Name: ex vivo expansion and genetic manipulation of mouse hematopoietic stem cells in polyvinyl alcohol-based cultures
Uploaded: 2023-02-10T13:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ex Vivo Expansion and Genetic Manipulation of Mouse Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Polyvinyl Alcohol-Based Cultures at JoVE.com

We thank the WIMM Flow Cytometry Core for flow cytometry access, and the WIMM Virus Screening Core for lentiviral vector generation. This work was funded by the Kay Kendall Leukaemia Fund and the UK Medical Research Council.

All animal procedures, including breeding and euthanasia, must be performed within institutional and national guidelines. The experiments detailed below were approved by the UK Home Office. See the Table of Materials for a list of all materials, reagents, and equipment used in this protocol.
1. Preparing stock solutions
<ol>
	<li>PVA stock solution
	<ol>
		<li>Take 50 mL of tissue culture quality water in a small glass bottle (suitable for autoclaving). Warm...

<ol>
	<li>Laurenti, E., G&#246;ttgens, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+haematopoietic+stem+cells+to+complex+differentiation+landscapes.">From haematopoietic stem cells to complex differentiation landscapes.</a> Nature. 553 (7689), 418-426 (2018).</li><li>Eaves, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hematopoietic+stem+cells:+concepts,+definitions,+and+the+new+reality.">Hematopoietic stem cells: concepts, definitions, and the new reality.</a> Blood. 125 (17), 2605-2613 (2015).</li><li>Wilkinson, A. C., Igarashi, K. J., Nakauchi, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Haematopoietic+stem+cell+self-renewal+in+vivo+and+ex+vivo.">Haematopoietic stem cell self-renewal in vivo and ex vivo.</a> Nature Reviews Genetics. 21 (9), 541-554 (2020).</li><li>Crane, G. M., Jeffery, E., Morrison, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adult+haematopoietic+stem+cell+niches.">Adult haematopoietic stem cell niches.</a> Nature Reviews Immunology. 17 (9), 573-590 (2017).</li><li>Osawa, M., Hanada, K., Hamada, H., Nakauchi, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+lymphohematopoietic+reconstitution+by+a+single+CD34-low/negative+hematopoietic+stem+cell.">Long-term lymphohematopoietic reconstitution by a single CD34-low/negative hematopoietic stem cell.</a> Science. 273 (5272), 242-245 (1996).</li><li>Granot, N., Storb, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=History+of+hematopoietic+cell+transplantation:+challenges+and+progress.">History of hematopoietic cell transplantation: challenges and progress.</a> Haematologica. 105 (12), 2716-2729 (2020).</li><li>Wilkinson, A. C., Nakauchi, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stabilizing+hematopoietic+stem+cells+in+vitro.">Stabilizing hematopoietic stem cells in vitro.</a> Current Opinion in Genetics &amp; Development. 64, 1-5 (2020).</li><li>Wilkinson, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+ex+vivo+haematopoietic-stem-cell+expansion+allows+nonconditioned+transplantation.">Long-term ex vivo haematopoietic-stem-cell expansion allows nonconditioned transplantation.</a> Nature. 571 (7763), 117-121 (2019).</li><li>Nishimura, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+polyvinyl+alcohol+for+chimeric+antigen+receptor+T-cell+expansion.">Use of polyvinyl alcohol for chimeric antigen receptor T-cell expansion.</a> Experimental Hematology. 80, 16-20 (2019).</li><li>Becker, H. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+single+cell+cloning+platform+for+gene+edited+functional+murine+hematopoietic+stem+cells.">A single cell cloning platform for gene edited functional murine hematopoietic stem cells.</a> bioRxiv. , (2022).