This work was supported by the American Heart Association (BGIA 7850037 to Dr. Beiyan Zhou).

1. Isolation of Bone Marrow Cells
<ol>
	<li>Isolate femur and tibia bones from 6-8 week old mice, rinse off hair and then cut open the bone.</li>
	<li>Use a 21G needle and 10 ml syringe to flush out marrow into cold PBS+2% heat inactivated Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) (3-5 ml/mouse).</li>
	<li>Pass marrow through a 21G needle 4-6 times to dissociate the cells.</li>
	<li>Pass cells through a 70 &mu;m cell strainer to remove cell clumps, bone, hair and other cells/tissues.</li>
	<li>Add 3 volume of NH4Cl solution ...

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We report here a simple and readily adaptable in vitro procedure to induce activation of macrophages derived from bone marrow progenitor cells. This procedure can be used for investigation of mechanisms responsible for polarization of macrophages. The purity of mature macrophages obtained using this protocol averages 95 to 99%, and no additional purification procedures are required. To investigate the function of specific genes of interests in the context of macrophage polarization, ectopic expression or g...

Distinct from classical inflammatory responses, macrophages that infiltrate tissues often display polarized activation status that plays a crucial role in regulating host tissue physiological functions1-8. Upon stimulation, macrophage activation can be sorted into classic (M1) and alternative (M2) activation2, 4, 9 . M1 macrophage activation depends on Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF&kappa;B)/c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1(JNK1), leading to production of inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-&alpha; and IL-1&beta; and activation of iNOS that results in increased production of reactive oxygen species such as nitride oxide (NO) 10, 11 . In contrast, M2 macrophage activation recruits PPAR&gamma;, PPAR&delta;, or IL-4-STAT6 pathways, leading to alternative, anti-inflammatory (M2) activation that is associated with upregulation of mannose receptor CD206, and arginase 1(Arg1) 6, 12-14 .
Bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) present an ideal in vitro model to understand the mechanisms controlling polarization of activated macrophages15. Specifically, activation of M1 macrophages can be induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) stimulation, while polarization of M2 macrophages can be induced by IL-4 and/or IL-13. Mature bone marrow derived macrophages and activated macrophages can be identified through flow cytometry analysis for expression of surface antigens, including CD11b, F4/80, CD11c, CD206, CD69, CD80 and CD869, 16, 17. In addition, changes in cytokine production and cell signaling pathways associated with macrophage polarization can be measured by quantitative RT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. In summary, mouse bone marrow derived macrophages can serve as a relevant model to study macrophage polarization in vitro.

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalog Number</td>
 <td>Comments</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>IMDM</td>
 <td>Thermo Scientific</td>
 <td>SH30259.01</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>10438-026</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Murine GM-CSF</td>
 <td>PeproTech</td>
 <td> 315-03</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>NH4Cl</td>
 <td>StemCell Technologies</td>
 <td>7850</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>L-929</td>
 <td>ATCC</td>
 <td>CCL-1</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>70 &mu;m cell strainer</td>
 <td>BD Biosciences</td>
 <td>352350</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>10 x PBS</td>
 <td>Thermo Scientific</td>
 <td>AP-9009-10</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Anti-mouse CD11b-APC</td>
 <td>eBioscience</td>
 <td>17-0112-81</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Anti-mouse F4/80-FITC</td>
 <td>eBioscience</td>
 <td>11-4801-81</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Anti-mouse CD69-PE</td>
 <td>eBioscience</td>
 <td>12-0691-81</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Anti-mouse CD86-PE</td>
 <td>eBioscience</td>
 <td>12-0862-81</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Propidium Iodine</td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>P3566</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

investigation of macrophage polarization using bone marrow derived macrophages

The article describes a readily easy adaptive in vitro model to investigate macrophage polarization. In the presence of GM-CSF/M-CSF, hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from the bone marrow are directed into monocytic differentiation, followed by M1 or M2 stimulation. The activation status can be tracked by changes in cell surface antigens, gene expression and cell signaling pathways.

A schematic description of the BMDM generation procedure is presented (Figure 1). High purity of mature macrophages can be observed on day 7 when they represent 95 to 99% of CD11b+F4/80+ cells (Figure 2). Polarized macrophages can be examined using antibodies against CD11b, F4/80, CD11c and CD206 followed by flow cytometry analysis. As shown in Figure 3, M1 macrophages are detected as CD11b+F4/80+CD11c+CD206- cells (Q2), whereas M2 macrophages are CD11b+F4/80+CD11c-...

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Investigation of Macrophage Polarization Using Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages

The article describes a readily easy adaptive in vitro model to investigate macrophage polarization. In the presence of GM-CSF/M-CSF, hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from the bone marrow are directed into monocytic differentiation, followed by M1 or M2 stimulation. The activation status can be tracked by changes in cell surface antigens, gene expression and cell signaling pathways.

The article describes a readily easy adaptive in vitro model to investigate macrophage polarization. In the presence of GM-CSF/M-CSF, hematopoietic ...