We thank Drs. Christopher Moraes and Stephen A. Morin for their support for device design and fabrication. This study was supported by Bioengineering for Human Health grant from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL) and the University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), and grant AR070242 from the NIH/NIAMS. We thank Janice A. Taylor and James R. Talaska of the Advanced Microscopy Core Facility at the University of Nebraska Medical Center for providing assistance with confocal microscopy.

NOTE: Wear personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and lab coat for every step in this protocol.
1. Master mold fabrication
NOTE: Perform step 1.1 - 1.3 in a fume hood.
<ol>
	<li>Glass treatment 
	NOTE: Wear a face shield, gloves, and a lab coat for step 1.1.
	<ol>
		<li>Make Piranha solution (60 mL) by mixing sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with a volume ratio of 3:1. 
		CAUTION: ...

<ol>
	<li>Lu, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidic+shear+devices+for+quantitative+analysis+of+cell+adhesion.">Microfluidic shear devices for quantitative analysis of cell adhesion.</a> Analytical Chemistry. 76 (18), 5257-5264 (2004).</li><li>Malek, A. M., Izumo, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanism+of+endothelial+cell+shape+change+and+cytoskeletal+remodeling+in+response+to+fluid+shear+stress.">Mechanism of endothelial cell shape change and cytoskeletal remodeling in response to fluid shear stress.</a> Journal of Cell Science. 109 (4), 713-726 (1996).</li><li>Paguirigan, A. L., Beebe, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidics+meet+cell+biology:+bridging+the+gap+by+validation+and+application+of+microscale+techniques+for+cell+biological+assays.">Microfluidics meet cell biology: bridging the gap by validation and application of microscale techniques for cell biological assays.</a> BioEssays. 30 (9), 811-821 (2008).</li><li>Garc&#237;a-Carde&#241;a, G., Comander, J., Anderson, K. R., Blackman, B. R., Gimbrone, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biomechanical+activation+of+vascular+endothelium+as+a+determinant+of+its+functional+phenotype.">Biomechanical activation of vascular endothelium as a determinant of its functional phenotype.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98 (8), 4478-4485 (2001).</li><li>Huh, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reconstituting+organ-level+lung+functions+on+a+chip.">Reconstituting organ-level lung functions on a chip.</a> Science. 328 (5986), 1662-1668 (2010).</li><li>Moraes, C., Chen, J. H., Sun, Y., Simmons, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfabricated+arrays+for+high-throughput+screening+of+cellular+response+to+cyclic+substrate+deformation.">Microfabricated arrays for high-throughput screening of cellular response to cyclic substrate deformation.</a> Lab on a Chip. 10 (2), 227-234 (2010).</li><li>Moraes, C., Wang, G., Sun, Y., Simmons, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+microfabricated+platform+for+high-throughput+unconfined+compression+of+micropatterned+biomaterial+arrays.">A microfabricated platform for high-throughput unconfined compression of micropatterned biomaterial arrays.</a> Biomaterials. 31 (3), 577-584 (2010).</li><li>Sundararaghavan, H. G., Monteiro, G. A., Firestein, B. L., Shreiber, D. 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L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+dynamic+loading+reduces+bone+growth+without+histomorphometric+changes+of+the+growth+plate.">In vivo dynamic loading reduces bone growth without histomorphometric changes of the growth plate.</a> Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 32 (9), 1129-1136 (2014).</li><li>Robling, A. G., Duijvelaar, K. M., Geevers, J. V., Ohashi, N., Turner, C. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulation+of+appositional+and+longitudinal+bone+growth+in+the+rat+ulna+by+applied+static+and+dynamic+force.">Modulation of appositional and longitudinal bone growth in the rat ulna by applied static and dynamic force.</a> Bone. 29 (2), 105-113 (2001).</li><li>Sergerie, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth+plate+explants+respond+differently+to+in+vitro+static+and+dynamic+loadings.">Growth plate explants respond differently to in vitro static and dynamic loadings.</a> Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 29 (4), 473-480 (2011).</li><li>Valteau, B., Grimard, G., Londono, I., Moldovan, F., Villemure, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+dynamic+bone+growth+modulation+is+less+detrimental+but+as+effective+as+static+growth+modulation.">In vivo dynamic bone growth modulation is less detrimental but as effective as static growth modulation.</a> Bone. 49 (5), 996-1004 (2011).</li><li>Walsh, A. J. L., Lotz, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biological+response+of+the+intervertebral+disc+to+dynamic+loading.">Biological response of the intervertebral disc to dynamic loading.</a> Journal of Biomechanics. 37 (3), 329-337 (2004).</li><li>Zimmermann, E. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+deformation+of+growth+plate+chondrocytes+in+stress-controlled+static+vs+dynamic+compression.">In situ deformation of growth plate chondrocytes in stress-controlled static vs dynamic compression.</a> Journal of Biomechanics. 56, 76-82 (2017).</li><li>Akyuz, E., Braun, J. T., Brown, N. A. T., Bachus, K. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Static+versus+dynamic+loading+in+the+mechanical+modulation+of+vertebral+growth.">Static versus dynamic loading in the mechanical modulation of vertebral growth.</a> Spine. 31 (25), E952-E958 (2006).</li><li>Alberty, A., Peltonen, J., Ritsil&#228;, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+distraction+and+compression+on+proliferation+of+growth+plate+chondrocytes:+A+study+in+rabbits.">Effects of distraction and compression on proliferation of growth plate chondrocytes: A study in rabbits.</a> Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 64 (4), 449-455 (1993).</li><li>Amini, S., Veilleux, D., Villemure, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+and+cellular+morphological+changes+in+growth+plate+explants+under+compression.">Tissue and cellular morphological changes in growth plate explants under compression.</a> Journal of Biomechanics. 43 (13), 2582-2588 (2010).</li><li>Aronsson, D. D., Stokes, I. A. F., Rosovsky, J., Spence, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+modulation+of+calf+tail+vertebral+growth:+implications+for+scoliosis+progression.">Mechanical modulation of calf tail vertebral growth: implications for scoliosis progression.</a> Journal of Spinal Disorders. 12 (2), 141-146 (1999).</li><li>Cancel, M., Grimard, G., Thuillard-Crisinel, D., Moldovan, F., Villemure, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+in+vivo+static+compressive+loading+on+aggrecan+and+type+II+and+X+collagens+in+the+rat+growth+plate+extracellular+matrix.">Effects of in vivo static compressive loading on aggrecan and type II and X collagens in the rat growth plate extracellular matrix.</a> Bone. 44 (2), 306-315 (2009).</li><li>Reich, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Weight+loading+young+chicks+inhibits+bone+elongation+and+promotes+growth+plate+ossification+and+vascularization.">Weight loading young chicks inhibits bone elongation and promotes growth plate ossification and vascularization.</a> Journal of Applied Physiology. 98 (6), 2381-2389 (2005).</li><li>Stokes, I. A., Mente, P. L., Iatridis, J. C., Farnum, C. E., Aronsson, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enlargement+of+growth+plate+chondrocytes+modulated+by+sustained+mechanical+loading.">Enlargement of growth plate chondrocytes modulated by sustained mechanical loading.