</li><li>Kobayashi, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Environmental+optimization+enables+maintenance+of+quiescent+hematopoietic+stem+cells+ex+vivo.">Environmental optimization enables maintenance of quiescent hematopoietic stem cells ex vivo.</a> Cell Reports. 28 (1), 145-158 (2019).</li><li>Kobayashi, H., Takubo, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+culture+method+to+maintain+quiescent+human+hematopoietic+stem+cells.">A culture method to maintain quiescent human hematopoietic stem cells.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (171), e61938 (2021).</li><li>Aal Wilson, ., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hematopoietic+stem+cells+reversibly+switch+from+dormancy+to+self-renewal+during+homeostasis+and+repair.">Hematopoietic stem cells reversibly switch from dormancy to self-renewal during homeostasis and repair.</a> Cell. 135 (6), 1118-1129 (2008).</li><li>Ochi, K., Morita, M., Wilkinson, A. C., Iwama, A., Yamazaki, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-conditioned+bone+marrow+chimeric+mouse+generation+using+culture-based+enrichment+of+hematopoietic+stem+and+progenitor+cells.">Non-conditioned bone marrow chimeric mouse generation using culture-based enrichment of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells.</a> Nature Communications. 12 (1), 3568 (2021).</li><li>Wilkinson, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cas9-AAV6+gene+correction+of+beta-globin+in+autologous+HSCs+improves+sickle+cell+disease+erythropoiesis+in+mice.">Cas9-AAV6 gene correction of beta-globin in autologous HSCs improves sickle cell disease erythropoiesis in mice.</a> Nature Communications. 12 (1), 686 (2021).</li><li>Haney, M. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Large-scale+in+vivo+CRISPR+screens+identify+SAGA+complex+members+as+a+key+regulators+of+HSC+lineage+commitment+and+aging.">Large-scale in vivo CRISPR screens identify SAGA complex members as a key regulators of HSC lineage commitment and aging.</a> bioRxiv. , (2022).</li><li>Che, J. L. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+and+characterization+of+in+vitro+expanded+hematopoietic+stem+cells.">Identification and characterization of in vitro expanded hematopoietic stem cells.</a> EMBO Reports. 23 (10), e55502 (2022).</li><li>Zhang, Q., Konturek-Ciesla, A., Yuan, O., Bryder, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ex+vivo+expansion+potential+of+murine+hematopoietic+stem+cells:+a+rare+property+only+partially+predicted+by+phenotype.">Ex vivo expansion potential of murine hematopoietic stem cells: a rare property only partially predicted by phenotype.</a> bioRxiv. , (2022).</li><li>Schindele, P., Wolter, F., Puchta, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CRISPR+guide+RNA+design+guidelines+for+efficient+genome+editing.">CRISPR guide RNA design guidelines for efficient genome editing.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 2166, 331-342 (2020).</li><li>Hanna, R. E., Doench, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design+and+analysis+of+CRISPR-Cas+experiments.">Design and analysis of CRISPR-Cas experiments.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 38 (7), 813-823 (2020).</li><li>Wilkinson, A. C., Ishida, R., Nakauchi, H., Yamazaki, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+ex+vivo+expansion+of+mouse+hematopoietic+stem+cells.">Long-term ex vivo expansion of mouse hematopoietic stem cells.</a> Nature Protocols. 15 (2), 628-648 (2020).</li><li>Ieyasu, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+all-recombinant+protein-based+culture+system+specifically+identifies+hematopoietic+stem+cell+maintenance+factors.">An all-recombinant protein-based culture system specifically identifies hematopoietic stem cell maintenance factors.</a> Stem Cell Reports. 8 (3), 500-508 (2017).</li></ol>

