Este trabalho foi apoiado do VA Merit Review #I01 BX000760 (RFK) dos Estados Unidos (US) Departamento de veteranos assuntos BLR & D. O conteúdo deste trabalho não representam as opiniões dos E.U. departamento de assuntos de veteranos do governo dos Estados Unidos.

Todos os estudos em animais foram aprovados pelo cuidado de Animal institucional e comissões de utilização de a Minneapolis VA Medical Center e da Universidade de Minnesota. Siga orientações de institutos nacionais de saúde atuais para o uso e cuidados de animais de laboratório.
1. hibernação cirurgia
<ol><li>Preparação de animais<ol>
<li>Para criar um modelo de miocárdio em hibernação, uso 5 - semana de idade, do sexo feminino, os porcos de Yorkshire, que pesam na faixa de 8-10 kg com 9,2 kg como o peso médio.</li>
		<li>Para monitoramento de integridade pré-cirúrgica, pese o animal dentro de 3 dias antes da cirurgia.</li>
		<li>O animal está rápido para 12 h antes de iniciar a anestesia. Certifique-se de que a água está disponível em todos os momentos para animais jejum.</li>
		<li>Dê SR Buprenorphine 0,18 mg/kg IM 24 h antes da cirurgia.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>Indução<ol>
<li>Sede o animal com 6,6 mg/kg de tiletamina-eficiente e xilazina cocktail dado por via intramuscular. 5-15 min para a droga permita cocktail sejam efetivadas.</li>
		<li>Prepare a veia da orelha assepticamente por três vezes a limpar com álcool isopropílico a 70% para colocação do cateter IV. Nota: Se uma veia da orelha não é adequada, outra veia periférica pode ser usado (ou seja, cefálica).</li>
		<li>Aplica a pomada oftálmica de ambos os olhos para evitar a secura da córnea.</li>
		<li>Se necessário, induzir anestesia através da administração de 1-2 mg/kg de propofol IV ou mascarados com 3 L/min de oxigênio e 3% de isoflurano, para permitir a intubação traqueal. Nota: O animal é considerado devidamente anestesiado quando o piscar reflexo ou mandíbula Tom está ausente.</li>
		<li>Entube o animal com um tubo endotraqueal de tamanho apropriado.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>Cirurgia<ol>
<li>Uma vez que o animal é anestesiado, raspe a região torácica esquerda para a cirurgia.</li>
		<li>Inicie a ventilação mecânica em 10-15 respirações por min. Set oxigênio em 1-4 L/min e isoflurano entre 1,0 e 3,0% conforme necessário para manter um plano cirúrgico da anestesia.</li>
		<li>Coloque os dispositivos de monitoramento do animal. Dispositivos de monitorização devem incluir ECG, pressão arterial, temperatura e oxímetro de pulso.</li>
		<li>Conectar o cateter IV para um gotejamento IV com solução salina normal 0,9% a uma taxa de 5-10 mL/kg/h.</li>
		<li>Prepare assepticamente o lateral esquerdo do peito com um esfoliante cirúrgico aprovado pela FDA.</li>
		<li>Avaliar a profundidade da anestesia a cada 5-15 min. gravar os sinais vitais de base (frequência cardíaca, ECG, SpO2, NIBP, ETCO2 e temperatura) cada 15 min. Nota: O animal é considerado devidamente anestesiado quando o piscar reflexo ou mandíbula Tom está ausente.</li>
		<li>Com o animal deitado no seu lado direito, lugar estéril cortinas do lado esquerdo do peito da medula espinhal para a escápula, centrando-o terceiro espaço de costela no campo estéril. Nota: O campo estéril envolve ombro esquerdo dianteiro, incluindo a área axilar continuando cranialmente ao esterno ao espaço sexto costela.</li>
		<li>Esfregue suavemente o campo com um método cirúrgico aprovado pela FDA como gluconato de clorexidina ou um esfoliante cirúrgica de iodo por 2 min, usando um padrão de alvo.</li>
		<li>Enxaguar a área com água e lave-o duas vezes mais com um método aprovado pela FDA como acima de 2 min. Enxágue com água entre as lavagens, o campo cirúrgico e, em seguida, seque com esponjas de gaze estéril toalha ou 4 x 4 cm.</li>
		<li>Pulverizar a área com uma solução de iodo e cubra o animal inteiro (exceto o campo cirúrgico) com cortinas estéril. Use esterilização por vapor ou gás para esterilizar os instrumentos, vestidos e cortinas para o procedimento.</li>
		<li>Administre um bloqueio do nervo intercostal usando 0,3 mL de bupivacaina 0,5% na 2ª, 3ª e 4ª costelas.</li>
		<li>Dar 125 mg de cefazolina IV antes de abrir o peito. Nota: succinilcolina 1,5 mg/kg IV pode ser dada como um agente paralisante, para reduzir o movimento muscular por solicitação do cirurgião durante a abertura da cavidade torácica.</li>
		<li>Expor o coração através de uma toracotomia esquerda. Antes da manipulação de coração, dar um 2 mg/kg em bolus IV de lidocaína para prevenir a arritmia. Faça o 3º lateral espaço toracotomia incisão com eletrocautério monopolar. A incisão deve se estender do aspecto cranial da escápula à área axilar para aproximadamente 10 cm. Use uma cauterização a incisão da pele e musculatura subjacente para permitir a entrada na cavidade do peito.</li>
		<li>Coloque um retractor de costela finochietto e aceder ao espaço pleural no terceiro espaço intercostal para retrair o pulmão.</li>
		<li>Agudamente incisão no pericárdio e retrair-se para o lado usando suturas de estadia de Poliglactina 2-0, expondo o rapaz artéria e veia. Retrai o apêndice atrial esquerdo com um retractor de espátula cobertas de gaze.</li>
		<li>Usando uma tesoura de íris, abra adventitia sobre o rapaz.</li>
		<li>Sem rodeios, dissecar um aproximadamente 0,25 cm parte o rapaz artéria aproximadamente 1 cm distal à junção da artéria circunflexa e rapaz. Use uma pinça de ângulo reto para cercar o rapaz.</li>
		<li>Coloque duas suturas de poliéster de 4-0, em torno da artéria sem colocar qualquer tensão.</li>
		<li>Coloque um constrictor plástico em forma de c, com diâmetro interno de 1,5 mm sobre o rapaz proximal a primeira diagonal sem oclusão do navio.</li>
		<li>Fixe-o com 4-duas 0 gravatas poliéster circundando o rapaz.</li>
		<li>Vagamente feche o pericárdio usando sutura de Poliglactina 2-0 em um padrão simples interrompido.</li>
		<li>Execute uma preensão de respiração para retirar o ar do peito, enquanto a camada de músculo intercostal é fechada. Monitore cuidadosamente o manómetro de pressão de vias aéreas sobre a máquina de anestesia para manter a pressão em um intervalo adequado de 20-30 cm de água e solte quando completa. Nota: Isto elimina a necessidade de um tubo torácico no período pós-operatório.</li>
		<li>Feche as camadas de músculo e pele na moda padrão usando sutura absorvível 2-0 e 3-0.</li>
		<li>Use adesivo de pele sobre a incisão para fechamento da pele.</li>
		<li>Administre uma dose total de bupivacaína 1 mg/kg por via intramuscular em vários locais ao longo do comprimento da incisão no final do procedimento. Administrar meloxicam 0,2 mg/kg SQ antes do transporte para a área de recuperação.</li>
		<li>Desmame o animal fora do ventilador como a camada de pele é fechada.</li>