</a> Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 84 (10), 1842-1848 (2002).</li><li>Stokes, I. A. F., Clark, K. C., Farnum, C. E., Aronsson, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alterations+in+the+growth+plate+associated+with+growth+modulation+by+sustained+compression+or+distraction.">Alterations in the growth plate associated with growth modulation by sustained compression or distraction.</a> Bone. 41 (2), 197-205 (2007).</li><li>Lee, D., Erickson, A., Dudley, A. 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T., Ryu, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pneumatic+microfluidic+cell+compression+device+for+high-throughput+study+of+chondrocyte+mechanobiology.">Pneumatic microfluidic cell compression device for high-throughput study of chondrocyte mechanobiology.</a> Lab on a Chip. 18 (14), 2077-2086 (2018).</li><li>Guilak, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Compression-induced+changes+in+the+shape+and+volume+of+the+chondrocyte+nucleus.">Compression-induced changes in the shape and volume of the chondrocyte nucleus.</a> Journal of Biomechanics. 28 (12), 1529-1541 (1995).</li><li>Knight, M. M., Ghori, S. A., Lee, D. A., Bader, D. 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Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+pneumatic+micro+cell+chip+for+the+differentiation+of+human+mesenchymal+stem+cells+under+mechanical+stimulation.">A pneumatic micro cell chip for the differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells under mechanical stimulation.</a> Lab on a Chip. 7 (12), 1775-1782 (2007).</li><li>Hosmane, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Valve-based+microfluidic+compression+platform:+single+axon+injury+and+regrowth.">Valve-based microfluidic compression platform: single axon injury and regrowth.</a> Lab on a Chip. 11 (22), 3888-3895 (2011).</li><li>Ho, K. K. Y., Wang, Y. L., Wu, J., Liu, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advanced+microfluidic+device+designed+for+cyclic+compression+of+single+adherent+cells.">Advanced microfluidic device designed for cyclic compression of single adherent cells.</a> Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 6 (148), (2018).</li><li>Seo, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interconnectable+dynamic+compression+bioreactors+for+combinatorial+screening+of+cell+mechanobiology+in+three+dimensions.">Interconnectable dynamic compression bioreactors for combinatorial screening of cell mechanobiology in three dimensions.</a> ACS Applied Materials &amp; Interfaces. 10 (16), 13293-13303 (2018).</li><li>Erickson, A. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+tunable,+three-dimensional+in+Vitro+culture+model+of+growth+plate+cartilage+using+alginate+hydrogel+acaffolds.">A tunable, three-dimensional in Vitro culture model of growth plate cartilage using alginate hydrogel acaffolds.</a> Tissue Engineering Part A. 24 (1-2), 94-105 (2018).</li><li>Lee, D., Rahman, M. M., Zhou, Y., Ryu, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+confocal+microscopy+indentation+method+for+hydrogel+elasticity+measurement.">Three-dimensional confocal microscopy indentation method for hydrogel elasticity measurement.</a> Langmuir. 31 (35), 9684-9693 (2015).</li><li>Johnston, I. D., McCluskey, D. K., Tan, C. K. L., Tracey, M. 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To test the effects of compressive stress on growth plate chondrocytes, we developed the microfluidic chondrocyte compression device (Figure 1) to apply various levels of compressive stress to the chondrocytes in the alginate hydrogel scaffold for 3D culture in high throughput ways. To assist other researchers to adopt our device or to develop similar devices, we provided details of the device fabrication steps in this protocol article.
The crucial steps in this p...

