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Recombinant BDNF containing an Avi sequence (BDNFAvi) is produced in HEK293 cells in a cost-effective manner and is purified by affinity chromatography. BDNFavi is then directly mono-biotinylated with the enzyme BirA in a tube. BDNFavi and mono-biotinylated BDNFavi retain their biological activity when compared to commercially available BDNF.
Recombinant BDNF containing an Avi sequence (BDNFAvi) is produced in HEK293 cells and then cost-effectively purified by affinity chromatography. A reproducible protocol was developed to directly mono-biotinylate BDNFAvi with the enzyme BirA in a tube. In this reaction, mono-biotinylated BDNFAvi retains its biological activity.
Neurotrophins are target-derived growth factors playing a role in neuronal development and maintenance. They require rapid transport mechanisms along the endocytic pathway to allow long-distance signaling between different neuronal compartments. The development of molecular tools to study the trafficking of neurotrophins has enabled the precise tracking of these proteins in the cell using in vivo recording. In this protocol, we developed an optimized and cost-effective procedure for the production of mono-biotinylated BDNF. A recombinant BDNF variant containing a biotinylable avi sequence (BDNFAvi) is produced in HEK293 cells in the microgram range and then purified in an easily scalable procedure using affinity chromatography. The purified BDNF can then be homogeneously mono-biotinylated by a direct in vitro reaction with the enzyme BirA in a tube. The biological activity of the mono-biotinylated BDNF (mbtBDNF) can be conjugated to streptavidin-conjugated to different fluorophores. BDNFAvi and mbtBDNF retain their biological activity demonstrated through the detection of downstream phosphorylated targets using western blot and activation of the transcription factor CREB, respectively. Using streptavidin-quantum dots, we were able to visualize mbtBDNF internalization concomitant with activation of CREB, which was detected with a phospho-CREB specific antibody. In addition, mbtBDNF conjugated to streptavidin-quantum dots was suitable for retrograde transport analysis in cortical neurons grown in microfluidic chambers. Thus, in tube produced mbtBDNF is a reliable tool to study physiological signaling endosome dynamics and trafficking in neurons.
Neurons are the functional units of the nervous system possessing a complex and specialized morphology that allows synaptic communication, and thus, the generation of coordinated and complex behavior in response to diverse stimuli. Neuronal projections such as dendrites and axons are critical structural features involved in neuronal communication, and neurotrophins are crucial players in determining their morphology and function1. Neurotrophins are a family of secreted growth factors that include NGF, NT-3, NT-4, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)2. In the central nervous system (CNS), BDNF participates in diverse biological processes including neurotransmission, dendritic arborization, maturation of dendritic spines, long-term potentiation, among others3,4. Therefore, BDNF plays a critical role in regulating neuronal function.
Diverse cellular processes regulate BDNF dynamics and function. On the neuronal surface, BDNF binds the tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) and/or the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75). BDNF-TrkB and BDNF-p75 complexes are endocytosed and sorted in different endocytic organelles5,6,7,8. Correct intracellular trafficking of the BDNF/TrkB complex is required for proper BDNF signaling in different neuronal circuits9,10,11. For this reason, a deep understanding of BDNF trafficking dynamics and its alterations found in pathophysiological processes is essential to understand BDNF signaling in health and disease. The development of novel and specific molecular tools to monitor this process will help to drive this field forward and allow a better grasp of the regulatory mechanisms involved.
There are several tools available for the study of BDNF trafficking in neurons. A commonly used methodology involves the transfection of recombinant BDNF tagged with fluorescent molecules such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) or the monomeric fluorescent red-shifted variant of GFP mCherry12,13. However, a major shortcoming of BDNF overexpression is that it eliminates the possibility of delivering known concentrations of this neurotrophin. Also, it may result in cellular toxicity, obscuring the interpretation of results14. An alternative strategy is the transfection of an epitope-tagged TrkB, such as Flag-TrkB. This methodology allows the study of TrkB internalization dynamics15, but it also involves transfection, which might result in altered TrkB function and cellular toxicity. To overcome these methodological hurdles, recombinant variants of NGF and BDNF containing an Avi sequence (BDNFAvi), which can be mono-biotinylated by the biotin-ligase enzyme BirA, were developed16,17. Biotinylated recombinant BDNF can be coupled to different streptavidin-bound tools, which include fluorophores, beads, paramagnetic nanoparticles among others for detection. In terms of live-cell imaging, quantum dots (QD) have become frequently used fluorophores, as they have desirable characteristics for single-particle tracking, such as increased brightness and resistance to photobleaching when compared to small molecule fluorophores18.