		<li>Deixe o animal ligado à máquina anestesia até poder respirar espontaneamente e protetoras reflexos começam a retornar.</li>
		<li>Não remova o tubo endotraqueal até que o animal pode engolir para proteger suas vias aéreas.</li>
		<li>Aplique um curativo estéril, não aderente com pomada de antibiótico triplo sobre a incisão.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>Pós-operatório<ol>
<li>Gravar o ritmo cardíaco, taxa de respiração, temperatura corporal e mucosas de cor cada 15 min até que o animal pode ter uma posição esternal sem ajuda.</li>
		<li>Não abandone o animal até que ele pode levantar e segurar sua cabeça para cima e pode ficar sem assistência.</li>
		<li>Dê o meloxicam (0,2 mg/kg) por via subcutânea.</li>
		<li>Administre a liberação sustentada buprenorfina 6 h após a dose inicial pré-cirúrgica.</li>
		<li>Deixe o curativo na incisão por até 3 dias, se ele permanece limpo e seco. Substitua o molho se ficar sujo.</li>
		<li>Monitore o nível de dor, bem-estar geral e a condição da incisão para 5 dias após o procedimento. Nota: Escala de careta Leitão está agora disponível para avaliar o nível de dor nesses animais post-operatively14. Use meia dose de meloxicam conforme necessário, uma vez por dia para a dor de avanço.</li>
		<li>Single-casa do animal durante o período de recuperação de 5 dias para limitar a atividade e permitir que a ferida curar.</li>
		<li>Permita a 8 semanas para se desenvolver plenamente o fenótipo de miocárdio em hibernação.</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>2. revascularização ou do bomba Bypass
<ol><li>Preparação de animais<ol>
<li>Pese o animal dentro de 3 dias antes da cirurgia.</li>
		<li>O animal está rápido para 12 h antes da cirurgia. Certifique-se de que a água está disponível em todos os momentos para animais jejum.</li>
		<li>Dar liberação sustentada buprenorfina 0,18 mg/kg por via intramuscular, 24 h antes da cirurgia.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Indução<ol>
<li>Sede o animal com cocktail de tiletamina-eficiente/xilazina 6,6 mg/kg por via intramuscular. 5-15 min após a sedação, preparar a veia da orelha assepticamente para colocação do cateter. Nota: Se uma veia da orelha não é adequada, outra veia periférica pode ser usado (ou seja, cefálica).</li>
		<li>Aplica a pomada oftálmica de ambos os olhos.</li>
		<li>Induzi a anestesia com 1-2 mg/kg de propofol IV.</li>
		<li>Entube o animal com um tubo endotraqueal de tamanho apropriado.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Cirurgia<ol>
<li>Raspe do animal esterno, lateral esquerdo do peito e triângulos femorais para a cirurgia.</li>
		<li>Conjunto de ventilação mecânica para 10-15 respirações por minuto, oxigênio em 1-4 L/min e isoflurano em 1.0-3.0% conforme necessário para manter um plano cirúrgico da anestesia.</li>
		<li>Posicionar os equipamentos de monitoramento (frequência cardíaca, ECG, SpO2, diretos de pressão arterial, temperatura e ETCO2 ) do animal.</li>
		<li>Conecte o cateter IV um gotejamento IV com solução salina normal ou LRS.</li>
		<li>Assepticamente, prepare a pele com esfoliante de iodo povidona ou outro método aprovado pela FDA.</li>
		<li>Avalie o animal para a profundidade da anestesia. Nota: O animal é considerado anestesiados profundamente quando o olho ou mandíbula reflexo é ausente.</li>
		<li>Posicionar o animal dorsalmente, prepare a pele como descrita anteriormente e cubra o animal com toalhas estéreis.</li>
		<li>Execute um corte até a artéria femoral e canulação. Use o eletrocautério monopolar para criar uma incisão de pele a aproximadamente 3 cm sobre a artéria femoral para expô-la para canulação.</li>
		<li>Execute um bloqueio do nervo femoral após a incisão é feita, para permitir uma colocação precisa de drogas. Conecte a cânula femoral a um transdutor para monitorar a pressão arterial durante a cirurgia.</li>
		<li>Use o electro-cauterização para entalhar do manúbrio ao processo xifoide, bem como para entalhar o muscular, adiposo e tecido conjuntivo ao nível do esterno.</li>
		<li>Divida o esterno com uma serra oscilatória. Nota: Usar uma oscilação viu, ao invés de uma padrão Serra de esterno evita potencial lesão miocárdica de aderências pericárdicas como resultado a toracotomia para colocação de constrictor sobre o rapaz.</li>
		<li>Administre lidocaína (dose de carregamento de 2 mg/kg IV, 50 µ g/kg/min em infusão IV contínua) para evitar arritmias. Dilua a lidocaína em um saco de 500 mL de solução salina em uma concentração de 1 mg/mL.</li>
		<li>Divida a placa esternal posterior com tesoura de Mayo reta.</li>
		<li>Use um afastador de peito para expor a cavidade torácica.</li>
		<li>Derrube as aderências com electro-cauterização monopolar.</li>
		<li>Usando o mesmo retractor, com suave elevação da borda esternal esquerda por um assistente, disse a artéria mamária interna esquerda livre da parede torácica.</li>
		<li>Controle os ramos arteriais com hemoclips.</li>
		<li>Heparinize o animal com 100-300 unidades/kg de heparina IV.</li>
		<li>Depois de 3 min, dividir a artéria com extremidade distal mais costurados. Prepare a extremidade proximal para enxertia.</li>
		<li>Abra e retire o pericárdio. Confirme que o comprimento da LIMA é adequado para alcançar anastomótico apropriado sobre o rapaz.</li>
		<li>Executar a LIMA para anastomose rapaz com sutura de polipropileno de 7-0 usando uma bomba de fora técnica com um estabilizador cardíaco, mola de forma e tamanho adequado intraluminal dispositivos.</li>
		<li>Coloque um tubo torácico entre as costelas no peito lateral esquerdo, exteriorizado e anexado a vácuo para remover o ar da cavidade torácica por 15-30 min.</li>
		<li>Aproxima o esterno com suturas de poliéster #5 usando um padrão de número oito.</li>
		<li>Feche o músculo, camadas da pele e subcutâneas da forma usual como descrito na cirurgia hibernação. Remova o tubo torácico durante a execução de uma manobra de Valsalva para remover todo o ar residual da cavidade torácica e fechar a incisão com sutura de uma pele.</li>
		<li>Aplique o adesivo de pele sobre a pele para proteger a incisão esternal. Delicadamente, retire o cateter femoral e reparar a artéria usando sutura de polipropileno de 7-0 em um padrão de sequência de caracteres de bolsa. Feche a pele usando sutura de Poliglactina 2-0 em um padrão subcuticular.</li>
		<li>Administre uma dose total de bupivacaína 1 mg/kg por via intramuscular em vários locais ao longo do comprimento da incisão no final do procedimento.</li>
		<li>Administrar meloxicam 0,2 mg/kg por via subcutânea antes do transporte para a área de recuperação.</li>
		<li>Siga o protocolo pós-operatório no processo de hibernação.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