Micro-engineered platforms are valuable tools for studying the molecular, cellular, and tissue level biology because they enable dynamic control of both the physical and chemical microenvironments1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8. Thus, multiple hypotheses can be simultaneously tested in a tightly controlled manner. In the case of growth plate cartilage, there are increasing evidences of an important role of compressive stress in modulating bone growth through action on the growth plate cartilage9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25. However, the mechanism of action of compressive stress &#8211; in particular, how stress guides the formation of chondrocyte columns in the growth plate &#8211; is poorly understood.
The goal of this protocol is to create a pneumatically actuating microfluidic chondrocyte compression device26 to elucidate mechanisms of mechanobiology in growth plate chondrocytes (Figure 1a-c). The device consists of two parts: the pneumatic actuation unit and the alginate gel construct. The microfluidic pneumatic actuation unit is fabricated using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based on the photo- and soft-lithography. This unit contains a 5 x 5 array of thin PDMS membrane balloons which can be inflated differently based on their diameters. The alginate gel construct consists of the chondrocytes embedded in a 5 x&#160;5 array of alginate gel cylinders, and the entire alginate-chondrocyte constructs are assembled with the actuation unit. The alginate gel constructs are compressed by the pneumatically inflated PDMS balloons (Figure 1b). The microfluidic device can generate five different levels of compressive stress simultaneously in a single platform based on differences in the PDMS balloon diameter. Thus, a high-throughput test of chondrocyte mechanobiology under multiple compression conditions is possible.
The microfluidic device described in this protocol has many advantages over the conventional compression device such as external fixators14,21,23 and macroscopic compression devices16,19,27,28 for studying chondrocyte mechanobiology: 1) The microfluidic device is cost effective because it consumes smaller volume of samples than the macroscopic compression device, 2) The microfluidic device is time effective because it can test multiple compression conditions simultaneously, 3) The microfluidic device can combine mechanical and chemical stimuli by forming a concentration gradient of chemicals based on the limited mixing in microchannels, and 4) Various microscopy techniques (time-lapse microscopy and fluorescence confocal microscopy) can be applied with the microfluidic device made of transparent PDMS.
We adopted and modified the method of Moraes et al.7,29 to create different compressive stress levels in a single device to enable high-throughput mechanobiology studies of chondrocyte compression. Our approach is appropriate for cells (e.g., chondrocytes) which need three-dimensional (3D) culture environment and for biological assays after compressing cells. Although some microfluidic cell compression devices can compress cells cultured on two-dimensional (2D) substrates30,31,32, they cannot be used for chondrocytes because 2D cultured chondrocytes dedifferentiate. There are microfluidic platforms for compressing 3D cultured cells in photopolymerized hydrogels7,33, but they are limited in isolating cells after compression experiments because isolating cells from photopolymerized hydrogel is not easy. Additionally, the effects of ultraviolet (UV) exposure and photo crosslinking initiators on cells may need to be evaluated. In contrast, our method allows rapid isolation of cells after compression experiments for post biological assays because alginate hydrogels can be depolymerized quickly by calcium chelators. The detailed device fabrication and characterization methods are described in this protocol. A brief procedure for fabricating the microfluidic chondrocyte compression device is shown in Figure 2.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>(3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (ATPES)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>741442-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>(Tridecafluoro-1, 1, 2, 2-Tetrahydrooctyl)-1-Trichlorosilane</td>
			<td>United Chemical Technologies</td>
			<td>T2492-KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acrylic sheet</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>8560K354</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Air pump</td>
			<td>Schwarzer Precision</td>
			<td>SP 500 EC-LC4.5V DC</td>
			<td>We used the model purchased in 2015. The internal design and performance of air pump (SP 500 EC-LC) changed in early 2016. Also, air pump performance has changed in the course of time. Thus, air pressure generated by an SP 500 EC-LC air pump should be calibrated before use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alginate powder</td>
			<td>FMC Corporation</td>
			<td>Pronova UP MVG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Barb Straight Connectors (Metal tube)</td>
			<td>Pneumadyne</td>
			<td>EB40-250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcein AM</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>C3100MP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11960-044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dyed red aqueous fluorescent particles</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>R0100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDC (1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>22980</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Foam pad</td>
			<td>GRAINGER</td>
			<td>Item # 5GCE8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Function / Arbitrary Waveform Generator</td>
			<td>Keysight Technologies</td>
			<td>33210A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td>Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td>A144-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrogen peroxide</td>
			<td>Fisher BioReagents</td>
			<td>BP2633500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropyl alcohol</td>
			<td>BDH1174-4LP</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope slides</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>22-267-013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plasma cleaner</td>
			<td>Harrick Plasma</td>
			<td>PDC-001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td>184 SIL ELAST KIT 0.5KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Power supply</td>
			<td>Keysight Technologies</td>
			<td>E3630A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SeaKem LE Agarose</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>50004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td>Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td>S318-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Solenoid manifold</td>
			<td>Pneumadyne</td>
			<td>MSV10-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Solenoid valve</td>
			<td>Pneumadyne</td>
			<td>S10MM-30-12-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spin coater</td>
			<td>Laurell Technologies</td>
			<td>WS-650Mz-23NPPB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SU8 Developer</td>
			<td>MicroChem Corp.</td>
			<td>Y020100 4000L1PE</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SU8-100</td>
			<td>MicroChem Corp.</td>
			<td>Y131273 0500L1GL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SU8-5</td>
			<td>MicroChem Corp.</td>
			<td>Y131252 0500L1GL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sulfo-NHS (N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>24510</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sulfuric acid</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>MSX12445</td>
			<td></td>
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a microfluidic platform for stimulating chondrocytes with dynamic compression

