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Here, a detailed description of the protocol implemented in the laboratory for acquisition and analysis of 15N relaxation dispersion profiles by solution NMR spectroscopy is provided.
Protein conformational dynamics play fundamental roles in regulation of enzymatic catalysis, ligand binding, allostery, and signaling, which are important biological processes. Understanding how the balance between structure and dynamics governs biological function is a new frontier in modern structural biology and has ignited several technical and methodological developments. Among these, CPMG relaxation dispersion solution NMR methods provide unique, atomic-resolution information on the structure, kinetics, and thermodynamics of protein conformational equilibria occurring on the µs-ms timescale. Here, the study presents detailed protocols for acquisition and analysis of a 15N relaxation dispersion experiment. As an example, the pipeline for the analysis of the µs-ms dynamics in the C-terminal domain of bacteria Enzyme I is shown.
Carr-Purcell Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) relaxation dispersion (RD) experiments are used on a routine base to characterize conformational equilibria occurring on the µs-ms timescale by solution NMR spectroscopy1,2,3,4,5. Compared to other methods for investigation of conformational dynamics, CPMG techniques are relatively easy to implement on modern NMR spectrometers, do not require specialized sample preparation steps (i.e., crystallization, sample freezing or alignment, and/or covalent conjugation with a fluorescent or paramagnetic tag), and provide a comprehensive characterization of conformational equilibria returning structural, kinetic, and thermodynamic information on exchange processes. In order for a CPMG experiment to report on a conformational equilibrium, two conditions must apply: (i) the observed NMR spins must possess different chemical shifts in the states undergoing conformational exchange (microstates) and (ii) the exchange has to occur at a time scale ranging from ~50 µs to ~10 ms. Under these conditions, the observed transverse relaxation rate () is the sum of the intrinsic R2 (the R2 measured in the absence of µs-ms dynamics,
) and the exchange contribution to the transverse relaxation (Rex). The Rex contribution to R2obs can be progressively quenched by reducing the spacing between the 180° pulses constituting the CPMG block of the pulse sequence, and the resulting RD curves can be modeled using the Bloch-McConnell theory to obtain the chemical shift difference among microstates, the fractional population of each microstate, and the rates of exchange among microstates (Figure 1)1,2,3.
Several different pulse sequences and analysis protocols have been reported in the literature for 15N CPMG experiments. Herein, the protocol implemented in the laboratory is described. In particular, the crucial steps for preparation of the NMR sample, set up and acquisition of the NMR experiments, and processing and analysis of the NMR data will be introduced (Figure 2). To facilitate transfer of the protocol to other laboratories, the pulse program, processing and analysis scripts, and one example dataset are provided as Supplemental Files and are available for download at (https://group.chem.iastate.edu/Venditti/downloads.html). The provided pulse sequence incorporates a four-step phase cycle in the CPMG block for suppression of offset-dependent artifacts6 and it is coded for acquisition of several interleaved experiments. These interleaved experiments have an identical relaxation period but different numbers of refocusing pulses in order to achieve different CPMG fields7. It is also important to notice that the described pulse program measures the 15N R2 of the TROSY component of the NMR signal8. Overall, the protocol has been successfully applied for the characterization of conformational exchange in medium and large-sized proteins4,5,9,10. For smaller systems (<20 kDa), the use of an Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence (HSQC)-based pulse sequence11,12 is advisable.
1. Preparation of the NMR sample
2. First time set-up of the NMR experiment
3. Routine set-up of the NMR experiment
4. Processing and analysis of the NMR data
5. Fitting RD curves
The protocol described here results in acquisition of RD profiles for each peak in the 1H-15N TROSY spectrum (Figure 3A). From the acquired RD profiles, it is possible to estimate the exchange contribution to the 15N transverse relaxation of each backbone amide group (Figure 3A,3B). By plotting the Rex on the 3D structure of the protein under investigation, it is possible to identify the structural reg...
This manuscript describes the protocol implemented in the laboratory for acquisition and analysis of 15N RD data on proteins. In particular, the crucial steps for preparation of the NMR sample, measurement of the NMR data, and analysis of the RD profiles are covered. Below some important aspects regarding the acquisition and analysis of RD experiments are discussed. However, for a more in-depth description of the experiment and data analysis, careful studying of the original literature is highly recommended
All authors have read and approved the manuscript. We declare no conflicts of interest.
This work was supported by funds from NIGMS R35GM133488 and from the Roy J. Carver Charitable Trust to V.V.
Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
Cryoprobe | Bruker | 5mm TCI 800 H-C/N-D cryoprobe | Improve sensitivity |
Deuterium Oxide | Sigma Aldrich | 756822-1 | >99.8% pure, utilised in preparing NMR samples and deuterated cultures |
Hand driven centrifuge | United Scientific supply | CENTFG1 | Used to remove any air bubbles or residual liquid stuck on the walls of NMR tube. |
High Field NMR spectrometer | Bruker | Bruker Avance II 600, Bruker Avance 800 | acquisition of the NMR data |
MATLAB | MathWorks | https://www.mathworks.com/products/get-matlab.html | Modeling of the NMR data |
NMR pasteur Pipette | Corning Incorporation | 7095D-NMR | Pyrex glass pastuer pipette to transfer liquid sample in NMR tube |
NMR tube | Willmad Precision | 535-PP-7 | 5mm thin wall 7'' cylinderical glass tube |
NMRPipe | Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnology research | https://www.ibbr.umd.edu/nmrpipe/install.html | NMR data processing |
SPARKY | University of California, San Francisco | https://www.cgl.ucsf.edu/home/sparky/ | Analysis of the NMR data |
Tospin 3.2 (or newer) | Bruker | https://www.bruker.com/protected/en/services/software-downloads/nmr/pc/pc-topspin.html | acquisition software |
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