The production of mono-biotinylated BDNF (mbtBDNF) using BDNFAvi has been achieved by co-transfection of plasmids driving the expression of BDNFAvi and BirA, followed by the purification of the recombinant protein by affinity chromatography with a yield of 1-2 μg of BDNF per 20 mL of HEK293-conditioned culture media17. Here, we propose a modification of this protocol that allows for BDNFAvi purification from 500 mL of HEK293-conditioned media, which seeks to maximize protein recovery in a chromatography-column based protocol for ease of manipulation. The used transfection agent, polyethyleneimine (PEI), ensures a cost-effective method without sacrificing transfection yield. The mono-biotinylation step has been adapted to an in vitro reaction to avoid the complications associated with co-transfections and to ensure homogeneous labeling of BDNF. The biological activity of the mbtBDNF was demonstrated by western blot and fluorescence microscopy experiments, including activation of pCREB and live cell imaging to study retrograde axonal transport of BDNF in microfluidic chambers. The use of this protocol allows for optimized, high-yield production of homogenous mono-biotinylated and biologically active BDNF.
All experiments were carried out in accordance with the approved guidelines of CONICYT (Chilean National Commission for Scientific and Technological Research). The protocols used in this study were approved by the Biosecurity and Bioethical and Animal Welfare Committees of the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Experiments involving vertebrates were approved by the Bioethical and Animal Welfare Committee of the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.
NOTE: The following protocol was designed to purify BDNFAvi from a total volume of 500 mL of conditioned medium produced in HEK293 cells. The amount of conditioned medium that is produced and processed to purify BDNFAvi can be up or downscaled as needed. However, further optimization may be necessary under these circumstances. The composition of the culture media and buffers used throughout the protocol can be found in supplementary materials.
1. Production and purification of BDNFAvi from HEK293-conditioned media
2. In vitro mono-biotinylation of BDNFAvi using the BirA enzyme
3. Verification of mbtBDNF biological activity
The use of a chromatographic column-based protocol allows the processing of significant volumes of HEK293 conditioned media. In Figure 1, the results of the purification of BDNFAvi from 500 mL of conditioned media are shown. Consecutive elutions of BDNFAvi from the Ni-NTA agarose beads yield decreasing concentrations of BDNFAvi (Figure 1A). After four consecutive elutions (each lasting 15 min), the majority of the BDNF captured by the beads is recovered. The con...
In this article, an optimized methodology for the production and purification of mbtBDNF in an affinity chromatography-based procedure is described, based on the work of Sung and collaborators17. The optimizations include the use of a cost-effective transfection reagent (PEI) while maintaining the efficiency of more expensive transfection methods such as lipofectamine. This optimization translates into a significant cost reduction in the protocol, allowing for scalability while maintaining high co...
The authors have nothing to disclose.
The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from Fondecyt (1171137) (FCB), the Basal Center of Excellence in Science and Technology (AFB 170005) (FCB), Millenium-Nucleus (P07/011-F) (FCB), the Wellcome Trust Senior Investigator Award (107116/Z/15/Z) (GS) and a UK Dementia Research Institute Foundation award (GS). This work was supported by the Unidad de Microscopía Avanzada UC (UMA UC).
Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
2 way stopcock | BioRad | 7328102 | Chromatography apparatus component |
2-mercaptoethanol | Sigma | M6250 | BDNF elution buffer |
Acrylamide/Bisacrylamide | BioRad | 1610154 | SDS-PAGE gel preparation |
Amicon Ultra-15 10K | Millipore | UFC901024 | BDNF concentration |
Ammonium Persulfate | Sigma | A9164 | SDS-PAGE gel preparation |
anti B-III-Tubulin antibody | Sigma | T8578 | Western blot assays for BDNF biological activity detection |
anti BDNF antibody | Alomone | AGP-021 | Western blot assays for BDNF quantification |
anti BDNF antibody | Alomone | ANT-010 | Western blot assays for BDNF quantification |
