Inducing Post-Traumatic Epilepsy in a Mouse Model of Repetitive Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury

Summary

This systematic protocol describes a new animal model of post-traumatic epilepsy after repetitive mild traumatic brain injury. The first part details steps for traumatic brain injury induction using a modified weight drop model. The second part provides instructions on the surgical approach for single- and multi-channel electroencephalographic data acquisition systems.

Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of acquired epilepsy. TBI can result in a focal or diffuse brain injury. Focal injury is a result of direct mechanical forces, sometimes penetrating through the cranium, creating a direct lesion in the brain tissue. These are visible during brain imaging as areas with contusion, laceration, and hemorrhage. Focal lesions induce neuronal death and glial scar formation and are present in 20%−25% of all people who incur a TBI. However, in the majority of TBI cases, injury is caused by acceleration-deceleration forces and subsequent tissue shearing, resulting in nonfocal, diffuse damage. A subpopulation of TBI patients continues to develop post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) after a latency period of months or years. Currently, it is impossible to predict which patients will develop PTE, and seizures in PTE patients are challenging to control, necessitating further research. Until recently, the field was limited to only two animal/rodent models with validated spontaneous post-traumatic seizures, both presenting with large focal lesions with massive tissue loss in the cortex and sometimes subcortical structures. In contrast to these approaches, it was determined that diffuse TBI induced using a modified weight drop model is sufficient to initiate development of spontaneous convulsive and non-convulsive seizures, even in the absence of focal lesions or tissue loss. Similar to human patients with acquired post-traumatic epilepsy, this model presents with a latency period after injury before seizure onset. In this protocol, the community will be provided with a new model of post-traumatic epilepsy, detailing how to induce diffuse non-lesional TBI followed by continuous long-term video-electroencephalographic animal monitoring over the course of several months. This protocol will detail animal handling, the weight drop procedure, the electrode placement for two acquisition systems, and the frequent challenges encountered during each of the steps of surgery, postoperative monitoring, and data acquisition.

Introduction

Every year TBI affects an estimated 60 million people worldwide. Impacted individuals are at higher risk of developing epilepsy, which can manifest years after the initial injury. Though severe TBIs are associated with a higher risk of epilepsy, even mild TBI increases an individual’s chance of developing epilepsy^1,2,3,4. All TBIs can be classified as focal, diffuse, or a combination of both. Diffuse brain injury, present in many if not all TBIs, is a result of brain tissues of different densities shearing against each other due to acc....

Protocol

All animal procedures described in this protocol were performed in accordance with the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Virginia Tech and in compliance with the National Institutes of Health's 'Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals'.

1. Animal handling protocol

NOTE: This protocol is intended to habituate animals ordered from a vendor to the facility after arrival and to condition them to being handled by the experimenter. This improves animal well-being by reducing stress and anxiety and simplifies certain procedures that require handling animals, including inducing the....

Results

The protocol outlined here describes the method for induction of a diffuse injury in isolation (e.g., in the absence a focal lesion) using a mouse model of repetitive diffuse TBI (Figure 1). Figure 1A depicts the weight drop device and its components (Figure 1A, a1−a5) used for induction of TBI in this model and crucial steps during the procedure (Figure 1.......

Discussion

In contrast to CCI and FPI models inducing either focal or combination of focal and diffuse injury, the model of repetitive diffuse TBI described in this protocol allows for the induction of diffuse injury in the absence of focal brain injury and does not require scalp or cranial openings and the associated inflammation. An added benefit of the absence of craniectomy in this model is that it allows to not only implant the electrodes for chronic continuous EEG recording, but also the creation of a thinned-skull cranial wi.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
0.10" screw	Pinnacle Technology Inc., KS, USA	8209	0.10 inch long stainless steel
0.10" screw	Pinnacle Technology Inc., KS, USA	8403	0.10 inch long with pre-soldered wire lead
0.12" screw	Pinnacle Technology Inc., KS, USA	8212	0.12 inch long stainless steel
1EEG headmount	Invitro1 (subsidiary of Plastics One), VA, USA	MS333/8-A/SPC	3 individually Teflon-insulated platinum iridium wire electrodes (twisted or untwisted, 0.005 inch diameter) extending below threaded plastic pedestal
2EEG/1EMG headmount	Pinnacle Technology Inc., KS, USA	8201	2EEG/1EMG channels
3% hydrogen peroxide			Pharmacy
3EEG headmount	Pinnacle Technology Inc., KS, USA	8235-SM-C	custom 6-Pin Connector for 3EEG channels
Buprenorphine	Par Pharmaceuticals, Cos. Inc., Spring Valley, NY, USA	060969
Buprenorphine	Par Pharmaceuticals, Cos. Inc., Spring Valley, NY, USA	060969
C57BL/6 mice	Harlan/Envigo Laboratories Inc		male, 12-16 weeks old
C57BL/6 mice	The Jackson Laboratory		male, 12-16 weeks old
Carprofen	Zoetis Services LLC, Parsippany, NJ, USA	026357	NOTE: this drug is added during weight drop only if stereotactic electrode implantation will be performed on the same day
Chlorhexidine antiseptic			Pharmacy
Dental cement and solvent kit	Stoelting Co., USA	51459
Drill	Foredom	HP4-917
Drill bit	Meisinger USA, LLC, USA	HM1-005-HP	0.5 mm, Round, 1/4, Steel
Dry sterilizer	Cellpoint Scientific, USA		Germinator 500
EEG System 1	Biopac Systems, CA, USA
EEG System 2	Pinnacle Technology Inc., KS, USA
Ethanol ≥70%	VWR, USA	71001-652	KOPTEC USP, Biotechnology Grade (140 Proof)
Eye ointment	Pro Labs Ltd, USA		Puralube Vet Ointment Sterile Ocular Lubricant available in general online stores and pharmacies
Fluriso liquid for inhalation anesthesia	MWI Veterinary Supply Co., USA	502017
Hair removal product	Church & Dwight Co., Inc., USA		Nair cream
Isoflurane	MWI Veterinary Supply Co., USA	502017
Povidone-iodine surgical solution	Purdue Products, USA	004677	Betadine
Rimadyl/Carprofen	Zoetis Services LLC, Parsippany, NJ, USA	026357
Solder			Harware store
Soldering iron	Weller, USA	WP35	ST7 tip, 0.8mm
Stainless steel disc			Custom made
Sterile cotton swabs
Sterile gauze pads	Fisher Scientific, USA	22362178
Sterile poly-lined absorbent towels pads	Cardinal Health, USA	3520
Tissue adhesive	3M Animal Care Products, USA	1469SB