<ol>
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Aqui, nós mostramos que nosso modelo suíno de HM imita a experiência clínica de pacientes com doença de nave única com precisão e função ventricular esquerda preservada. Antes da revascularização, animais com único navio HM exibem comprometimento mínimo na função global, medido pela fração de ejeção, mas mostrar redução significativa no espessamento da parede regional. Após a revascularização, imagem latente da CMR em um ou três meses de recuperação demonstra preservada patência viabilidade e ...

Doença cardíaca coronariana (CHD) afeta cerca de 15,5 milhões pessoas no Estados Unidos 1 e é uma das principais causas de morte globalmente. Enquanto a taxa de mortalidade associada com CHD diminuiu nos últimos anos, a incidência e a carga sobre o sistema de saúde e pacientes permanecem alta 1. Tratamento primário de CAD grave é a revascularização, que melhora a sobrevivência e reduz a angina,2,3,4. No entanto, muitas vezes função cardíaca permanece deprimida, especialmente sob carga de trabalho aumentada e pode progredir para insuficiência cardíaca5,6. Ensaios clínicos de cirurgia de bypass de artéria coronária (CABG) por isquemia crônica demonstram melhoria na sobrevivência e sintomas, mas a ejeção fração mostra melhorias apenas modesta de 8-10% 7,8. Nosso modelo inovador e bem caracterizadas suína de isquemia miocárdica crônica é um modelo de CAD clínica com estenose vascular progressiva. Temos demonstrado reduzida contratilidade miocárdica resultante da redução gradual no fluxo de sangue 9. O miocárdio é que não infarto e pode permanecer viável neste cenário. Recuperação é possível, embora os resultados são variáveis, mesmo com revascularização oportuna. Cronicamente caracterizou-se pela redução do fluxo sanguíneo miocárdio isquêmico que permanece viável e função em repouso com reserva contrátil retido foi denominada HM e tratamento requer CABG. Embora a revascularização de HM deve restaurar a função contrátil, observações experimentais e clínicas demonstram que a recuperação é incompleta8,10.
HM é caracterizada pela presença de viável ainda disfuncional miocárdio na presença de redução de fluxo de sangue regional11. Apesar de prejudicada contratilidade e atividade metabólica em repouso, HM é capaz de demonstrar a reserva funcional e metabólica sob estimulação inotrópica12. HM, é suspeito de a maioria dos pacientes com DAC e engloba um amplo espectro de doenças. Neste protocolo, demonstramos nosso modelo estabelecido suína de HM contornado com a artéria mamária interna esquerda (LIMA) a artéria de rapaz que imita o cenário clínico. Os suínos fornecem um excelente modelo de doença cardíaca sobre outros animais de grandes porte como eles não tem colaterais pontes Epicárdica. Isso permite que a estenose do menino sozinho para resultar em isquemia regional13.
Aqui, descrevemos o método cirúrgico de induzir miocárdio hibernando em suínos criando single-navio estenose na artéria do rapaz. Uma vez que a isquemia crônica foi estabelecida (8 semanas pós implante de constrictor rapaz), descrevemos o método para recriar o tratamento clínico para HM em nosso modelo de suínos: uma bomba revascularização enxerto. Estes métodos cirúrgicos podem ser usados para estudar não só um modelo clinicamente relevante de isquemia cardíaca crônica, mas também para investigar os efeitos de uma cirurgia de bypass na isquemia cardíaca, bem como testar potenciais terapias alternativas ou adjuvante para isquemia cardíaca.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1155px;" width="1154">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Bair Hugger</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">3M</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Model 505</td>
			<td style="width:468px;">Patient Warming system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">SR Buprenorphine 10 mg/mL</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Abbott Labs</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">NADA 141-434</td>
			<td>Post operative Analgesic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Surgical Spring Clip</td>
			<td>Applied Medical</td>
			<td>A1801</td>
			<td>Clamp end of LIMA after takedown</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Arterial Line Kit</td>
			<td>Arrow</td>
			<td>ASK-04510-HF</td>
			<td>Femoral catheter for blood pressure monitoring</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">1000mL 0.9% Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Baxter</td>
			<td>2B1324X</td>
			<td>IV replacement fluid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">250 mL 0.9% saline</td>
			<td>Baxter</td>
			<td>&#160;UE1322D</td>
			<td>Replacement IV Fluid&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">500mL 0.9% Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Baxter</td>
			<td>2B1323Q</td>
			<td>Drug delivery, Provide mist for Blower Mister</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Flo-thru 1.0</td>
			<td>Baxter</td>
			<td>FT-12100</td>
			<td>used to anastomos LIMA to L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Flo-thru 1.25</td>
			<td>Baxter</td>
			<td>FT-12125</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Flo-thru 1.5</td>
			<td>Baxter</td>
			<td>FT-12150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Flo-thru 2.0</td>
			<td>Baxter</td>
			<td>FT-12200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Cloroprep</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Becton Dickenson</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">260815</td>
			<td>Surgical skin prep</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Meloxicam</td>
			<td>Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc.</td>
			<td>0010-6013-01</td>
			<td>NSAID for analgesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Hypafix</td>
			<td>BSN Medical</td>
			<td>4210</td>
			<td>Secure wound dressing and IV catheters</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">IV Tubing for Blower Mister</td>
			<td>Carefusion</td>
			<td>42493E</td>
			<td>Adapts to IV Fluids for Blower/Mister</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Bovie Cautery hand piece&#160;</td>
			<td>Covidien</td>
			<td>E2516</td>
			<td>Hemostasis&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Chest Tube</td>
			<td>Covidien</td>
			<td>8888561043</td>
			<td>Evacuates air from chest cavity&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Monopolar Cautery&#160;</td>
			<td>Covidien</td>
			<td>Valleylab FT10</td>
			<td>Hemostasis&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Telpha pad</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Covidien</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">2132</td>
			<td>Sterile wound dressing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">4-0 Tevdek II Strands</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Deknatel</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">7-922</td>
			<td>Suture to secure constrictor around LAD</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Propofol</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Diprivan</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">269-29</td>
			<td>Induction agent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">&#160;long blade for laryngoscope&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">DRE</td>
			<td>12521</td>
			<td>Allows for visualization of trachea for intubation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">ECG Pads</td>
			<td>DRE</td>
			<td>1496</td>
			<td>Monitor heart rhythm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">laryngoscope&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">DRE</td>
			<td>12515</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Anesthesia Machine + ventilator</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">DRE Drager- Fabius Tiro</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">DRE0603FT</td>
			<td>Deliver Oxygen and inhalant to patient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">&#160;5 Ethibond&#160;</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>MG46G</td>
			<td>Suture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">0 Vicryl</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>J208H</td>
			<td>Suture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">2-0 Vicryl</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>J317H</td>
			<td>Suture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">3-0 Vicryl</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>VCP824G</td>
			<td>Suture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">7-0 Prolene</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>M8702</td>