We hope that this protocol provides a useful approach to investigate HSC biology, hematopoiesis, and hematology more generally. Since the initial development of the PVA-based culture method for FACS-purified HSCs8, the method has been extended. For example, the method has been shown to work with c-Kit enriched with bone marrow and with negative surface charged plates14. Its compatibility with transduction and electroporation has also been demonstrated14</s...

The hematopoietic system supports a range of essential processes in mammals, from oxygen supply to fighting pathogens, through specialized blood and immune cell types. Continuous blood production (hematopoiesis) is required to support blood system homeostasis, which is sustained by hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs)1. The most primitive hematopoietic cell is the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC), which has unique capacities for self-renewal and multilineage differentiation2,3. This is a rare cell population, mainly found in the adult bone marrow4, where they occur at a frequency of just approximately one every 30,000 cells. HSCs are thought to support life-long hematopoiesis and help to re-establish hematopoiesis following hematological stress. These capacities also allow HSCs to stably reconstitute the entire hematopoietic system following transplantation into an irradiated recipient5. This represents the functional definition of an HSC and also forms the scientific basis for HSC transplantation therapy, a curative treatment for a range of blood and immune diseases6. For these reasons, HSCs are a major focus of experimental hematology.
Despite a large focus of research, it has remained challenging to stably expand HSCs ex vivo7. We recently developed the first long-term ex vivo expansion culture system for mouse HSCs8. The approach can expand transplantable HSCs by 234-899-fold over a 4 week culture. In comparison to alternative approaches, the major change in the protocol was the removal of serum albumin and its replacement with a synthetic polymer. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was identified as an optimal polymer for the mouse HSC cultures8, which has now also been used to culture other hematopoietic cell types9. However, another polymer called Soluplus (a polyvinyl caprolactam-acetate-polyethylene glycol graft copolymer) has also recently been identified, which appears to improve clonal HSC expansion10. Prior to the use of polymers, serum albumin in the form of fetal bovine serum, bovine serum albumin fraction V, or recombinant serum albumin were used, but these had limited support for HSC expansion and only supported short-term (~1 week) ex vivo culture7. However, it should be noted that HSC culture protocols that retain HSCs in a quiescent state can support a longer ex vivo culture time11,12.
In comparison with other culture methods, a major advantage of PVA-based cultures is the number of cells that can be generated and the length of time the protocol can be used to track HSCs ex vivo. This overcomes several barriers in the field of experimental hematology, such as the low numbers of HSCs isolatable per mouse (only a few thousand) and the difficulty to track HSCs over time in vivo. However, it is important to remember that these cultures stimulate HSC proliferation, while the in vivo HSC pool is predominantly quiescent at a steady state13. Additionally, although the cultures are selective for HSCs, additional cell types do accumulate with the cultures over time, and transplantable HSCs only represent approximately one in 34 cells after 1 month. Myeloid hematopoietic progenitor cells appear to be the major contaminating cell type in these HSC cultures8. Nevertheless, we can use these cultures to enrich for HSCs from heterogeneous cell populations (e.g., c-Kit+ bone marrow HSPCs14). It also supports transduction or electroporation of HSCs for genetic manipulation14,15,16. To help identify HSCs from the heterogeneous cultured HSPC population, CD201 (EPCR) has recently been identified as a useful ex vivo HSC marker10,17,18, with transplantable&#160;HSCs restricted to the CD201+CD150+c-Kit+Sca1+Lineage- fraction.
This protocol describes methods to initiate, maintain, and assess PVA-based mouse HSC expansion cultures, as well as protocols for genetic manipulation within these cultures using electroporation or lentiviral vector transduction. These methods are expected to be useful for a range of experimental hematologists.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissection kit</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12764416</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemocytometer</td>
			<td>Appleton Woods Ltd</td>
			<td>HC002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>P3 Primary Cell 4D-Nucleofector X Kit</td>
			<td>Lonza&#160;</td>
			<td>V4XP-3024</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pestle and mortar</td>
			<td>Scientific Laboratory Supplies Limited</td>
			<td>X18000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QuadroMACS separator</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-090-976</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Materials</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL syringe</td>
			<td>VWR International Ltd</td>
			<td>720-2519</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>19 G needle</td>
			<td>VWR International Ltd</td>
			<td>613-5394</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 &#956;m cell strainer</td>
			<td>Sysmex</td>
			<td>04-004-2317</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70 &#956;m cell strainer</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>431751</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kimtech wipes</td>
			<td>VWR International Ltd</td>
			<td>115-2075</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LS MACS column</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-042-401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reagents</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alt-R S.p. Cas9 Nuclease V3, 100 &#956;g</td>
			<td>IDT&#160;</td>
			<td>1081058</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Animal free recombinant mouse stem cell factor&#160;</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>AF-250-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Animal free recombinant mouse thrombopoietin</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>AF-315-14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse CD117 APC (clone: 2B8)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>17-1171-83</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse CD117 BV421 (clone: 2B8)</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>105828</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse CD127&#160;APC/Cy7 (clone: A7R34)</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>135040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse CD127 biotin (clone: A7R34)</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>135006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse CD150 PE/Cy7 (clone: TC15-12F12.2)</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>115914</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse CD201&#160;APC (clone: eBio1560)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>17-2012-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse CD34 FITC (clone: RAM34)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>11-0341-85</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse CD4&#160;APC/Cy7 (clone: RM4-5)</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>100526</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse CD4 biotin (clone: RM4-5)</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>100508</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse CD45R&#160;APC/Cy7 (clone: RA3-6B2)</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>103224</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse CD45R biotin (clone: RA3-6B2)</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>103204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse CD48 BV421 (clone: HM48-1)</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>103428</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse CD8 biotin (clone: 53-6.7)</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>100704</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse CD8a&#160;APC/Cy7 (clone: 53-6.7)</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>100714</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse Ly6G/Ly6C&#160;APC/Cy7 (clone: RB6-8C5)</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>108424</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse Ly6G/Ly6C biotin (clone: RB6-8C5)</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>108404</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse Sca1 PE (clone: D7)</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>108108</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse Ter119&#160;APC/Cy7 (clone: TER-119)</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>116223</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse Ter119 biotin (clone: TER-119)</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>116204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CellBIND plates, 24-well</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3337</td>
			<td>negative surface charged</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CellBIND plates, 96-well&#160;</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3330</td>
			<td>negative surface charged</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Custom synthetic sgRNA&#160;</td>
			<td>Synthego, Sigma Aldrich, IDT</td>
			<td>Custom order</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>Merck Life Science UK Limited</td>
			<td>F7524-50ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fibronectin Coated plates, 96-well</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>354409</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ham&#39;s F-12 Nutrient Mix</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11765054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin-Transferrin-Selenium-X (100x)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>51500.056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>J61196.AP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyvinyl alcohol</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P8136</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Propidium Iodide</td>
			<td>Enzo Life Sciences (UK) Ltd</td>
			<td>EXB-0018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Streptavidin APC/Cy7</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>405208</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T&#252;rks&#8217; solution</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>109277</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Virkon</td>
			<td>Mettler-Toledo Ltd</td>
			<td>95015662</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

