Detection of Cell-Free DNA in Blood Plasma Samples of Cancer Patients

Summary

In this paper we present a detailed protocol for non-invasive liquid biopsy technique, including blood collection, plasma and buffy coat separation, cfDNA and germline DNA extraction, quantification of cfDNA or germline DNA, and cfDNA fragment enrichment analysis.

Abstract

Identifying mutations in tumors of cancer patients is a very important step in disease management. These mutations serve as biomarkers for tumor diagnosis as well as for the treatment selection and its response in cancer patients. The current gold standard method for detecting tumor mutations involves a genetic test of tumor DNA by means of tumor biopsies. However, this invasive method is difficult to be performed repeatedly as a follow-up test of the tumor mutational repertoire. Liquid biopsy is a new and emerging technique for detecting tumor mutations as an easy-to-use and non-invasive biopsy approach.

Cancer cells multiply rapidly. In parallel, numerous cancer cells undergo apoptosis. Debris from these cells are released into a patient’s circulatory system, together with finely fragmented DNA pieces, called cell-free DNA (cfDNA) fragments, which carry tumor DNA mutations. Therefore, for identifying cfDNA based biomarkers using liquid biopsy technique, blood samples are collected from the cancer patients, followed by the separation of plasma and buffy coat. Next, plasma is processed for the isolation of cfDNA, and the respective buffy coat is processed for the isolation of a patient's genomic DNA. Both nucleic acid samples are then checked for their quantity and quality; and analyzed for mutations using next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques.

In this manuscript, we present a detailed protocol for liquid biopsy, including blood collection, plasma, and buffy coat separation, cfDNA and germline DNA extraction, quantification of cfDNA or germline DNA, and cfDNA fragment enrichment analysis.

Introduction

Technological advances have led to the sequencing of hundreds of cancer genomes and transcriptomes¹. This has contributed to understanding landscapes of molecular changes across different cancer types². Further studies on these landscapes have helped characterize the sequential somatic alterations and gene-gene fusions³ that are involved in cancer or tumor progression, by serially disrupting apoptosis pathways⁴. Therefore, somatic mutations and gene-gene fusions can provide information about tumors by serving as biomarkers in individual patients for a particular tumor type<....

Protocol

Prior to blood collection, informed consent from subjects participating in the research is required and must be obtained. The research described in this manuscript was performed in accordance and compliance with the Rabin Medical Center, Israel ethic committee (ethic code: 0039-17-RMC) and the Faculty of Medicine Der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Germany ethic committee (ethic code: D 405/14).

1. Blood sample collection and storage in cfDNA or cfRNA preservative tubes

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Discussion

The collection of a patient’s blood in a tube, shipment and storage are crucial initial steps in liquid biopsy. Improper handling can impair the quality of the plasma and, therefore, can interfere with the results of the liquid biopsy⁴⁷. If a blood sample is collected in an EDTA blood tube, the plasma must be separated within two hours of blood collection to avoid lysis of WBCs and release of its genomic DNA into the plasma⁴⁸. WBCs can also undergo apoptosis in an EDT.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
2100 Bioanalyzer Instrument	Agilent Technologies, Inc.	G2939BA	The 2100 Bioanalyzer system is an established automated electrophoresis tool for the sample quality control of biomolecules.
Adjustable Clip for Priming Station	Agilent Technologies, Inc.	5042-1398	Used in combination with syringe to apply defined pressure for chip priming.
Agilent High Sensitivity DNA Kit	Agilent Technologies, Inc.	5067-4626	The High Sensitivity DNA assays are often used for sample quality control for next-generation sequencing libraries
cf-DNA/cf-RNA Preservative Tubes	Norgen Biotek Corp.	63950	Norgen's cf-DNA/cf-RNA Preservative Tubes are closed, evacuated plastic tubes for the collection and the preservation of cf-DNA, circulating tumor DNA, cf-RNA and circulating tumor cells in human whole blood samples during storage and shipping
Chip Priming Station	Agilent Technologies, Inc.	5065-4401	Used to load gel matrix into a chip with a syringe provided with each assay kit— used for RNA, DNA, and protein assays. Includes priming station, stop watch, and 1 syringe clip
Electrode Cleaner Kit	Agilent Technologies, Inc.	5065-9951	Prevents cross-contamination. Removes bacterial or protein contaminants from electrodes.
Filters for Gel Matrix	Agilent Technologies, Inc.	185-5990	Used for proper mixing of DNA dye concentrate and DNA gel matrix
IKA Basic Chip Vortex	IKA-Werke GmbH & Co. KG	MS-3-S36	Used for proper mixing of DNA ladder and DNA sample on Bioanalyzer assay chips
NucleoSpin Tissue kit	MACHEREY-NAGEL	740952.5	With the NucleoSpin Tissue kit, genomic DNA can be prepared from tissue, cells (e.g., bacteria), and many other sources.
QIAamp circulating nucleic acid kit	Qiagen	55114	The QIAamp Circulating Nucleic Acid Kit enables efficient purification of these circulating nucleic acids from human plasma or serum and other cell-free body fluids.
QIAvac 24 Plus vacuum manifold	Qiagen	19413	The QIAvac 24 Plus vacuum manifold is designed for vacuum processing of QIAGEN columns in parallel.
QIAvac Connecting System	Qiagen	19419	In combination with the QIAvac Connecting System, the QIAvac 24 Plus vacuum manifold can be used as a flow-through system. The sample flow-through, containing possibly infectious material, is collected in a separate waste bottle.
Qubit 2.0 fluorometer	Invitrogen	Q32866	The Qubit 2.0 Fluorometer is an easy-to-use, analytical instrument designed to work with the Qubit assays for DNA, RNA, and protein quantitation.
Qubit assay tubes	Thermo Fisher Scientific	Q32856	Qubit assay tubes are 500 µL thin-walled polypropylene tubes for use with the Qubit Fluorometer.
Qubit dsDNA HS Assay Kit	Thermo Fisher Scientific	Q32851	The Qubit dsDNA HS (High Sensitivity) Assay Kit is designed specifically for use with the Qubit Fluorometer. The assay is highly selective for double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) over RNA and is designed to be accurate for initial sample concentrations from 10 pg/µL to 100 ng/µL.
Vacuum Pump	Qiagen	84010	used for vacuum processing of QIAGEN columns
Miscellaneous
50 ml centrifuge tubes
Crushed ice
Ethanol (96–100%)
Heating block or similar at 56 °C (capable of holding 2 ml collection tubes)
Isopropanol (100%)
Microcentrifuge
Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)
Pipettes (adjustable)
Sterile pipette tips (pipette tips with aerosol barriers are recommended to help prevent cross-contamination)
Water bath or heating block capable of holding 50 mL centrifuge tubes at 60 °C