			<td>Suture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Dermabond</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Ethicon</td>
			<td>DNX12</td>
			<td>Skin adhesive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Ligaclips</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>MSC20</td>
			<td>Surgical Staples for LIMA takedown</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Sterile Saline 20 mL</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>20T700220</td>
			<td>Flush for IV catheters</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Telazol 100 mg/mL</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Fort Dodge</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">01L60030</td>
			<td>Pre operative Sedative</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Triple Antibiotic Ointment</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Johnson &#38; Johnson</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">23734</td>
			<td>Topical over wound</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">6.0 mm ID endotracheal tube</td>
			<td>Mallinckrodt</td>
			<td>86049</td>
			<td>Establish airway for Revasc,MRI and Termination</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">1&#34; medical tape</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Medline</td>
			<td>MMM15271Z</td>
			<td>Secure wound dressing and IV catheters</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">4.0 mm ID endotracheal tube</td>
			<td>Medline</td>
			<td>DYND43040</td>
			<td>Establish airway for Hibernation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">4.5 mm ID endotracheal tube</td>
			<td>Medline</td>
			<td>DYND43045</td>
			<td>Establish airway for Hibernation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">5.0 mm ID endotracheal tube</td>
			<td>Medline</td>
			<td>DYND43050</td>
			<td>Establish airway for Hibernation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">6.5 mm ID endotracheal tube</td>
			<td>Medline</td>
			<td>DYND43065</td>
			<td>Establish airway for Revasc,MRI and Termination</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">7.0 mm ID endotracheal tube</td>
			<td>Medline</td>
			<td>DYND43070</td>
			<td>Establish airway for Revasc,MRI and Termination</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:261px;">Bair Hugger Blanket -&#160; Large size, underbody</td>
			<td>Medline</td>
			<td>AUG55501</td>
			<td>Patient Warming system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Basic pack</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Medline</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">DYNJP1000</td>
			<td>Sterile drapes and table cover</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Bone Wax</td>
			<td>Medline</td>
			<td>ETHW31G</td>
			<td>Hemostasis of cut bone</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Suction&#160; tubing</td>
			<td>Medline</td>
			<td>DYND50223</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Suction Container&#160;</td>
			<td>Medline</td>
			<td>DYNDCL03000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">1 mL Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Medtronic/Covidien</td>
			<td>1188100777</td>
			<td>Administer injectable agents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">12 mL Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Medtronic/Covidien</td>
			<td>8881512878</td>
			<td>Administer injectable agents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">20 mL Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Medtronic/Covidien</td>
			<td>8881520657</td>
			<td>Administer injectable agents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">3 mL Syinge</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Medtronic/Covidien</td>
			<td>1180300555</td>
			<td>Administer injectable agents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">6&#160; mL Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Medtronic/Covidien</td>
			<td>1180600777</td>
			<td>Administer injectable agents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">60 mL Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Medtronic/Covidien</td>
			<td>8881560125</td>
			<td>Administer injectable agents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Blower Mister Kit</td>
			<td>Medtronic/Covidien</td>
			<td>22120</td>
			<td>Clears surgical field for vessel anastomosis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Roncuronium</td>
			<td>Mylan</td>
			<td>67457-228-05</td>
			<td>Neuromuscular blocking agent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;"># 40 clipper blade</td>
			<td>Oster</td>
			<td>078919-016-701</td>
			<td>Remove hair from surgery sites</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Hair Clipper</td>
			<td>Oster</td>
			<td>078566-011-002</td>
			<td>Remove hair from surgery sites</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bupivicaine</td>
			<td>Pfizer</td>
			<td>00409-1161-01</td>
			<td>Local Anesthetic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Cephazolin</td>
			<td>Pfizer</td>
			<td>00409-0805-01</td>
			<td>Antibiotic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Heparin&#160;</td>
			<td>Pfizer</td>
			<td>&#160;0409-2720-03</td>
			<td>anticoaggulant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Lidocaine 2%</td>
			<td>Pfizer</td>
			<td>00409-4277-01</td>
			<td>Local Anesthetic/ antiarrthymic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Succinylcholine 20 mg/mL</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Pfizer</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">00409-6629-02</td>
			<td>Neuromuscular blocking agent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Anesthesia Monitor</td>
			<td>Phillips&#160; Intellivue&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">MP70&#160;</td>
			<td>Supports ventilation with inhalant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Artificial Tears</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Rugby</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">0536-1086-91</td>
			<td>Lubricate eyes to prevent corneal drying</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Buprenorphine 0.3 mg/mL</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">B9275</td>
			<td>Pre operative Analgesic for survivial procedures</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">CDS019936</td>
			<td>General Anesthestic- Inhalant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">36&#8221; Pressure monitoring tubing</td>
			<td>Smith&#8217;s Medical</td>
			<td>MX563</td>
			<td>Connect art. Line&#160; to transducer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">48&#8221; Pressure monitoring tubing</td>
			<td>Smith&#8217;s Medical</td>
			<td>MX564</td>
			<td>Connect art. Line&#160; to transducer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Jelco 18 ga IV catheter&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Smiths medical</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">4054</td>
			<td>IV access in Revasc, MRI and Term</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Jelco 20 ga IV catheter</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Smiths medical</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">4059</td>
			<td>IV access in the MRI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Jelco 22 ga&#160; IV catheter</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Smiths medical</td>
			<td>4050</td>
			<td>IV access in Hibernation Procedure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">OPVAC Synergy II</td>
			<td>Terumo Cardiovascular System</td>
			<td>401-230</td>
			<td>Heart positioner and Stabilizer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Sternal Saw/ Necropsy Saw</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>812822</td>
			<td>Used to open chest cavity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Delrin Constrictor</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">U of MN</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Custom made</td>
			<td>Creates stenosis of LAD</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Oxygen Tank E cylinder</td>
			<td>various</td>
			<td>various</td>
			<td>Used for Blower Mister if anesthesia machine doesn&#39;t have auxiliary flow meter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Pressure Transducer</td>
			<td>various</td>
			<td>Must adapt to anesthesia monitor</td>
			<td>Monitor direct arterial pressures</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Xylazine 100 mg/mL</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Vedco</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">468RX</td>
			<td>Pre operative Sedative/ analgesic</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