ex vivo expansion and genetic manipulation of mouse hematopoietic stem cells in polyvinyl alcohol-based cultures

Self-renewing&#160;multipotent&#160;hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are an important cell type due to their abilities to support hematopoiesis throughout life and reconstitute the entire blood system following transplantation. HSCs are used clinically in stem cell transplantation therapies, which represent curative treatment for a range of blood diseases. There is substantial interest in both understanding the mechanisms that regulate HSC activity and hematopoiesis, and developing new HSC-based therapies. However, the stable culture and expansion of HSCs ex vivo has been a major barrier in studying these stem cells in a tractable ex vivo system. We recently developed a polyvinyl alcohol-based culture system that can support the long-term and large-scale expansion of transplantable mouse HSCs and methods to genetically edit them. This protocol describes methods to culture and genetically manipulate mouse HSCs via electroporation and lentiviral transduction. This protocol is expected to be useful to a wide range of experimental hematologists interested in HSC biology and hematopoiesis.

For the FACS purification of HSCs, we expect that within the c-Kit-enriched bone marrow, ~0.2% of the cells are the CD150+CD34-c-Kit+Sca1+Lineage- population for young (8-12-week-old) C57BL/6 mice (Figure 1). However, it is likely that transgenic mice or mice of different ages display differing HSC frequencies. After 4 weeks of culture, we expect the CD201+CD150+c-Kit+Sca1+Lineage- f...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ex Vivo Expansion and Genetic Manipulation of Mouse Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Polyvinyl Alcohol-Based Cultures at JoVE.com

Ex Vivo Expansion and Genetic Manipulation of Mouse Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Polyvinyl Alcohol-Based Cultures

Presented here is a protocol to initiate, maintain, and analyze mouse hematopoietic stem cell cultures using ex vivo polyvinyl alcohol-based expansion, as well as methods to genetically manipulate them by lentiviral transduction and electroporation.

Ex Vivo Expansion and Genetic Manipulation of Mouse Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Polyvinyl Alcohol-Based Cultures

Self-renewing&#160;multipotent&#160;hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are an important cell type due to their abilities to support hematopoiesis throughout ...

