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* These authors contributed equally
The goal of this protocol is to execute a dynamic co-culture of human macrophages and myofibroblasts in tubular electrospun scaffolds to investigate material-driven tissue regeneration, using a bioreactor which enables the decoupling of shear stress and cyclic stretch.
The use of resorbable biomaterials to induce regeneration directly in the body is an attractive strategy from a translational perspective. Such materials induce an inflammatory response upon implantation, which is the driver of subsequent resorption of the material and the regeneration of new tissue. This strategy, also known as in situ tissue engineering, is pursued to obtain cardiovascular replacements such as tissue-engineered vascular grafts. Both the inflammatory and the regenerative processes are determined by the local biomechanical cues on the scaffold (i.e., stretch and shear stress). Here, we describe in detail the use of a custom-developed bioreactor that uniquely enables the decoupling of stretch and shear stress on a tubular scaffold. This allows for the systematic and standardized evaluation of the inflammatory and regenerative capacity of tubular scaffolds under the influence of well-controlled mechanical loads, which we demonstrate on the basis of a dynamic co-culture experiment using human macrophages and myofibroblasts. The key practical steps in this approach—the construction and setting up of the bioreactor, preparation of the scaffolds and cell seeding, application and maintenance of stretch and shear flow, and sample harvesting for analysis—are discussed in detail.
Cardiovascular tissue engineering (TE) is being pursued as an alternative treatment option to the currently used permanent cardiovascular prostheses (e.g., vascular grafts, heart valve replacements), which are suboptimal for large cohorts of patients1,2,3,4. Much sought-after applications include tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs)5,6 and heart valves (TEHVs)7,8. Most often, cardiovascular TE methodologies make use of r....
In the studies described in this protocol, primary human macrophages isolated from peripheral blood buffy coats and human myofibroblasts isolated from the saphenous vein after coronary by-pass surgery have been used44. The buffy coats were obtained from healthy, anonymized volunteers who provided written informed consent, which was approved by the Sanquin Research Institutional Medical Ethical Committee. The use of human vena saphena cells (HVSCs) was in accordance to the “Code Proper S.......
This bioreactor was developed to study the individual and combined effects of shear stress and cyclic stretch on vascular tissue growth and remodeling in 3D biomaterial scaffolds. The design of the bioreactor allows for culturing up to eight vascular constructs under various loading conditions (Figure 1A). The vascular constructs are positioned in a flow culture chamber (Figure 1B) in which both the circumferential stretch and WSS can be independently controlled.......
The bioreactor described herein allows for the systematic evaluation of the contributions of the individual and combined effects of shear stress and cyclic stretch on inflammation and tissue regeneration in tubular resorbable scaffolds. This approach also enables a large variety of analyses to be performed on vascular constructs, as exemplified in the representative results section. These results show the distinctive impact of the different hemodynamic loading regimes (i.e., different combinations of shear and stretch) o.......
This study is financially supported by ZonMw as part of the LSH 2Treat program (436001003) and the Dutch Kidney Foundation (14a2d507). N.A.K. acknowledges support from the European Research Council (851960). We gratefully acknowledge the Gravitation Program “Materials Driven Regeneration”, funded by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (024.003.013).
....Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
advanced Dulbecco’s modified EagleMedium (aDMEM) | Gibco | 12491-015 | cell culture medium for fibroblasts |
Aqua Stabil | Julabo | 8940012 | prevent microorganism growth in bioreactor-hydraulic reservoir |
Bovine fibrinogen | Sigma | F8630 | to prepare fibrinogen gel to seed the cells on the electrospun scaffold |
Bovine thrombin | Sigma | T4648 | to prepare fibrinogen gel to seed the cells on the electrospun scaffold |
Centrifuge | Eppendorf | 5804 | to spin down cells and conditioned medium |
Clamp scissor - "kelly forceps" | Almedic | P-422 | clamp the silicone tubing and apply pre-stretch to the scaffold so the scaffold can be sutured into the engraved groove (autoclave at step 1, step 7) |
CO2 cell culture incubators | Sanyo | MCO-170AIC-PE | for cell culturing |
Compressed air reservoir | Festo | CRVZS-5 | smoothing air pressure fluctuations and create time delays for pressure build-up |
Custom Matlab script to calculate the maximum stretches | Matlab | R2017. The Mathworks, Natick, MA | calculate the minimum and maximum outer diameter of the electrospun scaffold |
Data acquisition board | National Instruments | BNC-2090 | data processing in between amplifier system and computer |
Ethanol | VWR | VWRK4096-9005 | to keep sterile working conditions |
Fetal bovine calf serum (FBS) | Greiner | 758087 | cell culture medium supplement; serum-supplement |
Flow culture chamber compartments, consisting of a pressure conduit with engraved grooves and small holes to apply pressure on silicone tubing, a screw thread, nose cone, top compartment with flow inlet and bottom compartment flow outlet, adapter bushing | Custom made, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology | n.a. | flow culture chamber compartments (autoclave at step 1, step 7) |
Glass Pasteur pipet | Assistant | HE40567002 | apply vacuum on electrospun scaffold (autoclave at step 1) |
Glass tubes of the flow culture chamber | Custon made, Equipment & Prototype Center, Eindhoven University of Technology | n.a. | part of the flow culture chamber (clean and store in 70% ethanol, at step 1 and 7) |
GlutaMax | Gibco | 35050061 | cell culture medium amino acid supplement, minimizes ammonia build-up |
High speed camera | MotionScope | M-5 | to monitor the stretch during culture; time-lapse photographs of the scaffolds are captured at a frequency of 30 Hz for 6 sec (i.e. 3 stretch cycles) |
High speed camera lens - Micro-NIKKOR 55mm f/2.8 - lens | Nikon | JAA616AB | to monitor the stretch during culture; time-lapse photographs of the scaffolds are captured at a frequency of 30 Hz for 6 sec (i.e. 3 stretch cycles) |
Hose clip | ibidi GmbH | 10821 | block medium flow (autoclave at step 1, step 7) |
Hydraulic reservoir with 8 screw threads for 8 flow culture chambers | Custom made, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology | n.a. | to apply pressure to the silicone mounted constructs (clean outside with a paper tissue with 70% ethanol, rinse reservoir with 70% ethanol followed by demi water, at step 1 and 7) |
Ibidi pump system (8x) including ibidi pump, PumpControl software, fluidic unit, perfusion set (medium tubing), air pressure tubing, drying bottles with orange silica beads | ibidi GmbH | 10902 | set up used to control the flow in the flow culture chambers. Note 1: the ibidi pumps were modified by the manufacturer to enable 200 mbar capacity. Note 2: can be replaced by pump system of other manufacturer, as long as same flow regimes can be applied. |
Knives (no.10 sterile blades, individual foil pack) and scalpel handle (stainless steel, individually wrapped) | Swann Morton | 0301; 0933 | to cut the silicone tubing in the correct size for the scaffold and to cut the suture material |
LabVIEW Software | National Instruments | version 2018 | to control the stretch applied to the scaffolds |
Laminar flow biosafety cabinet with UV light | Labconco | 302310001 | to ensure sterile working conditions. The UV is used to decontaminate everything that cannot be autoclaved, or touched after autoclaving |
Large and small petri dishes | Greiner | 664-160 | for sterile working conditions |
L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (vitamin C) | Sigma | A8960 | cell culture medium supplement, important for collagen production |
LED light cold source KL2500 | Zeiss | Schott AG | to aid in visualization for the time lapse of the scaffolds during monitoring of the stretch |
Luer (female and male) locks and connectors, white luer caps | ibidi GmbH | various, see (https://ibidi.com/26-flow-accessories) | to close or connect parts of the bioreactor and the ibidi pump (autoclave at step 1, step 7) |