surgical swine model of chronic cardiac ischemia treated by off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery

Isquemia cardíaca crônica que prejudica a função cardíaca, mas não resulta em infarto, é denominada miocárdio em hibernação (HM). Um grande subconjunto clínico de (CAD) coronariopatas ter HM, que além de causar a função prejudicada, os coloca em maior risco de arritmia e futuros eventos cardíacos. O tratamento padrão para esta condição é a revascularização, mas isto foi mostrado para ser uma terapia imperfeita. A maioria de pesquisa pré-clínica cardíaca centra-se em modelos de infarto de isquemia cardíaca, deixando este subconjunto de pacientes de isquemia crônica largamente subatendidas. Para resolver esta lacuna na pesquisa, desenvolvemos um modelo bem caracterizado e altamente reprodutível do miocárdio em hibernação em suínos, como suína é os modelos de translação ideais para a doença de coração humano. Além de criar este modelo exclusivo da doença, otimizamos a um modelo de tratamento clinicamente relevantes da cirurgia de bypass da artéria coronária em suínos. Isso nos permite com precisão estudar os efeitos de uma cirurgia de bypass na doença cardíaca, bem como investigar terapias complementares ou alternativas. Esse modelo induz cirurgicamente estenose única nave implantando um constrictor na esquerda artéria descendente anterior (LAD) em um porco jovem. Como cresce o porco, a constrictor cria uma estenose gradual, resultando em isquemia crônica com insuficiência regional, mas preservando a viabilidade do tecido. Na sequência do estabelecimento do fenótipo miocárdio hibernando, realizamos a cirurgia de bypass coronário bomba para revascularize da região isquêmica, imitando o padrão-ouro de tratamento para pacientes na clínica.

Após a cirurgia inicial de hibernação, estenose superior a 70% deve ser capaz de ser observada por clínicas técnicas de imagem como a angiografia ou cardíaco MRI (Figura 1A). 8 semanas após a aplicação cirúrgica de constrictor rapaz, análise da função regional por eco ou ressonância magnética cardíaca revela função reduzida sob maior carga de trabalho (Figura 2). Isso pode ser testado, estimulan...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Surgical Swine Model of Chronic Cardiac Ischemia Treated by Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery at JoVE.com

Surgical Swine Model of Chronic Cardiac Ischemia Treated by Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery

Este protocolo apresenta um modelo animal grande cirúrgico de isquemia crônica, o único navio que resulta em anormalidades regionais, mas não cria infarto, conhecido como miocárdio em hibernação. Após o estabelecimento da isquemia crônica, os animais são tratados com bomba LIMA-rapaz artéria coronária cirurgia de bypass para revascularize o tecido isquêmico.

