minimal inflammatory response. Sufficient amounts of gene product are generated such that gene function and regulation as well as protein structure and function can be analyzed.

Expressão transiente de proteínas por hidrodinâmica Gene Entrega em Ratos

Efficient expression of transgenes in vivo is of critical importance in studying gene function and developing treatments for diseases. Over the past ...

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow

Through a delicate balance between quiescence and proliferation, self renewal and production of differentiated progeny, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) maintain the turnover of all mature blood cell lineages. The coordination of the complex signals leading to specific HSC fates relies upon the interaction between HSCs and the intricate bone marrow microenvironment, which is still poorly understood[1-2].
We describe how by combining a newly developed specimen holder for stable animal positioning with multi-step confocal and two-photon in vivo imaging techniques, it is possible to obtain high-resolution 3D stacks containing HSPCs and their surrounding niches and to monitor them over time through multi-point time-lapse imaging. High definition imaging allows detecting ex vivo labeled hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) residing within the bone marrow. Moreover, multi-point time-lapse 3D imaging, obtained with faster acquisition settings, provides accurate information about HSPC movement and the reciprocal interactions between HSPCs and stroma cells.
Tracking of HSPCs in relation to GFP positive osteoblastic cells is shown as an exemplary application of this method. This technique can be utilized to track any appropriately labeled hematopoietic or stromal cell of interest within the mouse calvarium bone marrow space.

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow

The nature of the interactions between hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and bone marrow niches is poorly understood. Custom hardware modifications and a multi-step acquisition protocol allow the use of two-photon and confocal microscopy to image ex vivo labeled HSPCs homed within bone marrow areas, tracking interactions and movement.

In Vivo Rastreamento 4-Dimensional de tronco hematopoéticas e células progenitoras em adultos mouse na calota craniana de Medula Óssea

Through a delicate balance between quiescence and proliferation, self renewal and production of differentiated progeny, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) ...

Analysis of Autophagy in Penicillium chrysogenum by Using Starvation Pads in Combination With Fluorescence Microscopy

The study of cellular quality control systems has emerged as a highly dynamic and relevant field of contemporary research. It has become clear that cells possess several lines of defense against damage to biologically relevant molecules like nucleic acids, lipids and proteins. In addition to organelle dynamics (fusion/fission/motility/inheritance) and tightly controlled protease activity, the degradation of surplus, damaged or compromised organelles by autophagy (cellular &#8216;self-eating&#8217;) has received much attention from the scientific community. The regulation of autophagy is quite complex and depends on genetic and environmental factors, many of which have so far not been elucidated. Here a novel method is presented that allows the convenient study of autophagy in the filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum. It is based on growth of the fungus on so-called &#8216;starvation pads&#8217; for stimulation of autophagy in a reproducible manner. Samples are directly assayed by microscopy and evaluated for autophagy induction / progress. The protocol presented here is not limited for use with P. chrysogenum and can be easily adapted for use in other filamentous fungi.

Analysis of Autophagy in Penicillium chrysogenum by Using Starvation Pads in Combination With Fluorescence Microscopy

A convenient and powerful method for studying autophagy in Penicillium chrysogenum by using starvation pads (mixtures of agarose and tap water in a microscope slide containing a central cavity) is presented here.

Análise de Autophagy em<em&gt; Penicillium chrysogenum</em&gt; Por a inanição Pads em combinação com microscopia de fluorescência

The study of cellular quality control systems has emerged as a highly dynamic and relevant field of contemporary research. It has become clear that cells ...

Fecal Glucocorticoid Analysis: Non-invasive Adrenal Monitoring in Equids

Adrenal activity can be assessed in the equine species by analysis of feces for corticosterone metabolites. During a potentially aversive situation, corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) is released from the hypothalamus in the brain. This stimulates the release of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland, which in turn stimulates release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal gland. In horses the glucocorticoid corticosterone is responsible for several adaptations needed to support equine flight behaviour and subsequent removal from the aversive situation. Corticosterone metabolites can be detected in the feces of horses and assessment offers a non-invasive option to evaluate long term patterns of adrenal activity. Fecal assessment offers advantages over other techniques that monitor adrenal activity including blood plasma and saliva analysis. The non-invasive nature of the method avoids sampling stress which can confound results. It also allows the opportunity for repeated sampling over time and is ideal for studies in free ranging horses. This protocol describes the enzyme linked immunoassay (EIA) used to assess feces for corticosterone, in addition to the associated biochemical validation.

Adrenal activity can be assessed in the equine species by analysis of feces for corticosterone metabolites. The method offers a non-invasive option to assess long term patterns in both domestic and free ranging horses. This protocol describes the enzyme linked immunoassay involved and the associated biochemical validation.

Fecal Análise de glicocorticóides: Non-invasive Monitoring Adrenal em eqüídeos

Adrenal activity can be assessed in the equine species by analysis of feces for corticosterone metabolites. During a potentially aversive situation, ...

Study of Protein-protein Interactions in Autophagy Research

Protein-protein interactions are important for understanding cellular signaling cascades and identifying novel pathway components and protein dynamics. The majority of cellular activities require physical interactions between proteins. To analyze and map these interactions, various experimental techniques as well as bioinformatics tools were developed. Autophagy is a cellular recycling mechanism that allows the cells to cope with different stressors, including nutrient deprivation, chemicals, and hypoxia. In order to better understand autophagy-related signaling events and to discover novel factors that regulate protein complexes in autophagy, we performed protein-protein interaction screens. Validation of these screening results requires the use of immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation techniques. In this system, specific autophagy-related protein-protein interactions that we discovered were tested in Neuro2A (N2A) and HEK293T cell lines. Details of the technical procedures used are explained in this visualized experiment paper.

