Using the GAL4-UAS System for Functional Genetics in Anopheles gambiae

Summary

The bipartite GAL4-UAS system is a versatile tool for modification of gene expression in a controlled spatiotemporal manner which permits functional genetic analysis in Anopheles gambiae. The procedures described for using this system are a semi-standardized cloning strategy, sexing and screening of pupae for fluorescent protein markers and embryo fixation.

Abstract

The bipartite GAL4-UAS system is a versatile and powerful tool for functional genetic analysis. The essence of the system is to cross transgenic 'driver' lines that express the yeast transcription factor GAL4 in a tissue specific manner, with transgenic 'responder' lines carrying a candidate gene/RNA interference construct whose expression is controlled by Upstream Activation Sequences (UAS) that bind GAL4. In the ensuing progeny, the gene or silencing construct is thus expressed in a prescribed spatiotemporal manner, enabling the resultant phenotypes to be assayed and gene function inferred. The binary system enables flexibility in experimental approaches to screen phenotypes generated by transgene expression in multiple tissue-specific patterns, even if severe fitness costs are induced. We have adapted this system for Anopheles gambiae, the principal malaria vector in Africa.

In this article, we provide some of the common procedures used during GAL4-UAS analysis. We describe the An. gambiae GAL4-UAS lines already generated, as well as the cloning of new responder constructs for upregulation and RNAi knockdown. We specify a step by step guide for sexing of mosquito pupae to establish genetic crosses, that also includes screening progeny to follow inheritance of fluorescent gene markers that tag the driver and responder insertions. We also present a protocol for clearing An. gambiae embryos to study embryonic development. Finally, we introduce potential adaptions of the method to generate driver lines through CRISPR/Cas9 insertion of GAL4 downstream of target genes.

Introduction

The bipartite GAL4-UAS system is the workhorse of functional characterization of genes in the insect model organism Drosophila melanogaster^1,2,3. To use the GAL4-UAS system, transgenic driver lines, expressing the yeast transcription factor GAL4 under control of a regulatory sequence, are crossed with responder lines carrying a gene of interest or RNA interference (RNAi) construct controlled by an Upstream Activation Sequence (UAS) recognized by GAL4. The progeny of this cross express the transgene of interest in a spatiotemporal pattern dictated by the promoter cont....

Protocol

1. Design and construction of UAS constructs

1. Design and assembly of vectors for candidate gene expression
   1. Determine the sequence to be used for candidate gene upregulation.
      1. Sequence the cDNA/gDNA from the strain of interest and compare it to the published sequence to verify its identity and identify potential SNPs and restriction sites for diagnostic digest.
      2. Ensure that the forward primer used for gene amplification covers the native.......

Discussion

Understanding mosquito gene function is vital to develop new approaches to control Anopheles and impact malaria transmission. The GAL4-UAS system described is a versatile and powerful system for functional analysis of candidate genes and to date we have used the system to examine the genetic basis of insecticide resistance¹⁷ and cuticular hydrocarbon production^15,23, as well as to fluorescently tag different mosquit.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
100 x 15 mm plastic Petri dish	SLS	2175546	Pack of 10
1000 µL Gilson Pipette	Gilson	F144059P
20/25 mL Universal Tubes	Starlab	E1412-3020	Pack of 400
3 mL Pasteur Pipettes	SLS	G612398	Greiner Pasteur pipette 3 mL sterile individually wrapped
50 mL Falcon Tubes	Fisher Scientific	11512303
Absolute Ethanol	Fisher Scientific	BP2818-500	500 mL
Acetic Acid	SLS	45726-1L-F	1 L
Cages	SLS	E6099	30x30x30 with screen port
Fine Paint Brushes	Amazon	UKDPB66	KOLAMOON 9 Pieces Detail Painting Brush Set Miniture Brushes for Watercolor, Acrylic Painting, Oil Painting (Wine Red)
Fish food	Amazon		Tetra Min Fish Food, Complete Food for All Tropical Fish for Health, Colour and Vitality, 10 L
Formaldehyde Solution	Sigma Aldrich	F8775
Mouth Aspirator	John Hock	612
Pond Salt	Amazon		Blagdon Guardian Pond Tonic Salt, for Fish Health, Water Quality, General Tonic, pH Buffer, 9.08 kg, treats 9,092 L
Pupae Pots	Cater4you	SP8OZ	250 pots with lids
Small Plastic Buckets	Amazon		2.5 L White Plastic Pail Complete with White Lid (Pack of 10)
Sodium Hypochlorite	Fisher Scientific	S25552