Modelo de suíno cirúrgico da isquemia cardíaca crônica, tratado pela cirurgia de Bypass coronário de bomba

Chronic cardiac ischemia that impairs cardiac function, but does not result in infarct, is termed hibernating myocardium (HM). A large clinical subset of ...

surgical-swine-model-chronic-cardiac-ischemia-treated-off-pump

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

9.4K visualizações.  University of Minnesota. Este protocolo apresenta um modelo animal grande cirúrgico de isquemia crônica, o único navio que resulta em anormalidades regionais, mas não cria infarto, conhecido como miocárdio em hibernação. Após o estabelecimento da isquemia crônica, os animais são tratados com bomba LIMA-rapaz artéria coronária cirurgia de bypass para revascularize o tecido isquêmico.

Vídeo: Surgical Swine Model of Chronic Cardiac Ischemia Treated by Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery

A Swine Model of Neonatal Asphyxia

Annually more than 1 million neonates die worldwide as related to asphyxia. Asphyxiated neonates commonly have multi-organ failure including hypotension, perfusion deficit, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, pulmonary hypertension, vasculopathic enterocolitis, renal failure and thrombo-embolic complications. Animal models are developed to help us understand the patho-physiology and pharmacology of neonatal asphyxia. In comparison to rodents and newborn lambs, the newborn piglet has been proven to be a valuable model. The newborn piglet has several advantages including similar development as that of 36-38 weeks human fetus with comparable body systems, large body size (&tilde;1.5-2 kg at birth) that allows the instrumentation and monitoring of the animal and controls the confounding variables of hypoxia and hemodynamic derangements.
We here describe an experimental protocol to simulate neonatal asphyxia and allow us to examine the systemic and regional hemodynamic changes during the asphyxiating and reoxygenation process as well as the respective effects of interventions. Further, the model has the advantage of studying multi-organ failure or dysfunction simultaneously and the interaction with various body systems. The experimental model is a non-survival procedure that involves the surgical instrumentation of newborn piglets (1-3 day-old and 1.5-2.5 kg weight, mixed breed) to allow the establishment of mechanical ventilation, vascular (arterial and central venous) access and the placement of catheters and flow probes (Transonic Inc.) for the continuously monitoring of intra-vascular pressure and blood flow across different arteries including main pulmonary, common carotid, superior mesenteric and left renal arteries. Using these surgically instrumented piglets, after stabilization for 30-60 minutes as defined by Z&lt;10% variation in hemodynamic parameters and normal blood gases, we commence an experimental protocol of severe hypoxemia which is induced via normocapnic alveolar hypoxia. The piglet is ventilated with 10-15% oxygen by increasing the inhaled concentration of nitrogen gas for 2h, aiming for arterial oxygen saturations of 30-40%. This degree of hypoxemia will produce clinical asphyxia with severe metabolic acidosis, systemic hypotension and cardiogenic shock with hypoperfusion to vital organs. The hypoxia is followed by reoxygenation with 100% oxygen for 0.5h and then 21% oxygen for 3.5h. Pharmacologic interventions can be introduced in due course and their effects investigated in a blinded, block-randomized fashion.

Large animal models have good translational values in the examination of physiology and pharmacology of neonatal asphyxia. Using newborn piglets, we develop an experimental protocol to simulate neonatal asphyxia which has advantages of studying the systemic and regional hemodynamics, oxygen transport with biochemical and pathologic pathways and correlations.

Um Modelo de Suínos de asfixia neonatal

Annually more than 1 million neonates die worldwide as related to asphyxia. Asphyxiated neonates commonly have multi-organ failure including hypotension, ...

Medicina

Implantation of Inferior Vena Cava Interposition Graft in Mouse Model

Biodegradable scaffolds seeded with bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMCs) are often used for reconstructive surgery to treat congenital cardiac anomalies. The long-term clinical results showed excellent patency rates, however, with significant incidence of stenosis. To investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of vascular neotissue formation and prevent stenosis development in tissue engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs), we developed a mouse model of the graft with approximately 1 mm internal diameter. First, the TEVGs were assembled from biodegradable tubular scaffolds fabricated from a polyglycolic acid nonwoven felt mesh coated with &#949;-caprolactone and L-lactide copolymer. The scaffolds were then placed in a lyophilizer, vacuumed for 24 hr, and stored in a desiccator until cell seeding. Second, bone marrow was collected from donor mice and mononuclear cells were isolated by density gradient centrifugation. Third, approximately one million cells were seeded on a scaffold and incubated O/N. Finally, the seeded scaffolds were then implanted as infrarenal vena cava interposition grafts in C57BL/6 mice. The implanted grafts demonstrated excellent patency (&#62;90%) without evidence of thromboembolic complications or aneurysmal formation. This murine model will aid us in understanding and quantifying the cellular and molecular mechanisms of neotissue formation in the TEVG.

To improve our knowledge of cellular and molecular neotissue formation, a murine model of the TEVG was recently developed. The grafts were implanted as infrarenal vena cava interposition grafts in C57BL/6 mice. This model achieves similar results to those achieved in our clinical investigation, but over a far shortened time-course.

Implantação de Veia Cava Inferior interposição de enxerto no Rato Modelo

Biodegradable scaffolds seeded with bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMCs) are often used for reconstructive surgery to treat congenital cardiac anomalies. ...