Presented here are two antibody-based protein-protein interaction research techniques: immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation. These techniques are suitable for studying physical interactions between proteins for the discovery of novel components of cellular signaling pathways and for understanding protein dynamics.

Estudo das interações proteína-proteína em pesquisa de autofagia

Protein-protein interactions are important for understanding cellular signaling cascades and identifying novel pathway components and protein dynamics. ...

In Situ Immunofluorescent Staining of Autophagy in Muscle Stem Cells

Increasing evidence points to autophagy as a crucial regulatory process to preserve tissue homeostasis. It is known that autophagy is involved in skeletal muscle development and regeneration, and the autophagic process has been described in several muscular pathologies and age-related muscle disorders. A recently described block of the autophagic process that correlates with the functional exhaustion of satellite cells during muscle repair supports the notion that active autophagy is coupled with productive muscle regeneration. These data uncover the crucial role of autophagy in satellite cell activation during muscle regeneration in both normal and pathological conditions, such as muscular dystrophies. Here, we provide a protocol to monitor the autophagic process in the adult Muscle Stem Cell (MuSC) compartment during muscle regenerative conditions. This protocol describes the setup methodology to perform in situ immunofluorescence imaging of LC3, an autophagy marker, and MyoD, a myogenic lineage marker, in muscle tissue sections from control and injured mice. The methodology reported allows for monitoring the autophagic process in one specific cell compartment, the MuSC compartment, which plays a central role in orchestrating muscle regeneration.

In Situ Immunofluorescent Staining of Autophagy in Muscle Stem Cells

Active autophagy is associated with productive muscle regeneration, which is essential for Muscle Stem Cell (MuSC) activation. Here, we provide a protocol for the in situ detection of LC3, an autophagy marker in MyoD-positive MuSCs of muscle tissue sections from control and injured mice.

Coloração imunofluorescente in situ de autofagia em células estaminais musculares

Increasing evidence points to autophagy as a crucial regulatory process to preserve tissue homeostasis. It is known that autophagy is involved in skeletal ...

The Lactate Dehydrogenase Sequestration Assay &#8212; A Simple and Reliable Method to Determine Bulk Autophagic Sequestration Activity in Mammalian Cells

Bulk autophagy is characterized by the sequestration of large portions of cytoplasm into double/multi-membrane structures termed autophagosomes. Here a simple protocol to monitor this process is described. Moreover, typical results and experimental validation of the method under autophagy-inducing conditions in various types of cultured mammalian cells are provided. During bulk autophagy, autophagosomes sequester cytosol, and thereby also soluble cytosolic proteins, alongside other autophagic cargo. LDH is a stable and highly abundant, soluble cytosolic enzyme that is non-selectively sequestered into autophagosomes. The amount of LDH sequestration therefore reflects the amount of bulk autophagic sequestration. To efficiently and accurately determine LDH sequestration in cells, we employ an electrodisruption-based fractionation protocol that effectively separates sedimentable from cytosolic LDH, followed by measurement of enzymatic activity in sedimentable fractions versus whole-cell samples. Autophagic sequestration is determined by subtracting the proportion of sedimentable LDH in untreated cells from that in treated cells. The advantage of the LDH sequestration assay is that it gives a quantitative measure of the autophagic sequestration of endogenous cargo, as opposed to other methods that either involve ectopic expression of sequestration probes or semi-quantitative protease protection analyses of autophagy markers or receptors.

Here a simple and well-validated protocol for measuring bulk autophagic sequestration activity in mammalian cells is described. The method is based on quantifying the proportion of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in sedimentable cell fractions compared to total cellular LDH levels.

O ensaio de sequestro de lactato desidrogenase — Um método simples e confiável para determinar a atividade de Autophagic de sequestro em massa em células de mamíferos

Bulk autophagy is characterized by the sequestration of large portions of cytoplasm into double/multi-membrane structures termed autophagosomes. Here a ...

Micropuncture of Bowman's Space in Mice Facilitated by 2 Photon Microscopy

Renal micropuncture and renal 2-photon imaging are seminal techniques in renal physiology. However, micropuncture is limited by dependence on conventional microscopy to surface nephron features, and 2-photon studies are limited in that interventions can only be assessed at the organ, rather than the nephron level. In particular, micropuncture studies of the glomeruli of mice have been challenged by the paucity of surface glomeruli in mice. To address this limitation in order to pursue studies of aspirate from Bowman&#39;s space in mouse physiologic models, we developed 2-photon glomerular micropuncture. We present a novel surgical preparation that allows lateral access to the kidney while preserving the required vertical imaging column for 2-photon microscopy. Administration of high molecular weight fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran is used to render the renal vasculature and therefore glomeruli visible for 2-photon imaging. A quantum dot-coated pipette is then introduced under stereotactic guidance to a glomerulus selected from the several to many which may be visualized within the imaging window. In this protocol, we provide details of the preparation, materials, and methods necessary to carry out the procedure. This technique facilitates previously-impossible physiologic study of the kidney, including recovery of filtrate from Bowman&#39;s space and all segments of the nephron within the imaging depth limit, about 100 &#181;m below the renal capsule. Pressure, charge and flow may all be measured using the introduced pipette. Here, we provide representative data from liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry performed on aspirate from Bowman&#39;s space. We expect this technique to have wide applicability in renal physiologic investigation.

We present use of 2-photon microscopy to place a micropipette within Bowman&#39;s urinary space in mice, combining 2 foundational techniques of renal physiology. Use of 2-photon microscopy overcomes critical limitations of conventional microscopy for micropuncture renal physiology studies.

Micropunção do espaço de Bowman em camundongos facilitada pela microscopia de fóton 2

Renal micropuncture and renal 2-photon imaging are seminal techniques in renal physiology. However, micropuncture is limited by dependence on conventional ...