Anti ERK antibody | Cell Signaling | 9102 | Western blot assays for BDNF biological activity detection |
anti pCREB antibody (S133) | Cell Signaling | 9198 | Western blot assays for BDNF biological activity detection |
anti pERK antibody (T202, Y204) | Cell Signaling | 4370 | Western blot assays for BDNF biological activity detection |
anti pTrkB antibody (Y515) | Abcam | ab109684 | Western blot assays for BDNF biological activity detection |
Antibiotic/Antimycotic | Gibco | 15240-062 | HEK293 maintenance |
ATP | Sigma | A26209 | BDNF monobiotinylation buffer |
B-27 Supplement | Gibco | 17504-044 | Neuron maintenance |
Bicine | Sigma | B3876 | BDNF monobiotinylation buffer |
BirA-GST | BPS Bioscience | 70031 | Enzyme for BDNF AviTag monobiotinylation |
Bovine Fetal Serum | HyClone | HC.SH30396.02 | HEK293 maintenance |
Bovine Serum Albumin | Jackson ImmunoResearch | 001-000-162 | BDNF buffer modification component, blocking buffer for western blot and immunofluorescence |
D-Biotin | Sigma | B4639 | BDNF monobiotinylation buffer |
Dithiothreitol | Invitrogen | 15508-013 | |
DMEM High Glucose Medium | Gibco | 11965-092 | Neuron seeding |
DMEM Medium | Gibco | 11995-081 | HEK293 maintenance |
Econo Column Funnel | BioRad | 7310003 | Chromatography apparatus component |
EDTA | Merck | 108418 | |
EZ-ECL Kit | Biological Industries | 1633664 | Protein detection by western blotting |
Glutamax | Gibco | 35050-061 | Neuron and HEK293 maintenance |
Glycerol | Merck | 104094 | BDNF elution buffer, lysis buffer for western blot assays |
Hettich Rotina 46R Centrifuge | Hettich | Discontinued | Centrifuge used for clearing the medium of debris |
Hettich Universal 32R Centrifuge | Hettich | Discontinued | Centrifuge used for protein concentrator centrifugation |
Horse Serum | Gibco | 16050-122 | Neuron seeding |
ImageQuant LAS 500 | GE Healthcare Life Sciences | 29005063 | Western blot image acquisition |
Imidazole | Sigma | I55513 | BDNF buffer modification component |
KCl | Winkler | BM-1370 | PBS component |
KH2PO4 | Merck | 104873 | PBS component |
Laminin | Invitrogen | 23017-015 | Cover coating for compartmentalized neurons |
Luer Tubing Adaptor | BioRad | 7323245 | Chromatography apparatus component |
Luminata™ Forte Western HRP Substrate | Millipore | WBLUF0100 | Protein detection by western blotting |
Mg(CH3COO)2 | Merck | 105819 | BDNF monobiotinylation buffer |
Mowiol 4-88 | Calbiochem | 475904 | Mounting reagent for immunofluorescence assays |
MyOne C1 Streptavidin Magnetic Beads | Invitrogen | 65001 | Biotinylation verification |
Na2HPO4 | Merck | 106586 | BDNF buffer modification component |
NaCl | Winkler | BM-1630 | PBS component, BDNF buffer modification component |
NaH2PO4 | Merck | 106346 | BDNF buffer modification component |
Neurobasal Medium | Gibco | 21103-049 | Neuron maintenance |
Ni-NTA Agarose Beads | Qiagen | 30210 | BDNF AviTag purification |
Nikon Ti2-E | Nikon | Microscope for fluorescence imaging | |
Nitrocellulose Membrane | BioRad | 1620115 | Protein transfer for western blotting |
ORCA-Flash4.0 V3 Digital CMOS camera | Hamamatsu | C13440-20CU | Camera for epifluorescence imaging |
P8340 Protease Inhibitor Cocktail | Sigma | P8340 | BDNF buffer modification component |
Paraformaldehyde | Merck | 104005 | Fixative for immunofluorescence assays |
Penicillin/Streptomycin | Gibco | 15140-122 | Neuron maintenance |
Poli-D-Lysine | Corning | DLW354210 | Cover coating for compartmentalized neurons |
Poli-L-Lysine | Millipore | P2363 | Cover coating for non-compartmentalized neurons |
Poly-Prep Chromatography Column | BioRad | 7311550 | Chromatography apparatus component |
Polyethyleneimine 25K | Polysciences Inc. | PLY-0296 | HEK293 transfection |
Quantum Dots 655 streptavidin conjugate | Invitrogen | Q10121MP | Monobiotinylated BDNF AviTag label for live and fixed cell experiments |
Saponin | Sigma | S4521 | Detergent for immunofluorescence assays |
Sucrose | Merck | 107687 | |
Syldgard 184 silicone elastomer base | Poirot | 4019862 | Microfluidic chamber preparation |
TEMED | Sigma | T9281 | SDS-PAGE gel preparation |
Tris | Winkler | BM-2000 | Lysis buffer component |
Triton X100 | Merck | 108603 | Cell permeabilization in immunofluorescence and western blot assays |
Trypsin-EDTA 0.5% | Gibco | 15400-054 | HEK293 passaging |
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