Evaluation of a Novel Laser-assisted Coronary Anastomotic Connector - the Trinity Clip - in a Porcine Off-pump Bypass Model

To simplify and facilitate beating heart (i.e., off-pump), minimally invasive coronary artery bypass surgery, a new coronary anastomotic connector, the Trinity Clip, is developed based on the excimer laser-assisted nonocclusive anastomosis technique. The Trinity Clip connector enables simplified, sutureless, and nonocclusive connection of the graft to the coronary artery, and an excimer laser catheter laser-punches the opening of the anastomosis. Consequently, owing to the complete nonocclusive anastomosis construction, coronary conditioning (i.e., occluding or shunting) is not necessary, in contrast to the conventional anastomotic technique, hence simplifying the off-pump bypass procedure. Prior to clinical application in coronary artery bypass grafting, the safety and quality of this novel connector will be evaluated in a long-term experimental porcine off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) study. In this paper, we describe how to evaluate the coronary anastomosis in the porcine OPCAB model using various techniques to assess its quality. Representative results are summarized and visually demonstrated.

This paper describes a novel nonocclusive coronary anastomotic connector in a porcine off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) model. This easy-to-use coronary connector has intrinsic potential to facilitate minimally invasive OPCAB surgery.

Avaliação de uma nova Laser-assistida Coronary Anastomotic Connector - Trindade Clip - em um modelo de Bypass Porcina Off-bomba

To simplify and facilitate beating heart (i.e., off-pump), minimally invasive coronary artery bypass surgery, a new coronary anastomotic connector, the ...

Ultrasound Based Assessment of Coronary Artery Flow and Coronary Flow Reserve Using the Pressure Overload Model in Mice

Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTDE) is a clinically useful, noninvasive tool for studying coronary artery flow velocity and coronary flow reserve (CFR) in humans. Reduced CFR is accompanied by marked intramyocardial and pericoronary fibrosis and is used as an indication of the severity of dysfunction. This study explores, step-by-step, the real-time changes measured in the coronary flow velocity, CFR and systolic to diastolic peak velocity (S/D) ratio in the setting of an aortic banding model in mice. By using a Doppler transthoracic imaging technique that yields reproducible and reliable data, the method assesses changes in flow in the septal coronary artery (SCA), for a period of over two weeks in mice, that previously either underwent aortic banding or thoracotomy. 
During imaging, hyperemia in all mice was induced by isoflurane, an anesthetic that increased coronary flow velocity when compared with resting flow. All images were acquired by a single imager. Two ratios, (1) CFR, the ratio between hyperemic and baseline flow velocities, and (2) systolic (S) to diastolic (D) flow were determined, using a proprietary software and by two independent observers. Importantly, the observed changes in coronary flow preceded LV dysfunction as evidenced by normal LV mass and fractional shortening (FS). 
The method was benchmarked against the current gold standard of coronary assessment, histopathology. The latter technique showed clear pathologic changes in the coronary artery in the form of peri-coronary fibrosis that correlated to the flow changes as assessed by echocardiography. 
The study underscores the value of using a non-invasive technique to monitor coronary circulation in mouse hearts. The method minimizes redundant use of research animals and demonstrates that advanced ultrasound-based indices, such as CFR and S/D ratios, can serve as viable diagnostic tools in a variety of investigational protocols including drug studies and the study of genetically modified strains.

Coronary flow reserve (CFR) is useful for assessment of myocardial oxygen demand and evaluation of cardiovascular risk. This study establishes a step-by-step transthoracic Doppler echocardiographic (TTDE) method for longitudinal monitoring of the changes in CFR, as measured from coronary artery in mice, under the experimental pressure overload of aortic banding.

Avaliação ultra-som base de Artéria Coronária Flow e Fluxo Coronariano Reserve Usando o modelo de sobrecarga de pressão no Mice

Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTDE) is a clinically useful, noninvasive tool for studying coronary artery flow velocity and coronary flow ...

Vein Interposition Model: A Suitable Model to Study Bypass Graft Patency

Bypass grafting is an established treatment method for coronary artery disease. Graft patency continues to be the Achilles heel of saphenous vein grafts. Research models for bypass graft failure are essential for a better understanding of pathobiological and pathophysiological processes during graft patency loss. Large animal models, such as pigs or sheep, resemble human anatomical structures but require special facilities and equipment. This video describes a rat vein interposition model to investigate vein graft patency loss. Rats are inexpensive and easy to handle. Compared to mouse models, the convenient size of rats permits better operability and enables a sufficient amount of material to be obtained for further diverse analysis. In brief, the inferior epigastric vein of a donor rat is harvested and used to replace a segment of the femoral artery. Anastomosis is conducted via single stitches and sealed with fibrin glue. Graft patency can be monitored non-invasively using duplex sonography. Myointimal hyperplasia, which is the main cause for graft patency loss, develops progressively over time and can be calculated from histological cross sections.

This video demonstrates a model to study the development of myointimal hyperplasia after venous interposition surgery in rats.

Veia Interposição Modelo: Um modelo adequado para estudar Bypass Graft Perviedade

Bypass grafting is an established treatment method for coronary artery disease. Graft patency continues to be the Achilles heel of saphenous vein grafts. ...

A Chronic Cardiac Ischemia Model in Swine Using an Ameroid Constrictor

Cardiovascular disease remains the number one cause of mortality in the United States. There are numerous approaches to treating these diseases, but regardless of the approach, an in vivo model is needed to test each treatment. The pig is one of the most used large animal models for cardiovascular disease. Its heart is very similar in anatomy and function to that of a human. The ameroid placement technique creates an ischemic area of the heart, which has many useful applications in studying myocardial infarction. This model has been used for surgical research, pharmaceutical studies, imaging techniques, and cell therapies.
There are several ways of inducing an ischemic area in the heart. Each has its advantages and disadvantages, but the placement of an ameroid constrictor remains the most widely used technique. The main advantages to using the ameroid are its prevalence in existing research, its availability in various sizes to accommodate the anatomy and size of the vessel to be constricted, the surgery is a relatively simple procedure, and the post-operative monitoring is minimal, since there are no external devices to maintain. This paper provides a detailed overview of the proper technique for the placement of the ameroid constrictor.

The purpose of this protocol is to demonstrate the placement of a delayed constricting device (an ameroid constrictor) around a coronary artery in a swine model. This device creates an ischemic area of the heart that is useful for studying new diagnostic imaging techniques and new methods of treatment.