This protocol permits the expansion and genetic manipulation of functional mouse hematopoietic stem cells, allowing a deeper understanding of hematopoietic stem cell biology and hematopoiesis. The advantage of this technique is that it can support hematopoietic stem cells in long-term ex vivo culture and permit genetic manipulation to interrogate the genetics of hematopoiesis. This culture system provides a platform technology for various studies into hematopoietic stem cell biology and hematopoiesis, including genetic, molecular, and biochemical studies.The troubleshooting table lists the causes and solutions for the common struggles encountered with this technique. It's much easier and more effective to show how to correctly extract bone marrow cells and perform complete media changes rather than read about it. To begin hematopoietic stem cell, or HSC, extraction, use lint-free delicate task wipes to clean the bones freshly isolated from properly euthanized mice.Remove muscles and spinal cord from the bones before adding them to a mortar containing approximately three milliliters of PBS. Using a pestle, crush the bones without grinding them to minimize shearing forces. Then, using a 19-gauge needle attached to a 5-milliliter syringe, break up the large bone marrow fragments released into the PBS and transfer the suspension through a 70-micron filter into a 50-milliliter conical tube.Once the suspension has been transferred, repeat the process with fresh PBS until the bones are bleached. Aim for an end volume of approximately 30 milliliters per mouse and 50 milliliters for two mice to bleach the bones until no more marrow is visible. Prepare for column enrichment by placing a magnetic filtration column into the magnet of a magnetic column separator with a 50-micron filter on top and a 15 milliliter conical tube below.Next, after treating the cells with allophycocyanin anti-c-Kit antibody and allophycocyanin magnetic microbeads, run three milliliters of sterile PBS through the 50-micron filter and the filtration column. Once the PBS has run through, pass the cell suspension through the column, followed by three washes of three milliliters of cold PBS each time. After each wash, wait for the column to stop dripping before adding PBS for the next wash.Next, remove the column from the magnet and place it on top of a fresh 15-milliliter tube and add five milliliters of cold PBS into the column before fitting the column plunger onto it and eluting the cells by pushing the plunger. Follow the protocol described in the text to prepare enough HSC medium for the desired number of cells or wells to seed 0.5 to 1 million cells per milliliter. Then spin down the c-Kit-enriched hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, or HSPCs, and resuspend the pellet in the freshly prepared HSC medium at the desired cell density.Transfer the cells to fibronectin-coated or negative surface charged plates, maintaining appropriate volume. Place the cells in a tissue culture incubator at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide. After gently removing the plate from the tissue culture incubator without disturbing the cell cultures, use a pipette or vacuum pump to slowly aspirate approximately 90 to 95%of the medium from the liquid meniscus of each well.Avoid drawing up medium from the base of the well. Then add one milliliter of fresh medium prewarmed to 37 degrees Celsius into the well. Return the plate to the tissue culture incubator, and change media every two to three days until the experiment requires.After resuspending the cells in nucleofection buffer, immediately transfer the cell suspension into the PCR tube containing the complexed ribonucleoprotein, and gently mix by pipetting up and down slowly. Now transfer the mixture into an electroporation cuvette of appropriate volume very slowly, maintaining a continuous fluid motion to avoid forming air bubbles inside the cuvette. Then, on the electroporator, select the position of the wells being electroporated.Using the touchscreen, select the cell type program as CD34-positive human or type in the pulse code EO100, and then press the OK button. Transfer the cuvette to the electroporator and press the Start button on the touchscreen to initiate electroporation. Immediately after electroporation, add five times the reaction volume of the culture medium to the cuvette.Now gently transfer the cells to the prepared plate, and place the plate back in the tissue culture incubator. After performing a medium change as demonstrated previously, collect 10 microliters of the cells and count them using Turk's solution at a dilution of 1:2 with a hemocytometer. Replate the required dose of cells in fibronectin-coated plates for transduction, and separately, plate the un-transduced negative control cells.Then add the lentiviral vector to each well containing cells, maintaining a dose of 20 transduction units per cell to achieve around 30%transduction efficiency. However, determine the lentiviral vector dose empirically depending on the experimental requirements. Finally, return the cells to the tissue culture incubator for six hours.Perform a medium change as described previously. The fluorescence-activated cell sorting of the c-Kit-enriched HSCs yielded approximately 0.2%of the cells that were CD150-positive, CD34-negative, c-Kit-positive, Sca1-positive, and lineage-negative. After four weeks of HSPC culture, the CD201-positive, CD150-positive, c-Kit-positive, Sca1-positive, and lineage-negative fractions was found to be about 10%Following transduction with a GFP-expressing lentiviral vector, the GFP-positive cells were approximately 30%When confluent, the expected density of the cultures was around 2 million cells per milliliter.Approximately 50%cell death was observed within the first 24 to 48 hours before the first medium change was performed. After one week, however, cell numbers returned to 80 to 100%of the seeded cell number. Accurate media changes using fresh and prewarmed media are critical for the long-term stability of this HSC culture method.Since the original method was published in 2019, the field has begun to use it in different ways to study HSC biology.

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Isolation and Transplantation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs)

Isolation and Transplantation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells HSCs

Derivation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells from Murine Embryonic Stem Cells

A stem cell is defined as a cell with the capacity to both self-renew and generate multiple differentiated progeny.  Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are derived from the blastocyst of the early embryo and are pluripotent in differentiative ability.  Their vast differentiative potential has made them the focus of much research centered on deducing how to coax them to generate clinically useful cell types.  The successful derivation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) from mouse ESC has recently been accomplished and can be visualized in this video protocol.  HSC, arguably the most clinically exploited cell population, are used to treat a myriad of hematopoietic malignancies and disorders.  However, many patients that might benefit from HSC therapy lack access to suitable donors.  ESC could provide an alternative source of HSC for these patients.  The following protocol establishes a baseline from which ESC-HSC can be studied and inform efforts to isolate HSC from human ESC.  In this protocol, ESC are differentiated as embryoid bodies (EBs) for 6 days in commercially available serum pre-screened for optimal hematopoietic differentiation.  EBs are then dissociated and infected with retroviral HoxB4.  Infected EB-derived cells are plated on OP9 stroma, a bone marrow stromal cell line derived from the calvaria of  M-CSF-/- mice, and co-cultured in the presence of hematopoiesis promoting cytokines for ten days.  During this co-culture, the infected cells expand greatly, resulting in the generation a heterogeneous pool of 100s of millions of cells.  These cells can then be used to rescue and reconstitute lethally irradiated mice.

