Multi-system Monitoring for Identification of Seizures, Arrhythmias and Apnea in Conscious Restrained Rabbits

Summary

Using simultaneous video-EEG-ECG-oximetry-capnography, we developed a methodology to evaluate the susceptibility of rabbit models to develop provoked arrhythmias and seizures. This novel recording system establishes a platform to test the efficacy and safety of therapeutics and can capture the complex cascade of multi-system events that culminate in sudden death.

Abstract

Patients with ion channelopathies are at a high risk of developing seizures and fatal cardiac arrhythmias. There is a higher prevalence of heart disease and arrhythmias in people with epilepsy (i.e., epileptic heart.) Additionally, cardiac and autonomic disturbances have been reported surrounding seizures. 1:1,000 epilepsy patients/year die of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). The mechanisms for SUDEP remain incompletely understood. Electroencephalograms (EEG) and electrocardiograms (ECG) are two techniques routinely used in the clinical setting to detect and study the substrates/triggers for seizures and arrhythmias. While many studies and descriptions of this methodology are in rodents, their cardiac electrical activity differs significantly from humans. This article provides a description of a non-invasive method for recording simultaneous video-EEG-ECG-oximetry-capnography in conscious rabbits. As cardiac electrical function is similar in rabbits and humans, rabbits provide an excellent model of translational diagnostic and therapeutic studies. In addition to outlining the methodology for data acquisition, we discuss the analytical approaches for examining neuro-cardiac electrical function and pathology in rabbits. This includes arrhythmia detection, spectral analysis of EEG and a seizure scale developed for restrained rabbits.

Introduction

Electrocardiography (ECG) is routinely used in the clinical setting to assess the dynamics of cardiac electrical conduction and the electrical activation-recovery process. ECG is important for detecting, localizing, and assessing the risk of arrhythmias, ischemia, and infarctions. Typically, electrodes are affixed to the patient's chest, arms, and legs in order to provide a three-dimensional view of the heart. A positive deflection is produced when the direction of myocardial depolarization is toward the electrode and a negative deflection is produced when the direction of myocardial depolarization is away from the electrode. Electrographic components of the cardi....

Protocol

All experiments were carried out in accordance with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) guidelines and Upstate Medical University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). In addition, an outline of this protocol is provided in Figure 1.

1. Preparing recording equipment

1. Connect the computer to an amplifier with a 64-pin headbox.
   NOTE: Each animal has four straight subdermal scalp pin electrodes (7 or 13 mm) for EEGs from the 4 quadrants of the head, 3 bent subdermal chest pin electrodes (13 mm, 35˚ angle) for ECG (Einthoven’<....

Results

The method described above is capable of detecting abnormalities in the electrical conduction system of the brain and the heart as well as respiratory disturbances. A data acquisition software is used to assess the ECG morphology and detect any abnormal heart rates, conduction disturbances, or ECG rhythms (atrial/ventricular ectopic beats, and brady-/tachy-arrhythmias) (Figure 6). In addition to visualizing the ECG morphology, the traces are analyzed to quant.......

Discussion

This experimental setup facilitates detailed simultaneous video-EEG-ECG-oximetry-capnography recordings and analyses in rabbits, particularly in models of cardiac and/or neuronal diseases. The results of this article show that this method is capable of detecting seizures and arrhythmias and differentiating them from electrographic artifacts. Expected results were obtained when giving rabbits a proconvulsant, which induced seizures. The data obtained from the video-EEG recordings were able to be further analyzed to differ.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
0.9% Sodium Chloride Irrigation, USP - Flexible Container	PFIZER (HOSPIRA)	7983-09	Dilutant
10cc Luer Lock syringe with 20G x 1" Needle	Sur-Vet	SS-10L2025	Used as a flush after drug injection
4x4 gauze sponges	Fisher Scientific	22-415-469	Rolled in a tube to splint ear with angiocatheter
Apple Sauce	Kirkland	897971	Vehicle for oral medications
Computer	Dell	Optiplex 5040	Acquisition computer
E-4031	Tocris	1808	Agent known to prolong the QT interval
ECG Electrode	RhythmLink	RLSND116-2.5	13mm 35-degree bent (0.4 mm diameter) subdermal pin electrodes
EEG Electrode	RhythmLink	RLSP513	5-twist 13mm straight (0.4mm diameter) subdermal pin electrodes
EEGLAB (2020)	Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience	Open Access	Can perform spectral analysis of EEG
Ethernet-to-ethernet adapter	Linksys	USB3G16	Adapter for connecting the camera to the computer
Euthanasia-III Solution	Med-Pharmex	ANADA 200-280	Contains pentobarbital sodium and phenytoin sodium, controlled substance
Foam padding	Generic	N/A	Reduces pressure applied to the neck of small rabbits by the restrainer in order to prevent the adverse cardiorespiratory effects of neck compression
Heparin Lock Flush	Medline	EMZ50051240	To maintain patency of angiocatheter
IR Light	Bosch	EX12LED-3BD-8W	Facilitates recordings in the dark
LabChart Pro (2019, Version 8.1.16)	ADInstruments	N/A	ECG Analysis
JELCO PROTECTIV Safety I.V. Catheters, 25 gauge	Smiths Medical	3060	Used to catherize marginal ear vein
MATLAB (R2019b, Update 5)	MathWorks	N/A	Required to run EEGLAB
Microphone	Sony Stereo	ECM-D570P	Recording of audible manifestions of seizures
Micropore Medical Tape, Paper, White	3M	1530-1	Used to secure wires and create ear splint
Natus NeuroWorks	Natus	LC101-8	Acquisition and review software
Pentylenetetrazol (1 - 10 mg/kg always in 1mL volume)	Sigma-Aldrich	88580	Dilutions prepared in saline
Photic Stimulator	Grass	PS22	Stimulator to control frequency, delay, duration, intensity of the light pulses
Plastic wire organizer / bundler	12Vwire.com	LM-12-100-BLK	Bundle wires to cut down on noise
PS 22 Photic Stimulator	Grass Instruments	BZA641035	Strobe light with adjustable flash frequency, delay, and intensity
PVC pipe	Generic	N/A	Prevents small rabbits from kicking their hind legs and causing spinal injury
Quantum Amplifier	Natus	13926	Amplifier / digitizer
Quantum HeadBox Amplifier	Natus	22134	64-pin breakout box
Rabbit Restrainer	Plas-Labs	501-TC	Various size rabbit restrainers are available. 6" x 18" x 6" in this study.
Rubber pad (booster)	Generic	N/A	Raises small rabbits up in the restrainer to prevent neck compression
SpO2 ear clip	NONIN	61000	PureSAT/SpO2
SpO2 sensor adapter	NONIN	13931	XPOD PureSAT/SpO2
SRG-X120 1080p PTZ Camera with HDMI, IP & 3G-SDI Output	Sony	SRG-X120	Impela Camera
Terumo Sur-Vet Tuberculin Syringe 1cc 25G X 5/8" Regular Luer	Sur-Vet	13882	Used to inject intravenous medications
Veterinary Injection Plug Luer Lock	Sur-Vet	SRIP2V	Injection plug for inserting the needle for intravenous medication
Webcol Alcohol Prep, Sterile, Large, 2-ply	Covidien	5110	To prepare ear vein before catheterization