Um modelo de isquemia cardíaca crônica em suínos, usando um Ameroid Constrictor

Cardiovascular disease remains the number one cause of mortality in the United States. There are numerous approaches to treating these diseases, but ...

Tachycardia-Induced Cardiomyopathy As a Chronic Heart Failure Model in Swine

A stable and reliable model of chronic heart failure is required for many experiments to understand hemodynamics or to test effects of new treatment methods. Here, we present such a model by tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy, which can be produced by rapid cardiac pacing in swine.
A single pacing lead is introduced transvenously into fully anaesthetized healthy swine, to the apex of the right ventricle, and fixated. Its other end is then tunneled dorsally to the paravertebral region. There, it is connected to an in-house modified heart pacemaker unit that is then implanted in a subcutaneous pocket. 
After 4 - 8 weeks of rapid ventricular pacing at rates of 200 - 240 beats/min, physical examination revealed signs of severe heart failure - tachypnea, spontaneous sinus tachycardia, and fatigue. Echocardiography and X-ray showed dilation of all heart chambers, effusions, and severe systolic dysfunction. These findings correspond well to decompensated dilated cardiomyopathy and are also preserved after the cessation of pacing.
This model of tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy can be used for studying the pathophysiology of progressive chronic heart failure, especially hemodynamic changes caused by new treatment modalities like mechanical circulatory supports. This methodology is easy to perform and the results are robust and reproducible.

Here, we present a protocol to produce tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy in swine. This model represents a potent way to study the hemodynamics of progressive chronic heart failure and the effects of applied treatment.

Cardiomiopatia induzida por taquicardia como um modelo de insuficiência cardíaca crônica em suínos

A stable and reliable model of chronic heart failure is required for many experiments to understand hemodynamics or to test effects of new treatment ...

Brachial Artery Catheterization in Swine

The video describes in detail the catheterization of the distal brachial artery in swine. This technique enables researchers to measure arterial blood pressure continuously and collect arterial blood samples to assess arterial blood gas measurements. Arterial blood pressures and arterial blood gases are important physiological parameters to monitor during experimental procedures. In swine, four common methods of arterial catheterization have been described, including catheterization of the carotid, femoral, auricular, and medial saphenous arteries. Each of these techniques have advantages, such as ease of access for the auricular artery, and disadvantages that include deep tissue dissection for carotid artery catheterization. The described alternative method of arterial catheterization in swine, the catheterization of the distal aspect of the brachial artery, is a rapid procedure that requires relatively minimal tissue dissection and provides information that is in line with data collected from other arterial catheterization sites. The procedure uses a medial approach along an oblique plane of the lower brachium, positioned between the olecranon and the flexor aspect of the elbow joint, and this approach allows researchers the major advantage of unimpeded freedom for procedures that involve the caudoventral, caudodorsal back, or hind limbs of the pig. Due to the location of the upper forelimb of the catheterized vessel and potential challenges of effective homeostasis following catheter removal from the artery, this technique may be limited to non-recovery procedures.

The video describes in detail the catheterization of the distal brachial artery in swine. This procedure accurately measures arterial blood pressure and is a simple and fast method to collect samples for arterial blood gas measurements.

Cateterização da artéria braquial em suínos

The video describes in detail the catheterization of the distal brachial artery in swine. This technique enables researchers to measure arterial blood ...

Murine Myocardial Infarction Model using Permanent Ligation of Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery

Myocardial infarction (MI) and acute coronary diseases are among the most prominent causes of death in population with western lifestyle. The murine models of MI with permanent ligation of left-anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery closely mimics MI in humans. Murine models benefit from the extensive genetic engineering available nowadays. Here we propose a reproducible murine surgical model of myocardial infarction by permanent LAD coronary ligation. Our technique comprises anesthesia with ketamine/xylazine that can be rapidly reversed by administration of an antagonist, intubation without tracheotomy for mechanical-assisted ventilation, ventilation with application of extrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) to avoid alveolar collapse, a thoracotomy method limiting to the minimum surgical lesions made to skeletal muscles, and lung inflation without thoracentesis. This method is sparsely invasive, reproducible and reduces post-surgery mortality and complications.

Herein we describe a surgical procedure showing how to achieve permanent ligation of the left-anterior descending coronary artery in mice. This model is of high relevance to investigate the pathophysiology of myocardial infarction and the concomitant biological processes.

Modelo de infarto do miocárdio murino usando ligadura permanente da artéria coronária descendente anterior esquerda

Myocardial infarction (MI) and acute coronary diseases are among the most prominent causes of death in population with western lifestyle. The murine ...

A Large Animal Model for Acute Kidney Injury by Temporary Bilateral Renal Artery Occlusion

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with higher risk for morbidity and mortality post-operatively. Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is the most common cause of AKI. To mimic this clinical scenario, this study presents a highly reproducible large animal model of renal IRI in swine using temporary percutaneous bilateral balloon-catheter occlusion of the renal arteries. The renal arteries are occluded for 60 min by introducing the balloon-catheters through the femoral and carotid artery and advancing them into the proximal portion of the arteries. Iodinated contrast is injected in the aorta to assess any opacification of the kidney vessels and confirm the success of the artery occlusion. This is furtherly confirmed by the flattening of the pulse waveform at the tip of the balloon catheters. The balloons are deflated and removed after 60 min of bilateral renal artery occlusion, and the animals are allowed to recover for 24 h. At the end of the study, plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen significantly increase, while eGFR and urine output significantly decrease. The need for iodinated contrast is minimal and does not affect renal function. Bilateral renal artery occlusion better mimics the clinical scenario of perioperative renal hypoperfusion, and the percutaneous approach minimizes the impact of the inflammatory response and the risk of infection seen with an open approach, such as a laparotomy. The ability to create and reproduce this clinically relevant swine model eases the clinical translation to humans.

This study presents a highly reproducible large animal model of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in swine using temporary percutaneous bilateral balloon-catheter occlusion of the renal arteries for 60 min and reperfusion for 24 h.

Um grande modelo animal para lesão renal aguda por oclusão bilateral temporária da artéria renal

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with higher risk for morbidity and mortality post-operatively. Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is the most ...