This protocol details the derivation of transplantable hematopoietic stem cells from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) and their subsequent injection into lethally irradiated recipient mice. Briefly, ESC are differentiated as embryoid bodies, which are then infected with retroviral HoxB4 and co-cultured with OP9 stromal cells and hematopoietic cytokines.

A stem cell is defined as a cell with the capacity to both self-renew and generate multiple differentiated progeny.  Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are ...

Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo (New Culture)

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying  the formation and patterning of brain, neural tube, somite and heart primordia. Applications of chick embryo culture include electroporation of DNA or RNA constructs in order to analyze gene function, grafts of growth factor coated beads such as FGFs and BMPs , as well as whole mount in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. This video demonstrates the different steps in chick embryo culture; First, the embryo is explanted in saline. Then, the embryo is centered on a glass ring. The membranes surrounding the embryo are lifted along the walls of the ring. The ring is then placed in a culture dish containing a pool of albumine. The culture dish is sealed and placed in a humid chamber, where the embryo is cultured for up to 24 hrs. Finally, the embryo is removed from the ring, fixed and processed for further applications. A troubleshooting guide is also presented.

Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo New Culture

This video demonstrates New culture, a method by which chick embryos are cultured outside the egg for up to 24 hr. This method enables one to study early development (primitive streak to 14 som.), a period corresponding to E7-9 in mouse. Applications of this technique include electroporation, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry.

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

Lentiviral-mediated Knockdown During Ex Vivo Erythropoiesis of Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Erythropoiesis is a commonly used model system to study cell differentiation. During erythropoiesis, pluripotent adult human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) differentiate into oligopotent progenitors, committed precursors and mature red blood cells 1. This process is regulated for a large part at the level of gene expression, whereby specific transcription factors activate lineage-specific genes while concomitantly repressing genes that are specific to other cell types 2. Studies on transcription factors regulating erythropoiesis are often performed using human and murine cell lines that represent, to some extent, erythroid cells at given stages of differentiation 3-5. However transformed cell lines can only partially mimic erythroid cells and most importantly they do not allow one to comprehensibly study the dynamic changes that occur as cells progress through many stages towards their final erythroid fate. Therefore, a current challenge remains the development of a protocol to obtain relatively homogenous populations of primary HSCs and erythroid cells at various stages of differentiation in quantities that are sufficient to perform genomics and proteomics experiments.
Here we describe an ex vivo cell culture protocol to induce erythroid differentiation from human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells that have been isolated from either cord blood, bone marrow, or adult peripheral blood mobilized with G-CSF (leukapheresis). This culture system, initially developed by the Douay laboratory 6, uses cytokines and co-culture on mesenchymal cells to mimic the bone marrow microenvironment. Using this ex vivo differentiation protocol, we observe a strong amplification of erythroid progenitors, an induction of differentiation exclusively towards the erythroid lineage and a complete maturation to the stage of enucleated red blood cells. Thus, this system provides an opportunity to study the molecular mechanism of transcriptional regulation as hematopoietic stem cells progress along the erythroid lineage. 
Studying erythropoiesis at the transcriptional level also requires the ability to over-express or knockdown specific factors in primary erythroid cells. For this purpose, we use a lentivirus-mediated gene delivery system that allows for the efficient infection of both dividing and non-dividing cells 7. Here we show that we are able to efficiently knockdown the transcription factor TAL1 in primary human erythroid cells. In addition, GFP expression demonstrates an efficiency of lentiviral infection close to 90%. Thus, our protocol provides a highly useful system for characterization of the regulatory network of transcription factors that control erythropoiesis.

Lentiviral-mediated Knockdown During Ex Vivo Erythropoiesis of Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells

An ex vivo protocol to generate mature human red blood cells from hematopoietic stem/progenitors is described. Additionally we describe an efficient lentiviral-delivery method to knockdown the transcription factor TAL1 in primary erythroid cells. The efficiency of lentivirus mediated gene delivery is demonstrated using GFP expressing viruses.

Erythropoiesis is a commonly used model system to study cell differentiation. During erythropoiesis, pluripotent adult human hematopoietic stem cells ...