Measuring amplifier (PICAS) | PEEKEL instruments B.V. | n.a. | to amplify the signal from the pressure sensor and feedback to LabView |
Medium reservoir (large syringes 60 mL) and reservoir holders | ibidi GmbH | 10974 | medium reservoir (autoclave at step 1, step 7) |
Medium tubing with 4.25 mm outer diameter and 1 mm inner diameter | Rubber BV | 1805 | to allow for a larger flow rate, the ibidi medium tubing with larger diameter is used. Note: the part of medium tubing guided through the fluidic unit valves are the same as the default ibidi medium tubing |
Motion Studio Software | Idtvision | 2.15.00 | to make the high speed time lapse images for stretch monitoring |
Needle (19G) | BD Microlance | 301700 | together with thin flexible tubing used to fill the hydraulic reservoir with ultrapure water without adding air bubbles |
Needle driver | Adson | 2429218 | to handle the needle of the nylon suture through the silicone tube (autoclave at step 1, step 7) |
Paper tissues | Kleenex | 38044001 | for cleaning of the equipment with 70% ethanol |
Parafilm | Sigma | P7793-1EA | quick fix if leakage occurs |
Penicillin/streptomycin (P/S) | Lonza | DE17-602E | cell culture medium supplement; prevent bacterial contamination |
Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) | Sigma | P4417-100TAB | for storage and washing steps (autoclave at step 1) |
Plastic containers (60 mL) with red screw caps | Greiner | 206202 | to prepare the fibrinogen solution |
Pneumatic cylinder | Festo | AEVC-20-10-I-P | to actuate the Teflon bellow (clean with a paper tissue with 70% ethanol at step 1 and 7) |
Polycaprolactone bisurea (PCL-BU) tubular scaffolds (3 mm inner diameter, 200 µm wall thickness, 20 mm length) | SyMO-Chem, Eindhoven, The Netherlands | n.a. | produced using electrospinning from 15% (w/w) chloroform (Sigma; 372978) polymer solutions. See Van Haaften et al Tissue Engineering Part C (2018) for more details |
Pressure conduit without holes (for static control) | Custom made, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology | n.a. | to mount electrospun tubes on silicon tubing (autoclave at step 1, step 7) |
Pressure sensor and transducer | BD | TC-XX and P 10 EZ | the air pressure going to the pneumatic actuated pump is raised until it reaches the set pressure |
Proportional air pressure control valve and pressure sensor | Festo | MPPES-3-1/8-2-010, 159596 | provides compressed air to the pneumatic actuated pump |
Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640 (RPMI-1640) | Gibco | A1049101 | cell culture medium for monocyte/macrophage |
Safe lock Eppendorf tubes (1.5 mL) | Eppendorf | 30120086 | multiple applications (autoclave at step 1) |
Sodium dodecyl sulfate solution 20% | Sigma | 5030 | Used to clean materials, at a concentration of 0.1%. |
Silicone O-rings | Technirub | 1250S | to prevent leakage (autoclave at step 1, step 7) |
Silicone tubing (2.8 mm outer diameter, 400 um wall thickness) | Rubber BV | 1805 | to mount the electrospun tubes on the pressure conduits (autoclave at step 1) |
Sterile tube (15 mL) | Falcon | 352095 | multiple applications |
Suture, 5-0 prolene with pre-attached taper point needle | Ethicon, Johnson&Johnson | EH7404H | Prolene suture wire 5-0 (75cm length, TF taper point needle, 1/2 circle, 13 mm needle length) |
Syringe (24 mL) | B. Braun Melsungen AG | 2057932 | to add the ultrapure water or medium to the hydraulic reservoir or flow culture chamber |
Syringe filter (0.2 µm) | Satorius | 17597-K | to filter the fibrinogen solution |
T150 cell culture flask with filter cap | Nunc | 178983 | to degas culture medium |
T75 Cell culture flask with filter cap | Nunc | 156499 | to culture static control samples |
Teflon bellow | Custom made, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology | n.a. | to load the hydraulic reservoir (clean outside with a paper tissue with 70% ethanol at step 1 and 7) |
Tray (stainless steel) | PolarWare | 15-248 | for easy transport of the fluidic culture chambers and the bioreactor from incubator to laminar flow cabinet and back (clean with a paper tissue with 70% ethanol before and after use) |
Tweezers | Wironit | 4910 | sterile handling of individual parts (autoclave at step 1 and 7) |
Ultrapure water | Stakpure | Omniapure UV 18200002 | to correct for medium evaporation, mixed with aqua stabil mixed and used as hydraulic fluid. (autoclave ultrapure water at step 1) |
UV light | Philips | TUV 30W/G30 T8 | for decontamination of grafts and bioreactor parts before seeding |
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