Mechanical stimuli are known to modulate biological functions of cells and tissues. Recent studies have suggested that compressive stress alters growth plate cartilage architecture and results in growth modulation of long bones of children. To determine the role of compressive stress in bone growth, we created a microfluidic device actuated by pneumatic pressure, to dynamically (or statically) compress growth plate chondrocytes embedded in alginate hydrogel cylinders. In this article, we describe detailed methods for fabricating and characterizing this device. The advantages of our protocol are: 1) Five different magnitudes of compressive stress can be generated on five technical replicates in a single platform, 2) It is easy to visualize cell morphology via a conventional light microscope, 3) Cells can be rapidly isolated from the device after compression to facilitate downstream assays, and 4) The platform can be applied to study mechanobiology of any cell type that can grow in hydrogels.

This article shows detailed steps of the microfluidic chondrocyte compression device fabrication (Figure 2). The device contains a 5 x&#160;5 arrays of cylindrical alginate-chondrocyte constructs, and these constructs can be compressed with five different magnitudes of compression (Figure 1, Figure 3 and Figure 4). The height of the pneumatic microchannel is around 90 &#956;m, and the PDMS balloon diame...

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A Microfluidic Platform for Stimulating Chondrocytes with Dynamic Compression

This article provides detailed methods for fabricating and characterizing a pneumatically actuating microfluidic device for chondrocyte compression.

Mechanical stimuli are known to modulate biological functions of cells and tissues. Recent studies have suggested that compressive stress alters growth ...

