Spatio-Temporal In Vivo Imaging of Ocular Drug Delivery Systems using Fiberoptic Confocal Laser Microendoscopy

Summary

We present a protocol for the use of fiberoptic confocal laser microendoscopy (CLM) to non-invasively study the spatio-temporal distribution of liposomes in the eye after subconjunctival injection.

Abstract

Subconjunctival injection is an attractive route to administer ocular drugs due to easy trans-scleral access that bypasses anterior ocular barriers, such as the cornea and conjunctiva. While therapeutic effects and pharmacokinetics of the drugs upon subconjunctival injection have been described in some studies, very few assess the ocular distribution of drugs or drug delivery systems (DDS). The latter is critical for the optimization of intraocular DDS design and drug bioavailability to achieve the desired ocular localization and duration of action (e.g., acute versus. prolonged). This study establishes the use of fiberoptic confocal laser microendoscopy (CLM) to qualitatively study the ocular distribution of fluorescent liposomes in real-time in live mice after sub-conjunctival injection. Being designed for in vivo visual inspection of tissues at the microscopic level, this is also the first full description of the CLM imaging method to study spatio-temporal distribution of injectables in the eye after subconjunctival injection.

Introduction

The blood clearance, tissue distribution, and target occupancy of drugs in living systems are pillars to understanding in vivo drug disposition. In preclinical animal models, these parameters are typically assessed by frequent blood and tissue sampling at particular time points post drug administration. However, these procedures are generally invasive, often include non-survival measurements, and necessitate large animal cohorts for statistical powering. There might be extra cost and time incurred, along with ethical concerns for excessive use of animals. As a result, non-invasive imaging is fast becoming an integral step in biodistributions studies. Con....

Protocol

All methods described here have been approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at SingHealth (Singapore). Female C57BL/6 J mice (6- 8 weeks old; 18-20 g) were obtained from InVivos, Singapore, and housed in a temperature and light-controlled vivarium of Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore. Animals were treated in accordance with the guidelines from the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO) statement for the use of animals in ophthalmic and vision research.

Discussion

As shown from the results, CLM provides a simple and feasible method to image the ocular distribution of liposomes in the eye. We previously demonstrated the use of CLM to characterize the localization of various liposomal formulations within the mouse eye over time¹. For non-invasive applications, CLM permits real-time imaging of the anterior ocular surface for insights on how liposomes are distributed in the eye from the same animal. This makes CLM suitable to pre-screen nanocarrier/DDS prior to.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
0.08 µm polycarbonate filter	Whatman, USA	110604
0.22 µm syringe filter	Fisherbrand, Ireland	09-720-3
0.5% Proxymetacaine hydrochloride sterile opthalmic solution	Alcon, Singapore
10 µL Glass Syringe	Hamilton, USA	65460-06
1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC)	Avanti, USA	850457
32 G needle (Hamilton, 0.5” PT4)	Hamilton, USA	7803-04
Animal Temperature Controller with heating plate (15 cm x 20 cm)	WPI, USA	ATC 2000 & 61800
Cellvizio Dual Band, S1500 Probe and Quantikit (Calibration kit in step 3.5)	Mauna Kea Technologies, France		Tip diameter: 1.5 mm, field of view: 600 µm x 500 µm, axial resolution: 15 µm, lateral resolution: 3.3 µm
Chloroform	Sigma Aldrich, USA	472476
Dumont Tweezers #5, Dumostar	WPI, USA	500233	11 cm, Straight, 0.1 mm x 0.06 mm Tips
Evans Blue	Sigma Aldrich, USA	E2129
Fusidic acid eye drop	LEO Pharma, Denmark
ImageJ	National Institutes of Health, USA		https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/
Isoflurane	Piramal, USA
Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS	Malvern Panalytical, UK
Methanol	Sigma Aldrich, USA	179337
Mini Extruder	Avanti, USA	610020
N-(fluorescein-5-thiocarbamoyl)-1,2-dihexadecanoylsn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (triethylammonium salt) (FL-DHPE)	Invitrogen, USA	F362
Phosphate Buffered Saline	Gibco, USA	10010023
Stereomicroscope System with table clamp stand	Olympus, Tokyo, Japan	SZ51 & SZ2-STU3