High-Frequency Ultrasound Echocardiography to Assess Zebrafish Cardiac Function

Summary

We describe a protocol to assess heart morphology and function in adult zebrafish using high-frequency echocardiography. The method allows visualization of the heart and subsequent quantification of functional parameters, such as heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), fractional area change (FAC), ejection fraction (EF), and blood inflow and outflow velocities.

Abstract

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has become a very popular model organism in cardiovascular research, including human cardiac diseases, largely due to its embryonic transparency, genetic tractability, and amenity to rapid, high-throughput studies. However, the loss of transparency limits heart function analysis at the adult stage, which complicates modeling of age-related heart conditions. To overcome such limitations, high-frequency ultrasound echocardiography in zebrafish is emerging as a viable option. Here, we present a detailed protocol to assess cardiac function in adult zebrafish by non-invasive echocardiography using high-frequency ultrasound. The method allows visualization and analysis of zebrafish heart dimension and quantification of important functional parameters, including heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, and ejection fraction. In this method, the fish are anesthetized and kept underwater and can be recovered after the procedure. Although high-frequency ultrasound is an expensive technology, the same imaging platform can be used for different species (e.g., murine and zebrafish) by adapting different transducers. Zebrafish echocardiography is a robust method for cardiac phenotyping, useful in the validation and characterization of disease models, particularly late-onset diseases; drug screens; and studies of heart injury, recovery, and regenerative capacity.

Introduction

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a well-established vertebrate model for studies of developmental processes and human diseases¹. Zebrafish have high genetic similarity to humans (70%), genetic tractability, high fecundity, and optical transparency during embryonic development, which allows direct visual analysis of organs and tissues, including the heart. Despite having just one atrium and one ventricle, the zebrafish heart (Figure 1) is physiologically similar to mammalian four-chambered hearts. Importantly, the zebrafish heart rate, electrocardiogram morphology, and action potential shape resemble those of humans more ....

Protocol

All procedures involving zebrafish were approved by our Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and are in compliance with the USDA Animal Welfare Act.

1. Experimental set-up

1. Setting up the platform for image acquisition
   1. Using small scissors or a scalpel make an incision on a sponge at the 12 o'clock position to hold the fish during scanning. Place the sponge in a glass container (Figure 2A).
      .......

Discussion

We describe a systematic method for echocardiographic imaging and assessment of cardiac function in adult zebrafish. Echocardiography is the only available non-invasive and most robust method for live adult fish cardiac imaging and functional analysis, and it is becoming increasingly popular in zebrafish cardiovascular research. The amount of time needed is short and allows for high-throughput and longitudinal studies. However, there is considerable variation in the methodology employed and data analysis. Standardization.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Double sided tape
Fish net
Glass container - 100 inch high
High frequency transducer	Fujifilm/VisualSonics	MX700	Band width 29-71 MHz, Centre transmit 50 MHz, Axial resolution 30 µm
Plastic teaspoon
Scalpel or scissors
Small fish tanks
Sponge (kitchen sponge)
Transfer pipets (graduated 3 mL)	Samco Scientific	212
Tricaine (MS-222)	Sigma-Aldrich	A5040
Vevo 3100 Imaging system and imaging station	Fujifilm/VisualSonics
Vevo LAB sofware v 1.7.1	Fujifilm/VisualSonics