Phenotypic Analysis and Isolation of Murine Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Lineage-committed Progenitors

The bone marrow is the principal site where HSCs and more mature blood cells lineage progenitors reside and differentiate in an adult organism. HSCs constitute a minute cell population of pluripotent cells capable of generating all blood cell lineages for a life-time1. The molecular dissection of HSCs homeostasis in the bone marrow has important implications in hematopoiesis, oncology and regenerative medicine. We describe the labeling protocol with fluorescent antibodies and the electronic gating procedure in flow cytometry to score hematopoietic progenitor subsets and HSCs distribution in individual mice (Fig. 1). In addition, we describe a method to extensively enrich hematopoietic progenitors as well as long-term (LT) and short term (ST) reconstituting HSCs from pooled bone marrow cell suspensions by magnetic enrichment of cells expressing c-Kit. The resulting cell preparation can be used to sort selected subsets for in vitro and in vivo functional studies (Fig. 2).
Both trabecular osteoblasts2,3 and sinusoidal endothelium4 constitute functional niches supporting HSCs in the bone marrow. Several mechanisms in the osteoblastic niche, including a subset of N-cadherin+ osteoblasts3 and interaction of the receptor tyrosine kinase Tie2 expressed in HSCs with its ligand angiopoietin-15 concur in determining HSCs quiescence. "Hibernation" in the bone marrow is crucial to protect HSCs from replication and eventual exhaustion upon excessive cycling activity6. Exogenous stimuli acting on cells of the innate immune system such as Toll-like receptor ligands7 and interferon-&alpha;6 can also induce proliferation and differentiation of HSCs into lineage committed progenitors. Recently, a population of dormant mouse HSCs within the lin- c-Kit+ Sca-1+ CD150+ CD48- CD34- population has been described8. Sorting of cells based on CD34 expression from the hematopoietic progenitors-enriched cell suspension as described here allows the isolation of both quiescent self-renewing LT-HSCs and ST-HSCs9. A similar procedure based on depletion of lineage positive cells and sorting of LT-HSC with CD48 and Flk2 antibodies has been previously described10. In the present report we provide a protocol for the phenotypic characterization and ex vivo cell cycle analysis of hematopoietic progenitors, which can be useful for monitoring hematopoiesis in different physiological and pathological conditions. Moreover, we describe a FACS sorting procedure for HSCs, which can be used to define factors and mechanisms regulating their self-renewal, expansion and differentiation in cell biology and signal transduction assays as well as for transplantation.

A method to analyse the distribution of bone marrow hematopoietic progenitors in flow cytometry as well as to efficiently isolate highly purified hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is described. The isolation procedure is essentially based on magnetic enrichment of c-Kit+ cells and cell sorting to purify HSCs for cellular and molecular studies.

The bone marrow is the principal site where HSCs and more mature blood cells lineage progenitors reside and differentiate in an adult organism. HSCs ...

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow

Through a delicate balance between quiescence and proliferation, self renewal and production of differentiated progeny, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) maintain the turnover of all mature blood cell lineages. The coordination of the complex signals leading to specific HSC fates relies upon the interaction between HSCs and the intricate bone marrow microenvironment, which is still poorly understood[1-2].
We describe how by combining a newly developed specimen holder for stable animal positioning with multi-step confocal and two-photon in vivo imaging techniques, it is possible to obtain high-resolution 3D stacks containing HSPCs and their surrounding niches and to monitor them over time through multi-point time-lapse imaging. High definition imaging allows detecting ex vivo labeled hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) residing within the bone marrow. Moreover, multi-point time-lapse 3D imaging, obtained with faster acquisition settings, provides accurate information about HSPC movement and the reciprocal interactions between HSPCs and stroma cells.
Tracking of HSPCs in relation to GFP positive osteoblastic cells is shown as an exemplary application of this method. This technique can be utilized to track any appropriately labeled hematopoietic or stromal cell of interest within the mouse calvarium bone marrow space.

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow

The nature of the interactions between hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and bone marrow niches is poorly understood. Custom hardware modifications and a multi-step acquisition protocol allow the use of two-photon and confocal microscopy to image ex vivo labeled HSPCs homed within bone marrow areas, tracking interactions and movement.

Through a delicate balance between quiescence and proliferation, self renewal and production of differentiated progeny, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) ...