This pneumatically activated microfluidic compression device can be used to study mechanobiology in 3D hydrogel cultures of growth plate chondrocytes. The microfluidic device is cost and time-effective because it can simultaneously generate multiple magnitudes of a compression on small volumes of samples, and various microscopic imagings can be applied with the device. Our method can be also applied to the study of mechanobiology of other cell types.To set up the microchannel layer, first mix PDMS with a weight ratio of 10 prepolymers to one curing agent for five minutes. Next place the mold on a foam pad and pour the mixture into the master mold. Degas the PDMS in a vacuum chamber for 30 minutes and sandwich the degassed PDMS with a piece of transparency film.Clamp the sandwiched assembly with the glass plate, foam pads, and plexiglass plates. Cure the PDMS at 80 degrees Celsius for six hours and isolate the PDMS layer and the transparency film from the sandwiched structure. Activate the surfaces of the PDMS and a clean glass plate with the plasma cleaner for one minute before bonding the PDMS onto the glass plate in the 80-degree Celsius oven for 30 minutes.Then remove the transparency film. For preparation of the thin PDMS membrane, spin coat uncured PDMS on a transparency film at 1, 000 rotations per minute for one minute to obtain a 60 micrometer thick PDMS layer. Partially cure the spin coated PDMS at 80 degrees Celsius for 20 to 30 minutes before using the plasma cleaner to activate the microchannel PDMS layer on the glass plate and the thin PDMS layer for one minute.Then bond the thin PDMS membrane layer onto the microchannel PDMS layer and place the layers in the 80-degree Celsius oven overnight. For tubing block preparation, place metal tubes vertically on a petri dish and gently pour uncured PDMS into the dish until about 3/4 of the tubes are submerged. After degassing the PDMS in a vacuum chamber for 30 minutes, cure the PDMS in the oven at 60 degrees Celsius for more than six hours.At the end of the curing process, cut a piece of PDMS block containing one tube and punch a hole in the thin PDMS layer for the inlet. Activate the PDMS block and the thin PDMS layer with the plasma cleaner. After one minute, attach the PDMS block to the inlet hole of the thin PDMS layer and place the entire actuation unit in the oven at 80 degrees Celsius overnight.For agarose gel mold preparation, mix 5%agarose and 200 millimolar calcium chloride in deionized water and heat the agarose gel solution until boiling. Pour the boiled agarose gel solution into an aluminum mold and sandwich the mold with the glass plate. After five minutes, remove the solidified agarose gel from the aluminum mold.Plate 150 microliters of alginate-chondrocyte solution onto the aminosilanized glass plate and cover the solution with agarose gel mold for three minutes. At the end of the incubation, use a razor blade to remove the excessive alginate gel solution and remove the agarose gel mold from the plate. Then place the alginate-chondrocyte constructs into cross-linking solution containing 50 millimolar calcium chloride and 140 millimolar sodium chloride in deionized water for one minute.To assemble the device, locate four one-millimeter thick PDMS spacers onto the four corners of the thin PDMS layer of the actuation unit. Cover the air chambers of the thin PDMS layer with 700 microliters of chondrocyte culture medium. Using a stereo microsope, place the alginate-chondrocyte construct on the thin PDMS layer, taking care to align the constructs with the air chambers, and clamp the device with 3D-printed clamps.For actuation of the device, use a piece of silicon tubing to connect the outlet of an air pump with the inlet of a solenoid valve. Use an additional piece of tubing to connect the outlet of the solenoid valve with the inlet of the assembled device. Connect the solenoid valve with a function generator and use a one hertz square wave generated by the function generator to manipulate the solenoid valve.Then turn on the air pump to actuate the device pneumatically. The microfluidic chondrocyte compression device contains five by five arrays of cylindrical alginate-chondrocyte constructs and these constructs can be compressed with five different magnitudes of compression. In this example, the gel column was compressed by 33.8%in height by the largest PDMS balloon and the resultant compressive strain of the gel constructs increased by approximately 5%per 0.2 millimeter increment and the PDMS balloon diameter.Compressive deformation of the chondrocytes was determined by imaging the cells in a 613 by 613 by 40 to 55 micrometer volume near the gel construct center. Here an image of a chondrocyte that was compressed by 16%by the largest PDMS balloon is shown. In this graph, the distribution of the measured cell compression strain values can be observed.In this analysis, the cells were compressed more overall by larger PDMS balloons. Taken together, these data suggest that the amounts of alginate gel and chondrocyte compression are controlled by the diameter of the PDMS balloons under a constant pressure of 14 kilopascals. To ensure the repeatability of the device performance, creating a thin PDMS membrane with a constant thickness and elasticity is crucial.Following this procedure, various biological assays, such as immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization can be performed. Using this technique, many questions about mechanotransduction in growth plate or articular chondrocytes can be answered.

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Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

6.4K visualizações.  University of Nebraska Medical Center. Este dispositivo de compressão microfluida ativado pneumaticamente pode ser usado para estudar a mecanobiologia em culturas de hidrogel 3D de condrócitos de placas de crescimento. O dispositivo microfluido é econômico e demorado porque pode simultaneamente gerar múltiplas magnitudes de uma compressão em pequenos volumes de amostras, e várias imagens microscópicas podem ser aplicadas com o dispositivo. Nosso método também pode ser aplicado ao estudo da mecanobiologia de outros tipos ...