Real Time Analysis of Metabolic Profile in Ex Vivo Mouse Intestinal Crypt Organoid Cultures

The small intestinal mucosa exhibits a repetitive architecture organized into two fundamental structures: villi, projecting into the intestinal lumen and composed of mature enterocytes, goblet cells and enteroendocrine cells; and crypts, residing proximal to the submucosa and the muscularis, harboring adult stem and progenitor cells and mature Paneth cells, as well as stromal and immune cells of the crypt microenvironment. Until the last few years, in vitro studies of small intestine was limited to cell lines derived from either benign or malignant tumors, and did not represent the physiology of normal intestinal epithelia and the influence of the microenvironment in which they reside. Here, we demonstrate a method adapted from Sato et al. (2009) for culturing primary mouse intestinal crypt organoids derived from C57BL/6 mice. In addition, we present the use of crypt organoid cultures to assay the crypt metabolic profile in real time by measurement of basal oxygen consumption, glycolytic rate, ATP production and respiratory capacity. Organoids maintain properties defined by their source and retain aspects of their metabolic adaptation reflected by oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rates. Real time metabolic studies in this crypt organoid culture system are a powerful tool to study crypt organoid energy metabolism, and how it can be modulated by nutritional and pharmacological factors.

Real Time Analysis of Metabolic Profile in Ex Vivo Mouse Intestinal Crypt Organoid Cultures

Small intestinal crypt organoids cultured ex vivo provide a tissue culture system that recapitulates growth of crypts dependent on stem cells and their niche. We established a method to assay the metabolic profile in real time in primary mouse crypt organoids. We found organoids maintain physiological properties defined by their source.

The small intestinal mucosa exhibits a repetitive architecture organized into two fundamental structures: villi, projecting into the intestinal lumen and ...

Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Arterial stiffening is a significant risk factor and biomarker for cardiovascular disease and a hallmark of aging. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a versatile analytical tool for characterizing viscoelastic mechanical properties for a variety of materials ranging from hard (plastic, glass, metal, etc.) surfaces to cells on any substrate. It has been widely used to measure the stiffness of cells, but less frequently used to measure the stiffness of aortas. In this paper, we will describe the procedures for using AFM in contact mode to measure the ex vivo elastic modulus of unloaded mouse arteries. We describe our procedure for isolation of mouse aortas, and then provide detailed information for the AFM analysis. This includes step-by-step instructions for alignment of the laser beam, calibration of the spring constant and deflection sensitivity of the AFM probe, and acquisition of force curves. We also provide a detailed protocol for data analysis of the force curves.

Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy

We present detailed protocols for isolation of aortas from mouse and measurement of their elastic modulus using atomic force microscopy.

Arterial stiffening is a significant risk factor and biomarker for cardiovascular disease and a hallmark of aging. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a ...

Trans-inner Cell Mass Injection of Embryonic Stem Cells Leads to Higher Chimerism Rates

In an effort to increase efficiency in the creation of genetically modified mice via ES Cell methodologies, we present an adaptation to the current blastocyst injection protocol. Here we report that a simple rotation of the embryo, and injection through Trans-Inner cell mass (TICM) increased the percentage of chimeric mice from 31% to 50%, with no additional equipment or further specialized training. 26 different inbred clones, and 35 total clones were injected over a period of 9 months. There was no significant difference in either pregnancy rate or recovery rate of embryos between traditional injection techniques and TICM. Therefore, without any major alteration in the injection process and a simple positioning of the blastocyst and injecting through the ICM, releasing the ES cells into the blastocoel cavity can potentially improve the quantity of chimeric production and subsequent germline transmission.

Here we present a protocol to increase chimera production without the use of new equipment. A simple orientation change of the embryo for injection can increase the number of embryos produced, and potentially reduce the timeline to germline transmission.

In an effort to increase efficiency in the creation of genetically modified mice via ES Cell methodologies, we present an adaptation to the current ...

Establishment and Genetic Manipulation of Murine Hepatocyte Organoids

The liver is the largest organ in mammals. It plays an important role in glucose storage, protein secretion, metabolism and detoxification. As the executor for most of the liver functions, primary hepatocytes have limited proliferating capacity. This requires the establishment of ex vivo hepatocyte expansion models for liver physiological and pathological research. Here, we isolated murine hepatocytes by two steps of collagenase perfusion and established a 3D organoid culture as the 'mini-liver' to recapitulate cell-cell interactions and physical functions. The organoids consist of heterogeneous cell populations including progenitors and mature hepatocytes. We introduce the process in detailed to isolate and culture the murine hepatocytes or fetal hepatocyte to form organoids within 2-3 weeks and show how to passage them by mechanically pipetting up and down. In addition, we will also introduce how to digest the organoids into single cells for lentivirus infection of shRNA/ectopic construction, siRNA transfection and CRISPR-Cas9 engineering. The organoids can be used for drug screens, disease modelling, and basic liver research by modeling liver biology and pathobiology.

A long-term ex vitro 3D organoid culture system was established from mouse hepatocytes. These organoids can be passaged and genetically manipulated by lentivirus infection of shRNA/ectopic construction, siRNA transfection and CRISPR-Cas9 engineering.